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Water polo is a new sport, a ball game played in water. It originated in England in the middle of19th century. At first, it was an entertainment that people threw football into the water while swimming, so it was called "water football", and then it gradually formed a water polo sport in which two teams competed. 1869, there was a water polo match in England, and the sideline and goal were marked with small flags. 1877, the British Burton club hired Wilson to formulate the rules of the world 1 water polo competition. 1879 There was a water polo match with a goal. 1885, the British Swimming Association listed water polo as a separate event. 1890 was first introduced into the United States, and then gradually spread widely in Germany, Austria, Hungary and other countries. 1900 In the 5th Olympic Games, water polo was listed as an official event. Water polo began to host the World Water Polo Championship in 1973, and the International Amateur Swimming Federation held the 1 Women's Water Polo World Cup in 1979. Women's water polo was listed as an official event in the 5th World Swimming Championships held from 65438 to 0986.
Water polo was introduced to China from Hongkong in the 1920s. At present, Canada, the Netherlands, the United States, Australia, Germany and other countries are doing well and are at a high level. China water polo team won the championship in the 8th, 9th and 10 Asian Games, and won the 9th place in the 23rd Olympic Games.
Because water polo is a team event in water, the competition is fierce, which requires athletes to have strong strength, speed, endurance and flexibility. In addition to the general swimming skills, athletes must also have good special skills, such as treading water, taking off, turning around, crawling with head up, starting quickly, stopping suddenly, changing direction and so on.
Water polo, as its name implies, is closely related to swimming. With the development of swimming, people feel that there are too few events and the competition is too monotonous, so they have the desire to develop a newer and more interesting water sport. During 1860, two kinds of informal competitions were popular in Britain. One is the duck catching competition: ducks are put into the water, and athletes catch ducks in the water. Whoever catches the duck first wins. This competition was condemned by public opinion for killing animals and was forced to stop. In the second race, people put apple barrels on the wooden horse's head and mark the names of famous horse races on the racecourse. They threw buckets into the water, and people rode on buckets, holding long-handled spoons and hitting the ball with them. At that time, in some parts of England, children kicked football into the water and threw it around. It was just a game at first, and then the competition between the two teams gradually formed.
In order to meet the needs of the game, a rule is needed to control this water polo game. On May 1870, the London Swimming Association appointed a committee to draft the rules. At that time, in some parts of Scotland and England, water splashing games with goals were very popular, but the names of different places were different. Some people call this water game water football, some people call it water handball, and some people call it water polo. Although the name is different, the way of competition is basically the same. There is a goal with different width at each end of the court. You can also use the boat parked at both ends of the field as the goal and throw the ball into the goal or the boat to calculate the score. Allowing the ball to enter the water, the goalkeeper can defend in the goal or jump out to catch the attacker's hand trying to put the ball into the goal; If the goal is off, you can also add a goalkeeper.
[water polo]
On July 1876 and 14, it was considered that the first official water polo competition was held by the Prime Minister Boating Club of Bonnatz, England. The playing field is 60 yards long (0.9 144 meters) and 40 yards wide. There is a referee and two gatekeepers in the competition, and each team has 7 players. The ball used in the game is a rubber football bag. In the same year, Aberdeen Club of Scotland drafted and formulated the competition rules. At that time, the rules allowed players to walk at the bottom of the pool. Therefore, the choice of striker is not based on excellent swimming skills, but on being tall and powerful. 1885, the British National Amateur Swimming Association officially recognized water polo as an independent event. Water polo was first introduced to the United States in 1890, and then gradually spread widely in Germany, Austria, Hungary and other countries. 1900 in the second Olympic Games, water polo was included in the official competition. The water polo world championship will be held from 1973, and the water polo world cup will be held from 1979.
Water polo field
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Usually, the standard 50-meter swimming pool is used in water polo competition, and the water depth is more than 2 meters, which means that athletes should always swim or tread water during the competition. The competition area is marked with a floating rope [water polo field].
