Perfecting rules, statutes, customs, rites and music About 5000 BC, people from the Chao clan church built houses and built nests. About 3500 BC, Emperor Niu Nong of Shennong in Dihuang truly achieved the integration of agriculture and medicine.
Treated cannabis is used for cloth and goods storage.
Open the economic market and create literature and music again.
Around 3000 BC, church people cultivated fields. Note: Most people in ancient times were nameless, and most of the "names" in the table were drawn up by later generations. The number of Huang Sanzhi was first seen in Zhou Li's History of Chun Guan. In Historical Records of Qin Shihuang, Dr. Qin believed that "there were emperors, Huangdi, Tai Huang and Tai Huang in ancient times." "Tai Huang" means "Ren Huang". In fact, it means that "the emperor and Huang Di Di are gods and legends, but" Ren Huang "is the real ruler who rules the real society, so Wang Wan, Feng Jie, Li Si and Dr. Qin all say it is the most expensive."
Because Historical Records is a typical history of China and Beggars' Gangs is an oral history, but Sima Qian didn't load it, so the great historian Sima Qian didn't take Huang San as the starting point in Historical Records, but since the biographies of the Five Emperors, the Three Emperors and Five Emperors only beautified them and made them a myth.
Huang San, also known as the King of Medicine, is also known as the God of Medicine. Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor: "I would like to discuss with the doctor:' There were emperors, Huangdi, Tai Huang and Tai Huang in ancient times.' "
Supplementary Biography of Historical Records of Huang San quotes River Map and March 5 Calendar: "Emperor, Emperor, Ren Huang."
Taiping Yulan quoted the Spring and Autumn Wei saying, "Emperor, Emperor, Ren Huang."
"Customs of Yi Tong and Ba Huang" is the first, and the book of Wei Yundou in the Spring and Autumn Period is quoted: "Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong."
"White Tiger Tong Yinuo." : "Fuxi, Shennong, Zhu Rong."
"Shangshu" biography: "Old people, Fuxi, Shennong."
Emperor Century: "Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi."
On the Hidden Husband: Three Emperors and Five Emperors have been handed down from generation to generation, and most people think that Fuxi Shennong is Huang San. One of them is called Sui Ren, or Zhu Rong, or Nu Wa. Whether this is right or wrong is unknown. (Volume VIII)
The final statement reflects the development of primitive social and economic life. (1) Emperor, Huangdi and Tai Huang (Historical Records)
(2) Sui people, Fuxi and Shennong (Biography of Shangshu Baihu Yi Tong)
(3) Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Huangdi and Ren Huang (Taiping Yu Lan)
(4) Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong ("Custom Yi Tong")
(5) Fuxi, Zhu Rong and Shennong (White Tiger Yi Tong)
(6) Fuxi, Shennong and * * * Gong (A Mirror)
(7) From Xinong to Huangdi. No, it's Huang San, ranking first in the world. (Saint Amethyst)
(8) Pangu and Nvwa 、 Fuxi (folklore)
(9) Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi (Emperor Century, Ancient Guardian)
(10) You Chaojia, Sui Renjia, Zhi Shengjia (Zhuangzi, Jianyi Lu Zhi).
The last statement is popular because the Ancient Guardian cited the influence of the imperial century, so Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi became three outstanding emperors in ancient China.
In addition, Huang San, together with the Emperor, Huangdi and Ren Huang, is called the Three Gods in Hanshu Weishu. Later, in Taoism, Huang San was divided into three groups: the third-grade emperor was human; In Huang San, people face snakes or dragons; In the post-Huang San, the post-emperor was the dragon, that is, Fuxi, the post-emperor was the snake, that is, Nu Wa, and the later generation was the cow, that is, Shennong. Taoist deities: Sanqing and Yusi.
The level of Confucian gods: the ancestors of heaven and earth (three emperors and five emperors) and saints (Confucius, Mencius and Guan Yu)
The status of Nu Wa is sometimes higher than that of Huang San, sometimes in Huang San and sometimes lower than that of Huang San. It is said that there are three reasons: first, in myths and legends, Nu Wa incarnates everything and has a high status above Huang San; Second, the legendary Fuxi and Nuwa are both brothers and sisters and husband and wife. Brothers and sisters of matrilineal clan are cousins of paternal clan. China has a tradition of consanguineous marriage. Sometimes both of them are selected in Huang San, and sometimes only one person is selected as the representative, especially in Huang San; Thirdly, the prominent position of Shangshu in Confucian classics has made the views of Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi Huang San publicized by it recognized by most people, because the character of Huangdi Ji Xuanyuan is closest to historical facts, and the matriarchal society is the place where Nu Wa lives, followed by paternal society, and men are respected, so it is under Huang San.
