This marks the formal distance between "writing" as a communication tool and "calligraphy" as a unity of aesthetics and practicality, and makes the latter gradually develop into a unique art-calligraphy art. At this time, Han Li has become the dominant font with unique style, and at the same time created cursive script, official script, cursive script, running script and regular script, which basically completed the five forms and laid the foundation for the Jin and Tang Dynasties. Zhuge Liang has developed good study habits since childhood, and there are many stories and legends about his hard study in Xiangyang.
He loves calligraphy; I was trained hard when I was young, and I could write all kinds of fonts. I am good at seal script, eight-part essay and cursive script. Southern dynasties? Liang Tao Hongjing is a great calligrapher. His "Sword Record" records: "In the first year of Shu Zhangwu (AD 22 1 year), there were eight swords made of gold, Niu Shan iron and cast iron, each three feet and six inches ... This is where Kong Ming wrote." . Li Yu's "Gu Ding Lu" records: "Zhuge Liang killed Xinmeile Co., Ltd. and decided to build a tripod and bury it in Hanchuan. Its text says: Ding Dingjun. He also made eight arrays of ding, which sank in Yong 'an water, all of which were big seals. " "In the second year of Zhangwu (AD 222), Hanchuan cast a tripod, named Hank tripod, set point C, and wrote an eight-point book ... another tripod was cast in Wudan Mountain in Chengdu, named Zen tripod; Another tripod was cast in Jianshan Pass, named Jianshan tripod. There is also Xiaoyan, which is the trace of Wuhou. " "In the third year of Zhangwu (AD 223), it was originally meant to be two tripods, one with the king of Lu, and the text said,' Richness and splendor are the best for princes. One of them wrote with King Liang: "He who is lucky should be king." There are also ancient official scripts, three feet high, which are all traces of Wuhou. "In the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Yue's" Ancient and Modern Law Bookstore "also recorded:" Master Shu tasted three Ding, all of which were eight points in the seal of Wuhou, which was wonderful. "。
The above records are credible, especially in the Southern Dynasties, when Tao Hongjing was only 200 years away from Zhuge Liang. His story and narrative should be based on facts. Song Huizong Xuanhe Neifu Xuanhe Pu Shu (volume 13) records that Zhuge Liang is good at painting and likes to write cursive script. Although it is not called by the book, it will cherish its legacy. " He also said: "The cursive script in the palace today is" Yuan Yi Tie "." This shows that at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D.119-1125), there were still Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works in the palace. Chen Si's "Letters and Slips" in the Southern Song Dynasty recorded that Zhuge Liang was "good at making seals". There are words like' Xuan Mo Tai Chi, a mixture of Yin and Yang' in this law post, which is unusual. "
Since the Song Dynasty, predecessors' masterpieces have been engraved and circulated, called "Fa Tie". This record shows that in the Song Dynasty, Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were popular all over the world as "calligraphy posts" with exemplary significance. Zhuge Liang never forgot calligraphy in his busy government affairs and military activities. According to Changde County Records, "Wolong Mo Chi is located in Wolong Temple, 30 miles west of Yuanjiang County. According to legend, Zhuge Wuhou of the Han Dynasty washed ink in this temple because of its name. " As we know, Zhuge Liang lived in Changde after Battle of Red Cliffs, and wars were very tense and frequent. But he still remembers his time in Linchi, and his persistent interest in calligraphy art can be seen.
Liu Bei said in his suicide note: "I heard that the Prime Minister finished writing Shen, Han, Guan Zi and Liu Tao, and I died before I could send them. You can ask Wenda more. " At that time, Liu Bei led the army to attack Wu, and Zhuge Liang was the prime minister and supervisor of the country in Chengdu. In a busy situation, he personally copied Liu Chan's Shen Zi, Han Feizi and other books. We can imagine that the four books written by Kong Ming must be wonderful calligraphy works, which were already art treasures that many people knew and wanted at that time.
Even Liu Bei, who was far away in Baidicheng, knew about it, and he felt deeply sorry for it. At the end of his life, he also told Adou to "seek more from Wenda". This is not only for Liu Chan to study hard, but also for Liu Bei to cherish and love Zhuge Liang's calligraphy art. From the above description, we can see Zhuge Liang's achievements in the history of calligraphy in China. Unfortunately, we can't see the original calligraphy yet, so we can only hope for archaeological discoveries.
Second, painting:
In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan wrote in the Book of Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties: "Zhuge Wuhou and his son are both good at painting." Zhang Yanyuan also recorded the collection and sale of paintings at that time in his book On Painting. He said: "Today is divided into three ancient times to determine the nobility and inferiority, and the Han and Wei dynasties are ancient, so Cai Yong, Zhang Heng, Cao Mao, Huan Fan, Xu Miao, Cao Buxing and Zhuge Liang are also." Painters in Jin and Song Dynasties are regarded as the Middle Ages, painters in Qi, Liang, Chen, Hou Zhou and Northern Qi Dynasties are regarded as the next generation, and painters in Sui and early Tang Dynasties are called the modern generation. The price of modern painters' works is similar to that of lower ancient painters' works, and the price of upper ancient painters' works is the highest.