The men's court is 30m× 20m and the women's court is 25m× 17m. Colored buoys mark the various signs of the competition area. White buoys mark the goal line and the center line. The red buoy marks two meters in front of the goal of both sides, the yellow buoy marks four meters and the green buoy marks seven meters. The red restricted area is located at both ends of the swimming pool, behind the goal line, about two meters away from the corner of the swimming pool facing the competition officials' seats. When a player enters the area, it means that the player has left the competition area, and the fined player waits for the signal to re-enter the competition in the restricted area. The water polo goal is 2 meters wide and 90 centimeters high, floating on the water.
Water polo match setting
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World Cup water polo match.
Sponsored by the International Amateur Swimming Federation. The contestants are the host country and the top 7 in the world championships or Olympic Games. Single cycle system is adopted. Together with the Olympic Games, the World Swimming Championships and the Water Polo Championships, it constitutes the three major water polo competitions in the world. 1 The match was held in 1979 in Rejeka, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, and Hungary won the championship. After that, it is generally held every two years 1 session.
World swimming championships water polo Tom competition m world swimming.
1973, the International Swimming Federation founded the World Swimming Championships, in which water polo was established. Water polo competitions have been held in all previous tournaments. The World Water Polo Competition sponsored by FINA, together with competitive swimming, diving and synchronized swimming, constitutes four events of the World Swimming Championships. The first competition was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in September of 1973, and held every two years thereafter. 1987 is changed to 1 every four years. By 1992, the sixth session has been held. It ranks alongside the Olympic Games and the World Cup as one of the three major water polo competitions in the world. From the 5th women's event, the Australian team won the championship. The sixth Dutch team won the championship.
Water polo competition in Asian Games.
Water polo was listed in 195 1 year as an event of 1 Asian Games, and all Asian Games since then have held water polo competitions. This is a water polo competition representing the highest level in Asia. Only men's events. As many as1990 * *, held 1 1 sessions.
Water polo competition in the National Games.
Since the 5th National Games of 1959, water polo has been listed as an official event of the National Games, and has been established in subsequent sessions. It is the most important domestic water polo competition in China. Reflect the mass base and technical level of water polo. Only men's events.
match
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In water polo competition, there are 7 players in each team, including goalkeeper 1. The game lasts for 28 minutes and is divided into four quarters, each of which lasts for 7 minutes, and the ball stops. Take a 2-minute break between two festivals and exchange venues at the same time. There are 6 substitutes off the field, and either side can be replaced before the score of each quarter or before the start of the game. No one can touch the ball with both hands except the goalkeeper. The standard field for men's water polo is located in an artificial swimming pool, with a length of 30m, a width of 20m and a water depth of over 1.80m; for women's water polo field, the length is 25m, the width is 17m and the depth is at least1.80m.. There is a goal 90cm high and 3m wide at each end. Set up a small flag on the sideline of the playing field. The red flag indicates the penalty line in the offside area (2 meters away from the goal), and the yellow flag indicates the penalty line with different penalty scales for the same foul (4 meters away from the goal). A white flag parallel to the goal indicates the finish line. The white flag in midfield indicates the center line. Athletes' hats must be blue and white to distinguish the two sides of the competition. There is a number L- 13 on the hat. Both goalkeepers wear a red hat with the number 1, and the number of other players is 3- 13. Ear protectors are attached to the hat to prevent ear injuries. The referee not only used whistles, but also held blue and white flags to show both sides of the game. The water polo door frame is painted white. The height is 0.9 meters above the water surface and the width is 3 meters. The perimeter of the game ball is 68-7 1 cm, the middle is inflated, and the weight is 400-450g.
In the game, the ball crosses the goal line to score. After scoring, both players should return to their own half, and the losing player kicks off in the center of the center line. During the game, one side should not hold the ball for more than 35 seconds.
Water polo foul can be divided into general foul and serious foul. Generally, the opponent fouls with a free kick; The penalties for serious fouls are:
1. Remember 1 Serious personal foul (those who commit serious fouls for more than 3 times will be disqualified from the whole game). Will not be sentenced to leave the game when attacking, will be sentenced to lose the ball, and will be sent off for 35 seconds when defending;
2. Penalty four direct free kicks;
3. Cancel the qualification of the whole game (you can substitute);
4. disqualify the whole game (no substitute).
Men's water polo was listed as an event in the second Olympic Games in 1900. Women's water polo was listed as an event in the 27th Olympic Games in 2000.