The first volume of Yiwen Collection quotes Xú Zhēng's May 35 Calendar: "The number of days is extremely large, the number of places is extremely deep, and Pangu is extremely long. Then there is Huang San. " Volume 78 of "Peaceful Magnolia" is quoted from "Spring and Autumn Wei": "Emperor, Huangdi and Ren Huang, nine brothers, are divided into Kyushu and the world." There are nine clouds in Wang Jia's Collection Notes in the Jin Dynasty: "There is a big maple tree in the country", "There is a big stone room in the east of the tree, which can accommodate ten thousand people, and there are statues carved on the wall: thirteen emperors, eleven emperors and nine heads in Ren Huang, all of which are dragons." This covers the mythical Huang San. The rest say that there are many Huang Sans, such as Biography of Shangshu (Chen Shouqi series in Qing Dynasty), with Suirenshi, Fuxi and Shennong as Huang San; Han and others compiled White Tiger Tong with Fuxi, Shennong, Suiren or Fuxi, Shennong and Zhu Rong. Fuxi, Shennong and Nuwa were Huang San in the Spring and Autumn War. Huangfu Mi in Jin Dynasty regarded Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi as the Huang San of the emperor's century. Sima Zhen in Tang Dynasty used Fuxi, Nuwa and Shennong as Huang San in Historical Records to supplement Biography of Huang San, and so on. See the five emperors. Huang San refers to Suiren, Fuxi and Shennong, and the Five Emperors refer to Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku and Yaoshun.
Looking at the above statements about Huang San, we can see that the "Huang San" in ancient China is an uncertain statement. Among all the sayings about Huang San, all the people related to Huang San played an important role in ancient China and had a great influence. But the first and third statements are actually general, not specific, or refer to God rather than specific people. In other sentences, basically every sentence has the words Fuxi and Shennong. There is no doubt that they are listed as Huang San. Among other characters, everyone has outstanding characteristics and contributions, and anyone is eligible to be selected for Huang San. But Nu Wa is a contemporary of Fuxi. She is a woman. While "Huang San" entered the patriarchal society, it is obviously inappropriate for Nu Wa to be included in Huang San. Zhu Rong and * * * workers are figures after the Yanhuang period. Judging from the original intention of listing in Huang San, the era of Huang San should be earlier than that of the Five Emperors, that is, it should be earlier than that of the Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan. And Zhu Rong, * * workers do not meet this condition, should also be excluded from Huang San. Then, the only one left that is most suitable for listing in Huang San is Suiren. It is most appropriate to list Suirenshi, Fuxi and Shennong as Huang San. The classification of Suirenshi, Fuxi and Shennong as Huang San reflects three different stages of development in China's primitive times. During the Sui Dynasty, people learned to make artificial fires, and people's diet changed from raw food to cooked food, and people's physique was improved accordingly. In Fuxi period, people progressed from consanguineous marriage to extramarital marriage, which solved the problem of racial degradation caused by consanguineous marriage, and China gradually entered the patriarchal society from matriarchal society. During Shennong period, people learned to plant and breed, from hunting and gathering to farming, and human society entered the era of farming civilization. "Theory of Three Represents" embodies three different stages of development in ancient China. In any case, it is appropriate to list them as Yellow Three. 1.
Drill wood for fire: the earliest primitive people didn't know how to use fire. Everything is eaten raw, not counting the fruits of plants. Even wild animals are eaten alive, even with blood in their hair. Later, the use of fire was invented (traces of fire have been found on the Peking man site in Zhoukoudian, indicating that the use of fire was known at that time). The phenomenon of fire has existed in nature for a long time. The volcano erupted and there was fire. When thunder and lightning strike, the forest will catch fire. But primitive people began to see fire, and instead of using it, they were scared to death. Later, I occasionally picked up a wild animal that was killed by fire and took it to taste. It tastes delicious. After many experiments, people gradually learned to eat with fire and tried to keep the fire burning all the year round. After a long time, people drilled hard and sharp wood on another hard piece of wood and drilled out Mars. Others beat flint (flint) to knock out the fire. This shows that it is possible to make a fire artificially (according to archaeological data, cavemen already know how to make a fire artificially). Who invented it? Of course, it is the working people, but the legend of the Han nationality also says that it is a matriarchal clan queen named "Suiren". Artificial lighting is a great invention. Since then, people can eat cooked food at any time, and the variety of food has also increased. It is said that Suiren also taught people to fish. It turns out that fish, turtles, clams, clams and the like are raw and cannot be eaten. If you have a way to make a fire, you can cook them and eat them.
