The cradle of Greek civilization
Characteristics-the influence of geographical and environmental factors
① Economy
② External relations
③ politics
the athens democracy
Solon
Clerides: There will be a 500-member parliament, which will take turns to govern.
Perikles: (The development of democratic politics reached its peak): The distribution of theater subsidies is a brilliant achievement in Athens' spiritual and cultural fields.
The basic characteristics of Athenian democracy are people's sovereignty and taking turns to govern.
Significance: ① Innovation.
② superiority
③ Civilization and progress
limit
It is the democracy of male citizens;
All public offices are elected and drawn by lots, which may lead to extreme democratization and the decline of democracy.
The Origin and Development of Roman Law
Twelve tables method: including civil law, criminal law and litigation procedure, is basically a compilation of unwritten customary law in the past. He clearly defended private property rights and the vested interests of nobles.
Meaning: ① It is the victory of civilians.
② This law is the origin of Roman law and the basic law of Rome;
③ Limitation
The Complete Book of Civil Law marks the final completion of the Roman Law Department.
Unit 3 Establishment and Development of Modern Western Capitalist Political System
The establishment of British constitutional monarchy
Contents: ① Restrict the kingship from legislative, judicial, financial and military aspects;
(2) Affirm the free power of parliament in the form of law.
Significance: ① the relationship between the king and parliament
② The relationship between kingship and law ③ The change of rule mode: Britain implements the collective rule of parliament and king, and the rule mode changes from rule by man to rule by law. Since then, British society has entered a period of long-term and stable development.
Features: parliamentary power is supreme, and the monarch is unified but not cured.
Responsible Cabinet: The Prime Minister holds state power.
(1) After the Glorious Revolution, the king gradually withdrew from the cabinet and became the "unified and immortal" head of state. The power and importance of the cabinet will also increase as it assumes actual administrative responsibilities;
② 172 1 year, Robert? Walpole became the first prime minister in British history, presiding over cabinet meetings and coordinating the work of various departments. The formation of the responsible cabinet system;
③ Development:/kloc-In the mid-9th century, with the gradual expansion of the electoral system and the development of the two-party system, parliamentary elections became a power struggle between two political parties, and the majority party that won the election came to power to form a cabinet.
The establishment of the American federal government
Serious political problems: ① Confederacy has limited rights, no right to tax and no military power.
(2) The state has great rights, including the right to recruit soldiers, levy taxes and issue currency.
Riots and social unrest often occur in various places.
(4) The United States is often at a disadvantage in its trade with European countries, and its economic development is seriously affected.
1787, the federal constitution was promulgated.
Contents: ① It is stipulated that the United States is a federal state with higher rights than other states.
The federal government has political, economic, military and diplomatic powers.
Federalism principle: it stipulates a strong federal government, including the president, the national assembly and the federal judicial system; At the same time, the constitution allows States to retain greater autonomy;
President: the highest executive power, military command power, partial constitutional veto power, and the right to appoint senior government officials;
Parliament: financial power and legislative power;
Supreme Court: the highest judicial power and the power of constitutional interpretation.
Principle of separation of powers and checks and balances: the legislative, administrative and judicial powers are separated and mutually restricted.
The formation and development of the two-party system
19 The 1920s and 1930s was an important period for the formation of the two parties in the United States. 19 in the mid-1950s, the confrontation pattern of democratic parties finally formed.
The expansion of capitalist political system in continental Europe
The difficult road to peace in France
1789 the great revolution broke out.
1791~ ~1792 constitutional monarchy
1793~~ 1804 the first in the Republic of China
1804 ~ ~1814 First Empire
1815 ~1830 restoration dynasty
1848~~ 1852 the second generation of the Republic of China
1852~~ 1870 the second empire
France and the Establishment of Political System
The National Assembly adopted the Constitution of the Third Republic of France.
Influence: The system was finally established, which promoted the development of French capitalism.