1.80m above
In water polo competition, there are 7 players in each team, including goalkeeper 1. The game lasts for 28 minutes and is divided into four quarters, each of which lasts for 7 minutes, and the ball stops. Take a 2-minute break between two festivals and exchange venues at the same time. There are 6 substitutes off the field, and either side can be replaced before the score of each quarter or before the start of the game. No one can touch the ball with both hands except the goalkeeper. The standard field for men's water polo is 30m long and 20m wide, and the water depth is over1.80m.. The standard women's water polo court is 25m long,17m wide and at least1.80m deep. There is a goal 90cm high and 3m wide at each end. Insert a small flag on the sideline of the playing field. The red flag indicates the penalty line in the offside area (2 meters away from the goal), and the yellow flag indicates the penalty line with different penalty scales for the same foul (4 meters away from the goal). A white flag parallel to the goal indicates the finish line. The white flag in midfield indicates the center line. Athletes' hats must be blue and white to distinguish the two sides of the competition. There is a number 1- 13 on the hat, and both goalkeepers are wearing red hats of 1. The referee not only used whistles, but also held blue and white flags to show both sides of the game. The perimeter of the game ball is 68-7 1 cm, the middle is inflated, and the weight is 400-450g.
In the game, the score is that the ball crosses the goal line. After scoring, both players should return to their own half, and the losing player kicks off in the center of the center line. During the game, one side should not hold the ball for more than 35 seconds. Water polo foul can be divided into general foul and serious foul. Generally, the opponent fouls with a free kick; The penalties for serious foul are: 1. Remember that 1 individual commits a serious foul (those who commit three serious fouls will be disqualified for the whole game). When attacking, the opponent will be punished for losing the ball and not leaving the field, and when defending, he will be punished for 35 seconds; 2. Penalty four direct free kicks; 3. Cancel the qualification of the whole game (you can substitute); 4. disqualify the whole game (no substitute).
Key points of water polo competition rules
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Participate in the competition
According to FINA's rules, the participating teams are determined according to the relevant competition results and the host team. The number of people in each team is 13.
race
The water polo match is played between two teams, each with seven players. During the competition, players are not allowed to touch the wall or bottom of the pool, and can only swim or tread on water constantly. The competition is divided into four sections, and the actual competition time is 7 minutes. 1 and 2, 3 and 4 players have a 2-minute break; There is a five-minute break between the second and third periods. However, due to frequent violations or fouls in the game, the game is often interrupted. Usually a game lasts 65 to 70 minutes.
Men's water polo competition
Men's water polo competition includes preliminaries, 1/4 finals, semi-finals and finals. After the qualifying round, the whole water polo competition sequence will be drawn before the preliminary round.
Preliminaries: 12 teams are divided into group A and group B, with 6 teams in each group. Single-cycle elimination system was adopted in the preliminary round.
1/4 finals: the top three in each group entered the finals, and the last three participated in the comfort match. The teams ranked first and fourth in the group can directly enter the next round of competition; The second and third teams of the two groups compete in cross-group competitions; The fifth and sixth place in the two groups also had a cross-group competition.
Semi-final: the fifth and sixth losers in the two groups cross the competition to decide the eleventh and twelfth. The fourth place in the two groups competed with the five or six cross-country champions in the two groups respectively. The first place of the two groups competed with the winners of the second and third cross competitions of the two groups respectively.
Finals: The fourth place of the two teams and the winners of the fifth and sixth places of the two teams compete to decide the ninth and tenth places; The fourth place of the two teams and the winners of the fifth and sixth places of the two teams compete with each other to decide the seventh and eighth places; The second and third losers of the two teams competed with each other to decide the fifth and sixth place; The first place of the two teams competed with each other.
Women's water polo competition
The women's water polo competition includes preliminaries, 1/4 finals, semi-finals and finals. After the Olympic women's water polo qualifying tournament, lots will be drawn for the Olympic women's water polo competition.
Preliminaries: Eight teams are divided into Group A and Group B, with four teams in each group. The preliminary round adopts the single elimination system.
1/4 finals: The first place in Group A and Group B will automatically enter the semi-finals. The team that finished fourth in the two groups will have a match to decide the seventh and eighth places.
Semi-final: the second and third losers in two cross-group competitions will compete to decide the fifth and sixth place; The winner will meet the first team in the preliminaries.
