Regarding the rules of pitching, pitchers can use two postures: front pitching and side pitching. Before pitching, you must touch the pitcher's board with your feet. Frontal pitching is only allowed for batters. After the pitching action begins, the action must be continuous and cannot be interrupted. Side pitching can use base runner to pass the ball to the base, but after the pitching action starts, it can only be thrown at the batter. Before pitching, you must hold the ball in front of you for at least 1 second. Throwing in violation of pitching rules is called "illegal pitching" and the pitcher is sentenced to "bad ball"; When there is a runner on the base, it is called "pitcher foul", and the runner should score 1 base safely.
According to the rules of batting and base running, the attacking team must enter the stadium according to the list of "batting order". Don't go out of the hitting zone when hitting the ball; The fly ball was legally caught by the defense team and the batter was out; A batter can swing, push or touch the ball with a bat. After hitting the foul ball, the batter has to run the base; The pitcher accumulated three strikes (within the width of home plate, between the batter's knees and armpits), and the batter didn't strike out three times. If four "bad balls" are thrown or the ball hits the batter, the batter can safely enter 1 base. When the batter hits the ball and falls out of bounds, he becomes a batter and should run to 1 base. When he reached the base of 1, he was not stopped or killed by the defenders. In order to reach the base safely, he became a base runner at this time. Runners must run bases in the order of 1.2.3 and home plate. Don't run the base in the opposite direction, and don't deliberately hinder the defensive team from catching the ball, otherwise it will be ruled out. Runners can steal bases, but they may be "killed" out. You can run or slide the base when running in, but you must run in along the base line. When the batter hits the fly ball out of bounds, base runner should touch the base bag and leave the base after the ball touches the defender. A home run means that you legally run, touch and step over the base of 1.2.3, and hit a legal fly ball beyond the limit stipulated by the outfield, which is a "home run". Batter's safety score 1 point. However, the batter still needs to touch the third base according to the prescribed route before returning to home plate to be considered as a legal score.
Provisions on defensive interception
(1) Block base slideway. When the batter becomes a batter, the other runners are forced to give up the original base and run forward. As long as the base guard touches the base with his foot, he can stop the base runner from going out.
(2) The defender touches and kills the runner who leaves home plate or runs to the middle with the ball, and judges the runner out.
Famous teams and players
Teams: new york Yankees, Boston Red Sox, Seattle Mariners, Cardinals, Mariners, Arizona Diamondbacks, White Sox, Beijing Team, etc.
Players: Babe Ruth, Paul O 'Neill, Roger Maris, Whitney Ford, Ron Gidley, Roger Clemens, Bill Dickie, Wang, Brian Shackford, Simpson, etc.
Commonly used terms
Rule terminology:
Rushing for prizes, reserve matches, closing matches, grabbing matches, suing matches, strike balls, bad balls, strike zones, home plate (home plate), pitcher's mound, pitcher's plate, infield, outfield, batting area, three-foot line (three-foot line rule), base bag, touch ball (bunt), safe touch ball and sacrifice. Double play, reverse double play, forward double play, triple play (triple play), batting sequence (playing sequence), walking, coming off the bench, running off the bench, backup guard, starting pitcher, backup pitcher, full ball, sliding base, sliding base off, containment, false containment, forced scoring, running off the bat, swinging and pitching, fixed pitching, shaft.
Recording terminology:
Batting rate, base climbing rate, batting rate, base stealing success rate, number of appearances, number of seats played, number of hits, number of hits, first base, second base, third base, home run, hit, RBI, score, intentional four-ball, four-ball, three-strike, no triple play, triple defense, winning percentage, defense rate (.
Personnel terminology:
Pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second baseman, third baseman, shortstop, left fielder, center fielder, right fielder, head coach, coach, base running coach, referee, referee, first baseman, second baseman, third baseman, left lineman, right lineman and lineman (infield)
recorder
F 1 racing car
F 1 Racing is the most expensive, fastest and high-tech sport in the world. Including aerodynamics, plus the most advanced technologies in the world such as radio communication and electrical engineering. Many new technologies were put into practice for the first time in F 1. F is the abbreviation of FORMULA, namely equation; 1 There are many explanations, which can be understood as top drivers, top events, bonuses and so on. The English full name of this competition is FIA from ULA Formula One Championship, and the Chinese full name is World Formula One Championship.
F 1 super driver's license
Just like ordinary road driving, F 1 also needs a driver's license. That's a "super driver's license" issued by FIA-FIA Super License. This driver's license is only issued to drivers who have performed well in F3000, F3 or CART series. It usually takes eight years for a driver to progress from karting to F 1, but in fact only a few people have the ability and opportunity to climb to the top of the racing pyramid.