Constitutional monarchy in the German Empire
The head of the empire is the "German Emperor". The emperor has the right to appoint prime ministers and officials of the empire; Have the right to convene and dissolve the federal parliament and the imperial parliament; Have the right to sign and publish imperial laws and supervise their implementation; The imperial army is commanded by the emperor, and the officers are appointed by the emperor. In short, the emperor is the master of supreme power.
⊙ The Prime Minister presides over the imperial government and is only responsible to the emperor, not to the parliament;
The Federal Parliament and the Imperial Parliament are legislative bodies and exercise legislative power. The imperial parliament is elected, but it cannot form a representative government, cannot pass any bills that are unfavorable to the government, has no administrative supervision power over the government, and the only thing that exerts pressure on the government is to approve the budget.
The German Empire implemented a constitutional monarchy, but it was strongly authoritarian.
Differences in political systems between Britain, the United States, France and Germany
Form of government, head of state and power, form of government, parliamentary power
And status and power
centre
British constitutional monarchy is hereditary;
The king only plays a ceremonial role and is a symbol of the country. The Cabinet is elected by and accountable to the Parliament. The Prime Minister of the Cabinet is the highest executive head, with the highest executive power and creative legislative power. Parliament is the highest authority, and parliament is the center of state power.
German emperor is the head of the empire, hereditary; Appoint the prime minister and officials of the empire, convene and dissolve parliament, sign and promulgate laws and supervise their implementation, command the army and appoint officers; The emperor appointed prime ministers and officials, and the prime minister presided over the imperial government and was only responsible to the emperor. Direct election cannot form a representative government, and it has no supervision over the government, only the power to examine and approve the budget. emperor
The president of the United States is both the head of state and the head of government; Elected by the people; Master the highest administrative power, military command power, partial legislative veto power, the power to appoint senior government officials and organize the government; The president appoints senior government officials, and the government is responsible to the president, with legislative power and financial power, and checks and balances the president with the president and the federal court.
The French democratic president is not only the head of state, but also the head of government and the supreme commander of the army; Elected by the National Assembly; Have the power to initiate laws and dissolve the House of Representatives; Both the president and cabinet ministers are responsible to parliament; Cabinet ministers are appointed by the president, and presidential decrees must be countersigned by ministers, and the cabinet is responsible to the parliament. Have the right to elect the president, legislative power and initiate laws; The President and ministers are accountable to Parliament, which supervises the government. parliament
Core features: representative democracy;
Parliament has the same power: legislative power, financial power and administrative supervision power;
Unit 4 The trend of anti-aggression and democracy in modern China
Ten Opium Wars
1 Background: (1) In the foreign trade between China and Britain, China is in a position of transcendence. (2) In order to reverse the trade deficit with China, Britain smuggled opium to China. (3) After the Industrial Revolution, Britain urgently needed to open the China market, making China its raw material producing area and commodity dumping market.
2 China Anti-smoking Campaign: (1) Reason: Opium import seriously harmed the Qing Dynasty. (2) Evaluation on the destruction of opium in Humen: It was a great victory of China's anti-smoking campaign, which showed the strong determination of the Chinese nation to resist foreign aggression.
The root of the Opium War: In order to open the China market, we plundered the commodity sales market and the origin of raw materials.
Humen Yanyun: Facing the harm of opium, Daoguang sent Lin Zexu to Guangdong to ban smoking. Lin Zexu arrested cigarette dealers in Guangdong, confiscated opium and destroyed it in public in Humen Beach, that is, Humen destroyed opium. Britain used this as an excuse to launch a war of aggression against China.
The signing of treaty of nanking: 1842, the Qing government was forced to sign the first unequal treaty with Britain in the modern history of China.
Main contents:
(1) Cut Hong Kong Island to Britain; (Destruction of China's territorial sovereignty)
(2) Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars;
(3) Opening Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; (Destroying China's trade sovereignty)
(4) The taxes paid by British businessmen in importing and exporting goods shall be agreed by both sides. (Destroying China's tariff autonomy)
① Changes in social nature: from feudal society to semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Politically, it was an independent feudal country before the war. After the war, through a series of unequal treaties, the sovereignty of territory, territorial sea, justice, tariffs and trade was seriously damaged, and China began to become a semi-colony. Economically, it was a self-sufficient feudal economy before the war, and the feudal natural economy in China began to collapse after the war.