Zhang Yanyuan described the painting prices of some modern painters at that time, such as Yan Liben and Wu Daozi: "A screen is worth 20,000 yuan, and a threshold is worth 15,000 yuan." "A screen is worth ten thousand yuan." He also said that the works of painters in the Han and Wei dynasties (that is, ancient times) were already "treasures of the country" and "treasures of the future" in the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Yanyuan (born in 8 15) was born in a prime minister's family, and he has a rich collection of famous calligraphy and painting. He is an official of Dali Temple (that is, the chief of the central judicial organ) and has favorable conditions for reading and inspecting famous calligraphy and painting. Therefore, his Record of Famous Paintings in Past Dynasties is known as the "ancestor of painting history", and his records and exposition have always been credible in the history of painting in China. From his narration, we can generally see Zhuge Liang's historical position and artistic achievements in the history of China fine arts. In the Records of Huayang Country, Chang Jiaqu, a historian of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, recorded: "In South China, the custom is to levy witches and ghosts, and to curse the alliance for goodness, so officials often desire it by cursing the alliance. Zhuge Liang made a map for foreigners. First, he drew the Great Wall House of heaven, earth, sun, moon and monarch, and then he drew the dragon, which gave birth to foreigners, cows, horses and camels. After the painting company officer, riding a horse, patrolling the T-shirt. I also painted the image of Yi Morning Glory, bearing the wine and gold, in order to give it to Yi, which is very heavy. " He also wrote: "Yongchang County, an ancient country of mourning and imprisonment ... has been divided into Xiao Wang for generations, living in cities, scattered in valleys, and dark mountains and rivers. The people were born, but China never knew that South Kunming was the ancestor, so Zhuge Liang made plans for it. " As can be seen from the above two paragraphs, Zhuge Liang does have extraordinary talent for painting. His paintings are based on real life (such as the life of ethnic minorities in central and southern China) and have magical and rich imagination (such as dragons), with magnificent composition and vast scenes.
Zhuge Liang also mastered many painting skills. He can draw not only the heavens, the earth, the sun and the moon, but also all kinds of buildings, horses and chariots, animals and people. Painters who can master such comprehensive painting skills are rare in the history of painting in China. At the same time, it can be seen that Zhuge Liang's painting is by no means out of personal leisure, and his painting art always serves his political and military purposes. The above two groups of works are his effective forms and methods of uniting and educating southwest ethnic minorities. Zhuge Liang is also very fond of arts and crafts and has made great achievements. Chen Shou said that Zhuge Liang's "mechanical skills, material research to the extreme" in "Into Zhuge Liang's Collection Table". Justin's "Han Ji Lun" also said: "Good governance is second only to houses, bridges and roads." In particular, the records in Historical Records about Zhuge Liang's making wooden cows and flowing horses and designing eight-array diagrams prove that he has a very deep research on technology, and the design and production of arts and crafts is also an aspect he attaches great importance to.
Zhu Qiqian, a modern scholar, described such a story in Notes on Silk Embroidery: In the third year of Jianxing (AD 225), Zhuge Liang led his troops south and reached the intersection of Tongren River and Tongren River. Ma detective report: there is a pox epidemic in the local area. Zhuge Liang immediately sent people to the Miao nationality with a lot of silk, and taught them to make clothes and bedding for patients with smooth silk, so as to prevent patients from being infected again after acne was cured and make them recover as soon as possible. Since then, good feelings have been established between Miao and Shu Han. Since then, Zhuge Liang encouraged and guided the Miao people to plant mulberry and raise silkworms, learn to reel silk and weave. He also personally designed and drew silk patterns for Miao compatriots.
According to the Records of Lihu County, after learning Shu brocade technology, the Miao people in Guzhou knitted colorful velvet brocade, which they named "Wuhou brocade" to commemorate Zhuge Liang's achievements in developing sericulture, popularizing silk weaving technology and silk arts and crafts. After Zhuge Liang ruled Shu, he attached great importance to the production of Shu brocade. He once issued a fatwa saying: "Now the people are poor and the country is empty, and the enemy's capital has been fixed, but praise brocade." He also grows mulberry and raises silkworms himself. In his last words, he said: "I have 800 mulberries in Chengdu, and my descendants have enough food and clothing." Thanks to his personal practice and vigorous advocacy, the production of Shu brocade has made great progress. According to Zhong Shuguang Ji, Shu brocade produced by Yizhou at that time was also exported to Wu Wei, and even the court of Wei liked to use it. According to legend, Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei, once praised the splendid Shu brocade, saying, "Every time I win Shu brocade, I am never ashamed."
Third, music articles:
Zhuge Liang is proficient in temperament, likes playing the piano and singing, and has a high musical accomplishment.
This aspect is described in ancient books. Chen shou's reflection? Zhuge Liang Biography records: "Xuanzu, Ming and devoted himself to cultivating Long Mu to sing for Fu Liang." Xi Chishao's Old Records of Xiangyang: "Xiangyang has Kongming's former residence ... The mountain on the west side of the house is near the water, and Kongming often climbs it. This drum instrument is called "Fu Liang's Song" because the name of this mountain is Leshan. "Zhongxing Bibliography" records: "In the first volume, Zhuge Liang wrote the beginning of the Qin Dynasty and the sound of the seven strings, taking the image of the thirteen emblems." Xie's On Qin also recorded: "Zhuge Liang wrote Fu Liangyin." "Geographical Records" records: "There is a stone harp in Wuhou Temple in Dingjun Mountain, which is very clear and it is said that it was left by Wuhou. "From the above records, it is enough to see that Zhuge Liang has a very comprehensive accomplishment and great artistic achievements in music. He is good at vocal music-he can sing; Also good at instrumental music-good at playing the piano; At the same time, he also composed music and lyrics, and made musical instruments-lyre and Qin Shi. Not only that, he also wrote a monograph on music theory-Qin Jing.