Final: The loser of the semi-final will have a match to decide the third and fourth place, and the winner of the semi-final will decide the final champion and runner-up. (Source: Beijing Sport University Press)
Water polo etiquette
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Cheer the athletes with applause and shouts.
When it comes to water polo, most China audiences tend to classify it as an "unpopular" event. Indeed, the sport of water polo is not popular in China, and some high-level water polo competitions in China often have few spectators. In fact, water polo, also known as "water football", is as exciting and intense as a football match on the court. In the Olympic Games, water polo is not only a very high attendance event, but also highly sought after in Europe and America. In the United States, water polo is more popular than football; In Sweden, Norway and Denmark, water polo is even called "the first sport".
"Whether it is the Athens Olympic Games or the Sydney Olympic Games, the water polo match is full, and one ticket is hard to find. The atmosphere at the scene was so hot that even the referee's whistle was almost drowned. " Cao Dunli, a senior water polo referee and a professor of physical education at Communication University of China, surprised the reporter. "In some coastal cities in southern China, water polo is also very popular. I still remember that in 2005, in the water polo competition of the 10th National Games held in Guangxi, spectators even walked into the swimming pool with 1 1 to cheer for their favorite team. With every wonderful goal and fierce competition of athletes from both sides, there will be a burst of loud gongs and drums and shouts at the scene. Under the influence of this warm atmosphere, the athletes of both sides are particularly energetic, and the competition is very exciting and beautiful. " Professor Cao Dunli told reporters that this was the best game he had ever hosted.
Different from tennis, golf and other sports, when watching a water polo match, the audience should be as enthusiastic and active as possible instead of keeping quiet. "This is because water polo can be called one of the most tiring events in sports," Professor Cao explained. "The water polo competition is divided into four segments, each segment is 8 minutes. During these eight minutes, athletes must not touch the bottom of the swimming pool and the edge of the pool wall. This means that each athlete has to swim more than 5 kilometers on average after a competition. Therefore, water polo players should not only have the endurance and speed of swimmers, but also have the passing and shooting skills of football players and even the strength of rugby players. Taking the ball, grabbing the ball, wrestling and other actions are all carried out in the water, which greatly increases the difficulty of this sport and puts high demands on the athletes' physical strength and endurance. " "If the audience can devote themselves to watching the game, shouting loudly and beating drums when the athletes break through the attack will undoubtedly greatly stimulate their fighting spirit and make them forget their physical fatigue for a while, continue to fight and March forward. Therefore, for water polo players, warm applause and loud gongs and drums are the best ways to encourage them. "
The audience who watched the water polo match will find that the rules of the water polo match are similar to those of football, basketball and handball, but there are also some differences. For example, in water polo, when the attacking player has the ball in his hand, the defending player can press the ball into the water in order to grab the ball. Knowing this rule, the audience will not exclaim "foul" when they see such defensive actions again. In recent years, in order to further improve the appreciation of water polo, FINA revised the rules of water polo in 2005. Professor Cao, who participated in the revision, told reporters that in the past water polo competitions, strong teams often defeated weak teams. In order to change this "one-sided" situation, the new regulations limit the attacker's shooting time. Each shot must be completed within 30 seconds. If the attacker doesn't make a move within 30 seconds, the other side will serve or throw a sideline ball, and his own side will start to defend. These new regulations have played a certain regulatory role in narrowing the gap between the two teams and increasing the intensity of the game.
Water polo formation
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2-2-2 stratum (2-2-2 in )
Also known as "two strikers, two central defenders and two defenders". One of the water polo formations. In the game, apart from the goalkeeper, there are two strikers, two central defenders and two defenders. Central defender plays a key role in organizing and coordinating the team's attack and defense. When attacking, the central defender assists the attack and forms four forwards; When defending, the central defender retreats to form a four-guard. This formation has a balanced distribution of personnel, both offensive and defensive, and great mobility, which is convenient for various tactical coordination and timely organization of offensive and defensive. Enhance offensive or defensive ability. In the game, the midfielder received the ball from the defender and passed it to the striker about 2 meters. The striker can shoot or pull aside, and after the midfield breakthrough, it will be passed to the partner who breaks through immediately; Let it catch and shoot.