2. Fuxi
Fuxi Fishing and Hunting: I don't know how long it took. People began to weave nets with ropes and hunt with nets, which was much better than hunting with sticks and stone tools. Not only the animals on the ground, but also the birds in the sky and the fish in the water can be photographed and captured. Most of the birds and animals caught are alive and can't be eaten for a while. You can also keep it until the next time, so people learn to keep it again. This kind of work of weaving nets, hunting and raising animals is the experience accumulated by people in their work. According to the legend of the Han nationality, the person who invented these things was Fu, or "Dong Yaoshi" (Dong sound páoxī and, Dong is the kitchen, and sacrifice means sacrifice), which is simplified as a bag or a bag.
3. Shennong
Shennong tasted a hundred herbs: One day, when Shennong was collecting exotic flowers and herbs, he tasted a kind of grass leaf. He was thirsty and dizzy, so he put down his herbal bag and rested against a big tree. A gust of wind seems to smell a fresh fragrance, but I don't know where it comes from. Looking up, I saw some leaves falling from the tree, Ran Ran. The leaves are green, and I'm curious. So I picked one up and put it in my mouth to chew slowly. I think it is bitter, but it tastes sweet, so I just chew it. After eating, I feel more fragrant, my tongue is rhythmic, my spirit is uplifted, my dizziness is reduced, my mouth is numb, and I feel strange. So I picked up a few more leaves and looked at them carefully. Their leaf shapes, veins and edges are different from ordinary trees, so I picked some buds and flowers and went home. Later, Shennong named the tree "Tea", which was the earliest discovery of tea. Since then, tea trees have been gradually discovered, collected and introduced, and used as medicines, sacrifices, vegetables and drinks. The second is that it was given by the gods and discovered by Shennong. At that time, Shennong not only collected the medicinal materials from mountains and rivers, but also tried to decoct them to experience and identify the performance of the medicinal materials. One day, Shennong collected a large bag of herbs, divided them into several piles according to the known properties, set up an iron pot under the big tree, put it into the stream, and made a fire to boil water. When the water boiled, Shennong opened the lid and turned to get the herbs. Suddenly, he saw a few leaves falling from the pot and immediately smelled a fragrance floating out of the pot. Shennong approached curiously and looked carefully. I saw a few leaves floating on the water, and the soup in the water gradually turned yellow-green, and the fragrance slowly distributed with the rise of steam. He scooped some juice from the bowl, but it felt bitter and fragrant. After drinking, the aftertaste is mellow and sweet, the mouth is not thirsty, people are not tired, their minds are clearer, and they don't feel happy. So I picked up the leaves from the pot and observed them carefully. There seems to be no such tree beside the pot, and I thought, "The gods must miss me for being old and kind. Take medicine to cure the pain and give me jade leaves to help all beings. " Since then, while continuing to study the efficacy of this leaf, I have set foot in the mountains to find this leaf. One day, Shennong finally found several wild tea trees on a hill not far away. Their leaves are exactly the same as those that fell into the pot. Juice is yellow-green, and tastes the same. Shennong was overjoyed, so he named it "tea" and boiled its leaves to taste. It is found that it really has the functions of quenching thirst, promoting fluid production, refreshing the brain, diuresis and detoxification. So besides herbs, it is considered as a panacea for health. It is said that this kind of "tea" discovered by Shennong in those days is what people call tea today.