② Changes in social contradictions: the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class began to change into the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the masses of the people, and the contradiction between Chinese and foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation became the most important contradiction among various social contradictions.
(3) Changes in revolutionary tasks: Oppose China's feudal rule before the war and oppose feudalism and aggression after the war.
④ The change of revolutionary nature: China entered the period of old democratic revolution;
⑤ Changes in the ideological field: The new thinking of "learning from the West" began to sprout.
Therefore, the Opium War was a turning point in the history of China and the beginning of the modern history of China.
After the Opium War, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Five-Port Trade Charter and the Humen Treaty, from which Britain gained the privileges of "consular jurisdiction", "one-sided MFN treatment", leasing land and houses at trading ports and permanent residency. The United States and France also coerced the Qing government to sign the Wang Xia Treaty and the Huangpu Treaty respectively, and seized more aggressive rights and interests.
The Opium War resumed: (Second Opium War)
The root cause: Britain and France did not meet the vested interests of the Opium War, and demanded to further open the China market and expand the rights and interests of aggression.
Nature of war: unjust predatory war of aggression;
(1)1856, taking the blackmail of "amending the treaty" as an opportunity, Britain and France jointly launched the second opium war. (2) 1858, the British and French allied forces attacked Dagu in the north and advanced on Tianjin. The Qing government successively signed the Tianjin Treaty with Russia, the United States, Britain and France. (3)1859, the British and French allied forces captured Dagu and Tianjin again. 1860, invaded Beijing and looted Yuanmingyuan. ④ In1860, the Qing government signed the Beijing Treaty with Britain, France and Russia respectively. Content: (1) Opening Tianjin Commercial Port; (2) Distribute part of Kowloon Division to Britain. (5) The Second Opium War and the signing of the Tianjin Treaty and the Beijing Treaty made China lose a lot of territory and sovereignty, and the reactionary forces at home and abroad colluded openly. The degree of semi-colonialism and semi-feudalism in China has deepened.
Influence: Politically, China lost a large area of territory and sovereignty: the rulers of the Qing Dynasty defected to foreign invaders and began to become their vassals and tools, and reactionary forces at home and abroad openly colluded to suppress the resistance of the people of China.
Economically, foreign aggression spread to coastal provinces and extended inland, which facilitated them to dump goods and plunder cheap raw materials and labor, making it difficult for China to resist the impact of capitalist economic aggression.
The 11th Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement
The fundamental reason for the rise of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement: corrupt feudal rule and heavy exploitation led to the intensification of class contradictions.
① Rise: jintian uprising 185 1 year.
② Development: Yong 'an organizational system, initially establishing political power; Tianjing, with its capital at 1853, formally established a political power against the Qing government;
③ heyday: 1853- 1856 carried out the Northern Expedition, the Western Expedition and the Eastern Expedition.
Northern Expedition: Purpose: To overthrow the rule of the Qing government.
Leaders:, Li,.
Result: I failed, because I went deep alone.
Significance: It contained the enemy forces and created favorable conditions for the victory of the Western Expedition and the Eastern Expedition.
Western Expedition: Purpose: To consolidate Tianjin revolutionary base camp.
Leader: Lai
Results: Shi Dakai defeated Xiang Army and consolidated Tianjing.
Crusade: Purpose: To cut off the financial resources of the Qing government and enrich its own economic strength.
Leader: Qin Rigang
Results: The conquest of Yangzhou and the invasion of Jiangnan camp in the north of the Yangtze River reached its peak militarily.
Main contents:
The basic content is about land distribution, which fundamentally denies feudal land ownership.
(2) Regarding the distribution of products, it is stipulated that "the world is not private, and things belong to the owner".
(2) Evaluation: "China Land System" is a revolutionary program promulgated after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom made Tianjing its capital.