F 1 competition schedule
Every year, F 1 competition should choose different venues with different geographical conditions. Some of them are now on the plateau, and the thin air tests the physical quality of drivers; Have a plenty of track composed of streets, the road is narrow and tortuous, and drivers will crash if they are not good at it; Some tracks seem to have wide roads, but they also have the skills to test drivers' uphill and downhill; Other tracks are built in dense forests, and the runway fluctuates greatly, making it difficult for drivers to control the car. Due to frequent racing accidents, the FIA requires that all tracks in the host country must have enough grass buffer zones. The ambulance personnel of each stadium must also be distributed in every corner of the stadium, and strive to run into the scene for rescue at the moment of the accident.
The competition time is divided as follows:
2007 /2000
Friday:
The first practice match: 90 minutes /60 minutes.
The second practice match: 90 minutes /60 minutes
Saturday:
The third practice match: 60 minutes /45 minutes.
The fourth practice match: 60 minutes (terminated in 2005) /45 minutes (limited to 10 test circle).
Qualified:
Mode of 2006 -2007: Three qualifying sessions will be held, each session will last for 15 minutes, and six cars will be eliminated in each round, that is, 22 stops 16, 10.
Mode in 2005: the two-lap cumulative time system was implemented, which was later abolished in France and the one-lap ranking system was implemented.
Mode in 2003-2004: Two-lap qualifying system was implemented. The first qualifying match in 2003 was held at 2 pm on Friday, and the two rounds in 2004 were held on Saturday. The FIA stipulates that the first qualifying session will be held in the reverse order of the last race, and the second qualifying session will be held in the reverse order of the first qualifying session.
199 1-2002 mode: 1 hour qualifying system is implemented, but the number of laps of the efficiency circle is limited to 12, but the number of laps of the continuous efficiency circle cannot exceed 4 laps.
1990 mode: 1 hour qualifying system, unlimited laps.
Sunday:
Pre-competition practice: 20 minutes /30 minutes.
Competition: The FIA stipulates that the distance of each competition is not less than 305km, not more than 320km (except Monaco's 260km), not less than 1 hour, 10 minute and not more than 2 hours.
F 1 tournament
F 1 year championship is divided into two categories, driver championship and team championship. In the eyes of many F 1 experts, the value of the team championship is greater than the driver championship. The scoring method is the integral system, and the points of drivers and teams are cumulative. The top eight drivers who finish the race can get 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points in turn. Team points are accumulated by the points of two drivers. If the race is forced to stop before 75% of the race, the points must be multiplied by 1/2, and the world champion of the driver and the team can be determined by accumulating points at each sub-station. If the final score is the same, compare the number of champions, runners-up and runners-up in each substation ... until one side is more than the other. If it is still the same, it is necessary to compare the fastest lap time and pole position in the race, and the final way will be decided by drawing lots.
F 1 motorcade
1, McLaren-Benz
2. Ferrari (Ferrari)
3. BMW Team (BMW)
4. Renault
5. Williams Toyota Company
6. Red Bull Renault
7. Toyota (Toyota)
8. Super Aguri-Honda
9. Honda Team (Honda)
10, STR- Ferrari
1 1, Spyker Ferrari
12, Prodiff team (ProDrive, joined in 2008)
F 1 driver
Most drivers of F 1 come from go-karting events at all levels, and stand out from a series of events such as F3000 and GP2, and enter F 1. But now there are also some manufacturers' fleets willing to select and train talents by themselves (because of money).
Physical characteristics of F 1 driver
The driver of F 1 is one of the strongest athletes, because the driving style of F 1 racing car and the strong centrifugal force that drivers have to bear are very different from driving ordinary vehicles. Not only the physical condition is better than ordinary people, but also a calm and analytical mind!
Observing the drivers of F 1, we can find that their necks are thick and look almost as wide as their heads, because when driving F 1 racing cars, their helmets are exposed outside the cockpit. In addition to the lateral centrifugal force of 4 g when cornering, the forward deceleration force is greater than 5 g when braking. Under such a high centrifugal force, the weight of the head and helmet will become five times, about 25 kilograms.
Secondly, their arms and wrists are extremely muscular. It used to take about 30 kilograms to operate the steering wheel of F 1. Even if today's F 1 can use the power steering wheel to reduce the driver's burden, it is quite laborious to turn the steering wheel under the action of air pressure when driving at high speed. When turning, strong arms are needed to keep the car on the driver's desired route. Strong arms and wrists are necessary in the 300-kilometer race.
In addition, when cornering, the strong lateral centrifugal force will make the blood in the body flow to one side, but at this time, the driver still needs to think calmly when facing the next corner. The heartbeat is as high as 190 beats per minute at the start and 160 beats during the race. Therefore, the cardiopulmonary function of racing drivers is definitely different from that of ordinary people.
The heat resistance of the car body is also very important for F 1 drivers. During the cool European competition, the temperature in the cockpit can be as high as 50~60 degrees Celsius. Although water is constantly replenished, after nearly two hours of competition, the total amount of body fat and dehydration consumed will exceed 4 kg. If the average person is dehydrated like that, it will cause shock, but the driver of F 1 can still talk and laugh after getting off the bus.