Shennong's idea of "making crops, growing grain and tasting herbs" initiated real agriculture and medicine, and the ancestors of China went to a brand-new stage of producing food with their own hands. In addition to the natural environment, the birth of primitive agriculture can not be separated from four foundations: first, the technology of settling down; Second, fully understand whether all kinds of plants can be eaten; Third, effective storage technology (especially plant seed storage technology); Fourth, preliminary plant planting experience and knowledge. Among them, the first three foundations were gradually improved from the Sui Dynasty, Fu, You Chao era to the Nuwa era, and the plant planting technology originated from Fu's gourd planting. Although the gourd planting technology probably originated from children's games, the gourd played a vital role in the Fu era, so it was easy for China's ancestors to realize the great significance of planting the gourd, so as to consciously plant the gourd and explore and accumulate planting experience and knowledge. The important maturity of Shennong era is domestication and selection of main crop varieties from wild plants. These varieties have good cultivation characteristics, excellent quality and high yield, which are suitable for local natural conditions. The domestication and breeding of varieties is also related to an important habit of human beings. Generally, the feeding behavior of animals is based on the principle of "easy acquisition", and their feeding objects are weak individuals or certain parts of plants, while humans are completely opposite, always trying to find bigger "trophies". In the process of planting wild plants, this habit of human beings determines that people always tend to choose full grains as seeds and choose wild plants as cultivated crops over time. American scientists found that South American leaf-cutting ants could grow crops 50 million years ago, and they also knew how to fertilize and weed. They cut up leaves, transported them to ant nests, and cultivated edible fungi on them. But all their strains were collected from the wild, so they failed to cultivate a cultivated strain in 50 million years.
4. Huangdi
Huangdi Zhanchiyou: About 4,000 years ago, there were many clans and tribes living in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins in China. The Yellow Emperor is one of the most famous tribal leaders in legend. Tribes headed by the Yellow Emperor first lived near Jishui in the northwest of China, and later moved to Zhuolu (now around Zhuolu and Huailai in Hebei Province), where they began to develop animal husbandry and agriculture and settled down. Yan Di, another tribal leader who was contemporary with the Yellow Emperor, originally lived near Jiang Shui in northwest China. It is said that they are close relatives of the Yellow Emperor. The Yan Di family gradually declined, while the Huangdi family flourished. At that time, there was a leader of the Jiu Li nationality named Ch and Y not u (Ch and Y not u), who was very strong. Legend has it that Chiyou has eighty-one brothers, all of whom are beasts, with bronze heads and iron foreheads, eating sand and stones, and they are extremely fierce. They also made swords, halberds, crossbows and various weapons, and often led his tribe to invade other tribes. Once, Chiyou occupied the position of Emperor Yan, and Emperor Yan rose up to resist, but he was no match for Chiyou and was defeated by Chiyou. Emperor Yan had no choice but to flee to Zhuolu and ask the Yellow Emperor for help. The Yellow Emperor had long wanted to get rid of the scourge of various tribes, so he joined forces with various tribes to prepare for a decisive battle with Chiyou in the land of Zhuolu. There are many myths and legends about this war. It is said that the Yellow Emperor domesticated bears, barbarians (pronounced pí), barbarians (pronounced pí), raccoons (pronounced xiū), and others? (sound chū) Six kinds of wild animals, tigers, were released to help in the war (some people think that the legendary six kinds of wild animals are actually six clans named after wild animals). Although Chiyou's soldiers were brave, they could not resist the Yellow Emperor's army and this group of fierce tigers and beasts, and were defeated and fled. When the Yellow Emperor led his troops to win the battle, it was dark, foggy, jittery and thunderous, and the soldiers of the Yellow Emperor could not catch up at all. It turned out that Chiyou invited "Fengbo Rain Master" to help. Not to be outdone, the Yellow Emperor asked the goddess to help him dispel the wind and rain. In an instant, the wind stopped raining and the sky was clear. Wanli finally defeated Chiyou. There is also a legend that Chiyou used witchcraft to create a fog, which made the soldiers of the Yellow Emperor lose their way. The Yellow Emperor took the "south guide car" as the guide and led the soldiers to pursue Chiyou in the direction of escape. As a result, Chiyou was arrested and killed. These myths reflect that the war is very fierce. The tribes were very happy to see that the Yellow Emperor defeated Chiyou. The Yellow Emperor was supported by many tribes. However, the Yan Di family and the Huangdi family also clashed. The two sides fought a battle in Hanquan (now southeast of Zhuolu County, Hebei Province), and Yan Di failed. From then on, the Yellow Emperor became the leader of the tribal alliance in the Central Plains.