Three-thirds system (three-thirds system)
Also known as the "three forwards and three guards system". One of the water polo formations. In the game, except the goalkeeper, two triangular formations are formed in the front and back fields respectively. It can be divided into two forms: attack and defense: when the striker and defender are in the front triangle, it is beneficial to defense; The formation of the rear triangle is conducive to attack. When the opponent's defense is weak, the rear triangle formation can be used. This formation requires fast guards, strong tactical awareness, flexible forwards and comprehensive skills; At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the activities of the central defender, control the midfield and prevent the striker from being out of touch with the defender. When the opponent's defensive ability is strong, the front triangle formation can be used, which requires the striker to flexibly use the position change of pulling in and pulling out to disrupt the opponent's defense and then wait for an opportunity to attack. 4-2 attack (two rounds)
One of the water polo formations. Refers to the layout of four forwards and two defenders in attack. The purpose is to make full use of the offensive potential of the scoring area, require the striker to control the ball in the continuous attack and constantly look for shooting opportunities, so that the defender is always in a state of tension. This formation is also used to control delaying tactics. Under the strict defense, the four forwards kept swimming and kept the ball freely, avoiding the mistakes caused by being forced to death or retreating in front of the door. This formation is suitable for teams that do not highlight tall peaks and players with good physical fitness and strong ball control ability.
Technical terms of water polo
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Drying pass
Also known as "passing by without falling into the water". A method of water polo passing, which refers to passing the ball directly to the receiver. After the ball is passed, the catcher catches the ball before it falls into the water. Then you can pass the ball or shoot. It can make the catcher omit the time to bounce the ball out of the water before it is thrown.
Throw the ball (throw the ball)
Water polo terminology. Reach into the bottom of the underwater ball with one hand, pick up the ball with your fingertips, and the ball is less than 1 m above the water, then catch the ball with the other hand, and then hand it out or shoot it.
beat back
One of the offensive tactics of water polo. The defender seized the attacker's mistake in handling the ball and turned from defense to attack. When the defender judges that the attacker may make a mistake in passing or shooting, he immediately turns from defense to attack and swims to the opponent's goal quickly. This kind of attack is called "partial counterattack" if there are players involved. When all the players are involved, it is called "all-round counterattack". The latter is mostly. Because the attack is sudden and fast, it can form a temporary situation of playing more and playing less, or speed up the attack.
Backhand pass (backhand pass)
One of the water polo passing techniques. Refers to passing the ball sideways or backwards with the backhand. In the game, pass the ball backward or sideways, hold the ball arm inward so that the palm faces the passing direction, drive the forearm with the big arm, or pass the ball with the strength of the forearm and wrist.
Backhand shot.
Water polo terminology. One of the shooting actions. There are techniques such as in-situ backhand shooting, dribbling backhand shooting, and aerial backhand shooting. Use the body to rotate backward quickly to drive the arm to swing. When the hand is facing the target, the wrist shoots hard. This kind of shooting action is urgent and sudden, and it is difficult to defend. When shooting, you should accurately judge the position of the target. Use your wrist to control the direction of the ball, and at the same time push the water with your legs to raise your body.
rebound
The technical term of water polo, one of the shooting actions. When shooting, use the method of slamming the door vigorously, so that the ball touches the water and then bounces into the goal. This kind of shot is usually used when approaching the goal. Because of its quick and powerful action, the ball suddenly changes direction after touching the water, and it is difficult for the goalkeeper to defend.
Lift the ball from below.
One of the basic techniques of water polo. A hidden way to lift the ball. When kicking off, the five fingers naturally separate, the palms are facing up, reaching the bottom midpoint of the ball, and the five fingers catch the ball slightly. The forearm rotates inward, and the arm bends to lift the ball and control it in the throwing position slightly above the ear to facilitate passing or shooting.
have a hook shot
Water polo terminology. One of the shooting actions. There are two kinds of hook shots: front hook shots and cross hook shots. Lift the ball backwards (or sideways) with your right hand, press the water with your left hand, cut the water with your legs, raise your upper body, straighten your right arm naturally, swing slightly in an arc, and hit the ball with the strength of your wrist and fingers.