Revolutionary: First of all, it clearly advocated the abolition of feudal private ownership of land, which became the peak of thousands of years of struggle of farmers in China;
Utopia: at that time, the average distribution of land and products could not be realized. This system of absolute average distribution violates the nature of small producers and cannot mobilize the revolutionary enthusiasm of farmers.
Backwardness: this program regards the small-scale peasant economy as an idealized goal, but it does not actually go beyond the economic category of feudalism.
Reasons: unable to mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers; Due to the war environment, it cannot be implemented;
Reasons for failure: ① Objective reasons: The collusion between Chinese and foreign reactionary forces was too strong, which killed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom together.
② Subjective reasons: First, the limitations of the peasant class. The second is a strategic mistake.
(3) Lessons: The tragedy of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom shows that the peasant class can't lead the China revolution to victory due to the limitations of class and times.
(4) Historical significance: ① It was a great anti-feudal and anti-aggression peasant movement in the modern history of China (naturally), and it was the peak of the peasant war in China for thousands of years. (2) Insist on 14, which will affect 18 provinces and severely punish Chinese and foreign reactionary forces. Opposing feudalism accelerated the decline and collapse of the Qing Dynasty and even the whole feudal system. Anti-aggression soon broke the western invaders' attempt to colonize China. (4) Some leaders began to seek truth from the West and explore the road of China's independence and prosperity.
A new chapter for senior ministers
Content: Politics: Advocating democracy.
Economically: learn from the west and develop capitalist industry and commerce.
Culture and education: setting up new schools.
Diplomacy: Free communication with foreign countries, but foreign countries are not allowed to interfere in China's internal affairs.
Evaluation: Senior Minister's New Chapter is Hong Rengan's plan to reform internal affairs and build the country in order to revitalize the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in 1859. It has a distinctive capitalist color, and it is the first plan put forward by advanced China people to develop capitalism in China. It is not the product of farmers' revolutionary practice, does not reflect farmers' wishes, and has not been implemented.
The Sino-Japanese War in the 12th Sino-Japanese War and Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China.
The root cause of the Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: After the Meiji Restoration, Japan vigorously developed capitalism, but its domestic market was small, hoping to find a way out from the war. (2) connivance of European and American powers. (3) The East Korean School Party Uprising became the fuse.
The course of the war
(1) outbreak: 1894, the Japanese navy raided the China troop carrier off Toyoda, and the war broke out.
(2) Pingyang Campaign: Hui generals died in battle on the left; Pyongyang fell.
(3) Battle of the Yellow Sea: Deng Shichang and Lin Yongsheng sank with the ship; Beiyang fleet's main force still exists, and Japan has the right to control the sea.
(4) Battle of Liaodong: Nie Shicheng led his troops to resist; The Japanese army created the Lushun tragedy.
⑤ Battle of Weihai: Ding committed suicide; Beiyang fleet was completely annihilated (indicating the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement).
Treaty of shimonoseki.
Content: 1. The Penghu Islands, Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands were allocated to Japan. Second, open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports. Three, allow the Japanese to set up factories in China trading port.
Hazards: ① Land-cutting: it destroyed China's territorial sovereignty, stimulated the ambitions of the great powers to carve up China, and set off a frenzy to carve up China;
(2) Indemnity: It increased the burden on the people of China and facilitated foreign powers to control the economic lifeline of China through loans. ; At the same time, it promoted the rapid development of Japanese economy;
(3) Opening ports: the aggressive forces of the great powers further extended to the interior; (The most inland Chongqing).
④ Setting up factories: Foreign countries further plundered China's raw materials and labor, which seriously hindered the development of Chinese national capitalism.
Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China.
1900, Britain, the United States, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria Eight-Nation Alliance launched a war of aggression against China on the pretext of suppressing the boxer movement.
Treaty of Love and Ugliness: 190 1 year, the Qing government signed the Treaty of Love and Ugliness with eight countries.
Impact: ① Huge compensation has deepened the suffering of China people;
(2) Setting up an embassy in Beijing, which became the base camp for foreign powers to invade China;
(3) The Qing government became a tool for the great powers to rule China;
④ The semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China was finally formed;
China is completely in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.