In the legendary era of the Yellow Emperor, there were many inventions, such as building palaces, making cars, building ships and making five-color clothes. Of course, none of these were invented by one person, but later people put them on the account of the Yellow Emperor. Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor had a wife named Zulian (sound léi) who took part in labor in person. It turns out that silkworms are only wild, and people don't know the use of silkworms. Ancestors taught women to raise silkworms, reel silk and weave silk. From then on, there was silk and silk. The Yellow Emperor also had a historian Cang Xie who created ancient Chinese characters. We haven't seen the words of that period, and we can't find them. Legends in ancient China highly praised the Yellow Emperor, and later generations believed that the Yellow Emperor was the ancestor of the Chinese nation, and he was the descendant of the Yellow Emperor. Because Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor are close relatives and later merged together, we often call ourselves descendants of the Yellow Emperor. To commemorate this legendary ancestor, later generations also built a "Huangdi Mausoleum" on the Qiao Shan in the north of huangling county, Shaanxi.
5. Fu Xishi
Fu analyzed that the gourd was used to scoop drinking water, or tied to his body to help him wade across the river. Through the efforts of Youchao and Suiren, the ancestors had simple houses, which greatly broadened the sources of food. Generally speaking, they can buy food near their home and then take it home to enjoy or store it. "Teasing the gourd, getting the gourd", the drinking water problem will rise to an important life problem. Concerned about drinking water, China's ancestors discovered the gourd, which started the Fu era. In the process of continuous exploration, they developed the technology of using gourd to assist wading, which basically solved the problems of drinking water and walking, and their viability jumped to a new height again. There are many stories about Fu's legend recorded in ancient books, such as initiating gossip, inventing weaving nets, ordering books, offering sacrifices, cooking with nine needles, creating calendars, playing the 36-lyre, succeeding heaven as king, setting officials, etc. Together with Nu Wa, he founded and perfected the wedding ceremony and invented the ritual music of pottery. These deeds are more or less related to the use of gourd, which can be regarded as the embodiment of the all-round and three-dimensional development of gourd use technology. More importantly, the ancestors formed the concept of "flower" in their knowledge and understanding of gourd flowers. The gourd flower turned into a gourd, so the Chinese ancestors called themselves "Flower People", that is, "China people", and claimed to be "people who can use the gourd", which was more brilliant and noble than those who still drank water with skins, horns, shells, tortoises and skulls, and finally became their own family. This is the Chinese nation. Therefore, Fu is recognized as the human ancestor of the Chinese nation.
6. Nu Wa Poetry
The main contributions of Nuwa family are: developing population with texture; Together with Fuxi, he founded and perfected the marriage system, rules, conventions and customs. Flood control and disaster relief. Nu Wa also fired pottery and developed pottery-making technology. Pottery came into being at the end of Fu era, which is actually the result of three technological innovations: one is the technology of using fire, the other is the technology of using gourd, and the third is the technology of painting mud. The first is the combination of fire technology and gourd use technology. The ancestors came up with the idea of drinking hot water and eating cooked food. Secondly, in the process of building houses, the ancestors found that mud painting can not only block the gap to prevent wind, but also prevent the wood wrapped by it from being damaged by fire, thus forming the mud painting technology. Finally, the mud coating technology was applied to the gourd, and the bottom of the gourd was coated with mud to prevent fire and cook food. Finally, pottery was invented. This is the most primitive tire mold pottery technology. Pottery not only adds a brand-new cooked food method, but also can safely store a large amount of food and drinking water and get rid of the ubiquitous harassment of rats. More importantly, pottery led to the division of labor between men and women, which was the first great division of labor for human beings and laid a solid foundation for civilization. Men get food, drinking water and other daily necessities outside, while women do housework, process and cook food, and look after and educate children at home; Family structure is more stable. Because pottery is bulky and fragile, people tend to settle down and live, which further promotes the development of building technology, fire technology and manufacturing technology of household appliances (including tools).
7. Youchao family
In ancient times, there were few people and many animals, so human beings could not stand the invasion of animals, insects and snakes. A saint appeared. He built a nest in a tree to avoid the invasion of the herd. People like him very much, so they chose him as the emperor and called him the Chao family.
Lu Zhenyu, a famous historian, pointed out in the Lecture Notes on the History of China: "Only when there were nests did our ancestors begin to distinguish themselves from animals ... human history began."