Zone defense (zone defense)
One of water polo tactics. Also known as defense. Refers to the dangerous area in front of the goal that is easy to be scored by the opposing team. Each defender is responsible for a small area, forming an effective collective defense formation, echoing each other and supporting each other. Its standing ways are half moon, plum blossom, three or three shapes, etc. It is often used when players are weak in physical strength and speed or strong in defense.
Double attack (double attack)
Offensive tactics of water polo. Refers to the use of two tall centers with strong offensive ability, standing in front of the opponent's goal to storm. The two players are on the two-meter line in front of the post, about three meters apart. Once the attacker cuts in the middle and shoots, one of the two centers pulls away and the other stays in the original position, ready to make up the shot.
half-court press
One of water polo tactics. When the opponent gets the ball and starts to attack, all the players of their own team quickly retreat to their own half, and then force them to defend each other together, so that they can't easily pass and catch the ball and undermine the offensive intention. This tactic is suitable for players with poor physical strength.
Drive into the camera
One of the offensive techniques of water polo. Refers to the attacker using feint to get rid of the defender. The attacker can pretend to swim to the left first, suddenly make a scissor-like grip, turn to the right, and immediately change the crawl and kick to swim quickly. It's too late for the defender to turn around and chase. When cutting in, the arm should not be pressed on the defender's shoulder to avoid foul.
build
One of water polo tactics. Refers to the players taking advantage of various underwater movements to occupy a favorable position. For example, when the center attacks the opponent's door, he will stand in front of the opponent's defender with his back to the goal, block the defender behind him with open arms, or grab the front of his swimming trunks underwater. In order to defend effectively, rear defenders often take advantage of the center's inattention to grab the center's side or front.
interfere
One of the defensive tactics of water polo. It is the tactical action of the peripheral defender to retreat to help defend the center defender. When defenders can't deal with the center alone, the peripheral defenders closest to the center retreat from their opponents, forming a two-in-one defense against the center.
Scan lens
Water polo terminology. One of the shooting actions. It is the way to shoot with your back to the goal, and it is best to shoot at a distance of 2-4 meters from the goal. When preparing for shooting, you should face the opposing defender with the shoulder on the side holding the ball, lean forward with your upper body and hold the ball in the water with your other hand. Your body suddenly jumps up, and the upper body rotates to drive your arm to sweep the ball with your waist and control the direction of the ball with your wrist. Because of the sudden action, straight arm and great strength, it is difficult for the goalkeeper to stop it effectively.
High lob (lob)
One of the technical terms of water polo shooting. It means that the attacker uses fake action to attract the goalkeeper and destroy his position balance, and then throws the ball over the head of the opposing goalkeeper in an arc, and the shooting position is mostly on both sides of the goal. Although the hanging shot is slow, it has an arc, which often makes the goalkeeper save it. The arc of the ball must be moderate. It is advisable for the goalkeeper not to intercept and fall into the goal.
all-court press
Also known as one of the tactics of man-to-man defense of water polo in the field. When one side attacks, each player of the other side actively keeps an eye on one player of the other side, forcing the defense to do its job well, making it difficult for the other side to display its skills and causing pressure, forcing the other side to make mistakes. This is an active and effective defensive tactic. Can effectively deal with any offensive tactics, disturb the opponent's tactical intentions, and cause offensive mistakes. This tactic requires players to have good physical strength and speed, close cooperation and coordination to avoid loopholes.
Pass (pass)
Also called "throwing the ball". Water polo terminology. One of the basic movements. Refers to the technique of pitching with fingers, wrists, arms and upper body. It is the tactical basis of organizing an attack. Its strength depends on the strength of kicking water, temple body, hands and arms. When passing the ball, you can use the changes of your wrist and fingers to control the final direction of the ball. There are many ways to pass the ball, such as straight pass, big parabola pass and small arc pass. Suitable for short-distance shooting, passing, hanging and long pass. You can receive it in situ and swim and jump in the air. There are many passing techniques, such as forward, side, push, return and turn.
dribble
Water polo terminology. One of the basic movements. Swimming with both hands alternately, the ball is in front of the head, and the water waves aroused by the chest are difficult to stop the ball from moving forward. Raise your head and crawl into a reverse bow, so as to observe the situation on the field and cooperate with the standby. Mainly used for players with the ball to quickly transport the ball to the goal after breaking through the defense. It is often used with passing and shooting.