I. Tamping sand and grinding pulp
In mortar ramming, a jade worker pounded the stone sand in the mortar with a pestle, and another jade worker was sorting the pounded stone sand with a sieve, and then removed the mud from the sand with water. Since then, clean sand has been called "Xie Yusha" for grinding jade articles in the future.
Soak the screened sand in water again, and impurities such as soil will come out with Shui Piao. After tamping and grinding, stone sand with uniform particles can be obtained. These sands are used to dissect and polish jade, so they are used to "understand jade sand" and "grind jade sand".
Second, open jade.
Rough and loose stones are often wrapped on the uncut jade surface. To open a jade is to cut off other stones on its surface. Because the hardness of steel wire is often lower than that of jade, jade-removing sand must be added continuously during cutting. Black stone sand with water dripped on the jade from the teapot hanging on the hacksaw, and the jade worker pulled the saw back and forth to saw the jade.
Steel wire can't cut jade, so there is a teapot hanging on the branch. There is a hole in the bottom of the teapot. The pot is filled with black stone sand and water, and the water drops mixed with black stone sand drop by drop on the jade pu, which increases the sharpness of the saw. Only by rubbing and cutting back and forth can the jade skin be cut off.
Third, tying.
Tie is to break jade into squares or squares with tools. After designing and drawing, cut off large pieces of jade to shape it. The jade worker sits in front of the transfer car, and the tool structure on the transfer car is quite complicated.
During operation, the jade worker takes turns stepping on the board with his feet, and the wooden shaft is driven by hemp rope to rotate. The jade worker held the jade material in his left hand and held it against the edge of the rotating steel plate. At one end of the table stood a basin full of water and red sand, and the jade worker scooped up the sand in his right hand and poured it on the jade material. Hard jade sand, with a sharp edge-wrapping blade, can cut jade into squares or squares.
Fourth, flush.
Use the tool of "punching" to round the hard corners of a square or square jade. This step is also done by sitting on a rotating car. A thick steel ring (also called punching) is wrapped around a thick bamboo branch, and the red sand mixed with water is slowly washed away from the square corner of the jade block. After this step, the work to be carved is also formed.
V. Grinding
Use the tool of "grinding" to polish the surface of jade. The tools used are somewhat similar to those used in the third step, except that the pot is thin and sharp, while the grinding pot is about two or three minutes thick. The surface of jade can be polished to be delicate and give off a warm luster.
Sixth, Tao Tang.
Hollowing out the hall means hollowing out the inside of the container. First, screw the steel drum into the center of the jade. After this process, a column will appear in the center of the jade. At this time, the most experienced master will take out the jade hammer, because if the force is wrong, it is not that the jade hammer cannot be taken out; It broke the whole jade. Then, slowly ponder with a curved flat cone head and hollow out the inner chamber of the jade.
Seven, flowers
On the flower, there is a small rolling ring, also called Queena Ding, and the pattern is polished on the jade surface. Different rolling forms will leave different lines. Modern jade flowers are similar to those used by dentists. Motor-driven, with flexible hose, the movement is quite flexible.
Eight, drilling
This is an important step for some jade carving hollow patterns. The drilling tools are mainly bows and rolling rods, and the bottom of the rolling rod is inlaid with Jin Gangzuan. The jade worker sits at one end of the table, holding jade in his left hand, leaning against the lower end of the rolling pin Jin Gangzuan, and drawing the bow back and forth with his right hand. The bow will drive the rolling pin to rotate once and for all, and the Jin Gangzuan inlaid on the tip of the pin can drill a round hole for jade. Jade workers from the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty were very good at using the method of drilling round holes to create smooth and full effects at the turning point of lines.
Nine, through the flowers
Penetrating flowers, that is, hollowing out patterns, takes "looking for bows" as the main tool. When operating, first untie one end of the steel wire on the bow, thread it into this round hole, and then tie it. The jade worker holds the bow in his right hand, pulls it one by one, and adds stone sand soaked in water to the steel wire, so that the wire can be cut according to the line drawn on the jade piece.
Because the ink commonly used in writing and painting will be washed away by ink, the jade worker will outline the pattern to be carved through with the juice of pomegranate peel. When cutting and sawing jade back and forth with steel wire, the pattern will still be clear and will not be washed away by water. In Liangzhu culture from 5,300 to 4,200 years ago, jade articles with drawing lines and flowers appeared, and the carved jade articles in Qing Dynasty were even thinner, reaching the peak of techniques.
X. Drilling
This is a special technique specially used to handle small shaped jade articles such as snuff bottles, fingers and cigarette holders, and drill holes. Because this kind of jade is too small to be drilled by hand, water is filled in a big bamboo tube and a board is mounted on it. Dig a hole in the center of the board. The shape of the hole is the same as that of the jade to be drilled. Small jade articles with different shapes should be matched with wooden boards with holes in different shapes. The jade worker holds a small "iron cup" in his left hand and pulls a "bow" in his right hand, which drives the iron cup to rotate repeatedly. Jin Gangzuan embedded in the lower end of the iron cup will drill a hole in the jade.
XI。 Wooden flat map
Wooden bell is a polished bell, usually made of gourd pulp, which carefully polishes the carved jade appearance. At this time, the tool structure used is that the wooden board is connected with the wooden shaft to drive the circular turntable. The disc used in this step is a thick "wooden table", and the hardness of the stone sand used is relatively low, which is also commonly known as "soaking yellow treasure", which is probably quartz sand for fine polishing.
XII. Skin Map
Leather cups are made of cowhide, that is, outside wooden cups, wrapped in cowhide and sewn with hemp rope. Then, by rotating the car, it is matched with "Qinshui precious material" and finally polished. That is, the last process of jade polishing, bright, details show the color of jade.