Introduction of F 1 semaphore
Yellow flag
The yellow flag represents obstacles in the driveway ahead, such as a crashed car. Remind drivers to drive carefully. If the obstacle car is parked on one side of the track, or the obstacle is not on the track, the yellow flag will remain motionless. If obstacles are on the track, the yellow flag will swing back and forth to remind drivers to be ready to change direction. If the track is completely blocked, two yellow flags will be waved. Overtaking is not allowed when the yellow flag appears. If a driver does not read the information of the yellow flag carefully and still drives to the accident area of the track at the speed of the race, then the driver will be severely punished or even disqualified.
Red and yellow vertical striped flag
The red and yellow vertical stripe flag indicates that the road ahead is oily or slippery. Drivers should drive carefully until the signal flag is retracted. If the competition officials wave the flag, it means that there is a so-called wet area not far ahead.
white flag
When the white flag appears, it means that there are slow-moving vehicles ahead. This may be an ambulance, a trailer, or a safety vehicle for the Olympic Games. When seeing the white flag, the driver should drive carefully and even slow down appropriately.
red flag
The red flag indicates that the game or test run is terminated or suspended in advance for some reason. The red flag will appear in all positions of the whole track at the same time. At this point, the driver should go back to the pit and wait there to know if and when to resume the race. In the official competition, if the red flag is displayed after the competition exceeds 75%, the competition is over, and the final result of the competition is based on the results of the first two laps of waving the red flag.
Blue flag
The blue sign indicates that a vehicle with a prepared ring behind it is approaching and ready to overtake. Drivers who are shown the blue flag should slow down and give way to the race line if necessary. If the driver is shown the blue flag three times and fails to make way for the express train in time, the driver may be punished.
Green flag
The green flag indicates that the obstacles in the race, qualifying or track have been cleared and the race is back to normal.
pirate flag
If the starting line shows the driver's number and a black flag appears next to it, it means that the driver needs to report to the pit after running this lap. When a driver needs to be investigated for misconduct in the competition, or when the driver fouls in the competition, it is necessary to show the black flag to the driver. When the flag appears, in general, drivers may be disqualified or punished in time.
A flag with red circles on a black background.
If the driver's number is displayed on the starting line and a red flag appears next to it, it means that the driver needs to contact the maintenance station immediately. When competition officials suspect that drivers' cars need to be overhauled, they will display a flag with a black background and a red circle.
Black and white check flag
When the black and white flag appears, it means that the game or practice match is over. At this time, all drivers should return to the maintenance lane or concentrate in the departure area. From here on, drivers need to drive their cars to the pre-race check-in place, where they need to be tested to ensure that they meet the rules and regulations of the competition. For the champion of each competition, a black and white checkered flag will be waved for him; For drivers after the champion, the black and white check flag will remain unchanged.
F 1 driver and team champion of the year
Champion drivers of the year champion team
F. Alonso Renault in 2006
2005 F. Alonso Renault
2004 m Schumacher Ferrari
2003 m Schumacher Ferrari
2002 m Schumacher Ferrari
200 1 m Schumacher Ferrari
2000 m Schumacher Ferrari
1999m hakkinen Ferrari
1998m. Hakkinen McLaren/Mercedes
1997 J villeneuve Williams/Renault
1996 D. Hill Williams/Renault
Schumacher Benetton/Renault
1994m Schumacher Williams/Renault
Prost Williams/Renault
Mansel Williams/Renault
Senna McLaren/Honda
Senna McLaren/Honda
Prost McLaren/Honda
Senna McLaren/Honda
1987 North American Piquet Williams/Honda
Prost Williams/Honda
Prost McLaren/Porsche
1984 Lauda McLaren/Porsche
1983 n. Piquet Ferrari
1982 K. Rosberg Ferrari
Piquet Williams/Ford
Jones Williams/Ford
1979 J. Schechter Ferrari
1978M. ANDRETTI LOTUS/ ford
1977 n. Lauda Ferrari
1976 J. Hunter Ferrari
1975 n. Lauda Ferrari
1974 E. Fittipaldi mclaren/Ford
Stuart Lotus/Ford Company
1972 E. Fitti Parti Lotus/Ford
Stuart tyrael/Ford
1970 Lint Lotus/Ford
Stuart Matra/Ford
1968 G. Hill Lotus/Ford
1967 D. Hume Brabam/Repko
1966 J. Brabam Brabam/Repko
Clark Lotus/Orgasm
1964 J.SURTEES Ferrari
Clark Lotus/Orgasm
BRM hill 1962 G
1961p.hill Ferrari
1960 J. Brabam Cooper /Climax
1959 J. Brabam Cooper /Climax
1958m hawthorn leaves
1957 Fangio
1956 Fangio
1955 Fangio
1954 Fangio
1953 A. Askali
1952 A. Askali
195 1
1950 North farina
M (short for meter) Schumacher is the driver who has won the most annual championships so far.