Summarize the establishment process of ancient Greek democratic system.

In 594 BC, Solon was elected as the first consul and was given full power to make the constitution. He began to carry out a series of economic and social reforms. The main contents of the reform include: (1) implementing the "debt cancellation order" and canceling the debt. (2) Abolish the monopoly of hereditary nobles, and no longer divide citizens by birth and property. (3) Reform the political system. Restore and improve the power of the almost dysfunctional citizens' assembly. At the same time, a 400-member meeting and a citizens' jury court were set up outside the aristocratic meeting, allowing every citizen to appeal to the citizens' assembly and the people's court on issues of vital interests. (4) Formulating a new code to replace the old harsh code, at the same time encouraging citizens to engage in handicrafts and commerce, prohibiting the export of grain, reforming weights and measures, casting new Athenian coins, formulating some laws and regulations on property inheritance, prohibiting reburial, and taking care of the relatives of citizens who died for the country. Solon's reform is an important milestone in the historical development of Athens city-state, which laid the foundation of Athens' democratic politics, promoted the development of industry and commerce, adjusted the interest relationship between different classes of citizens' collective, and guaranteed the economic, political and social status of small and medium-sized owners engaged in their own labor. The characteristics of Solon's reform 1. Reform concept: moderation, moderation, fairness, equality and harmony. 2. Target: slave owners and nobles. 3. Benefits of reform: civilians. 4. Influence: It laid the foundation of democracy in Athens. 5. Nature: the reform of the nature of slave owners In short, Solon's reform touched on the ownership relations of the main means of production at that time and was an adjustment of the old relations of production, so Engels called it a "revolution", but it was an incomplete revolution, the old forces were not completely eliminated, and the demands of the lower classes were not well met. Solon advocated the "golden mean" and tried to seek reconciliation between the two sides of the struggle through compromise. On the one hand, he improved the economic situation of civilians, on the other hand, he protected the political privileges of the nobility. He described himself as "holding a big shield to protect both sides". As a result, both sides did not please him, and he was finally forced to go to Egypt.

Christian Reform From 509 BC to 508 BC, Cleisthenes, an Athenian democratic politician, carried out a relatively thorough reform in view of Solon's reform, which did not deeply touch the electoral system and blood groups in Athens, under the situation that the Greek people overthrew the tyrant politics. The contents of the reform include: (1) the creation of ten regional tribes as electoral units for various public offices in Athens. Organizationally, tribes related to clans were eliminated, the situation of aristocratic manipulation of public office elections ended, the foundation of aristocratic power was removed, tribes were artificially divided, the convention of gathering parties by region was broken, and social unrest was prevented. (2) Replace the 400-member conference with the 500-member conference as the highest administrative body. The difference between a 500-person meeting and a 400-person meeting: A is not based on blood, but on regional tribes, which no longer has the original clan significance. B expanded the function. In addition to preparing bills for the citizens' assembly, it also implements the resolutions of the citizens' assembly and handles daily government affairs. C adopts the principle of drawing lots for election and taking turns to be in power. (3) Establish the Committee of Ten Generals as the highest military institution. The Committee consists of one person from each of the ten regional tribes, one of whom takes turns to be the chief general. (4) Enacted the exile law of pottery pieces, exiled the elements endangering the country by secret voting, cracked down on aristocratic die-hards, and prevented the resurgence of tyrant politics. It embodies the promotion of the power of the citizens' assembly and, to a certain extent, the concept of "sovereignty lies with the people". Cleisthenes's reform is of epoch-making significance: Cleisthenes's reform marks the victory of civilians' struggle against nobles in the past century and the initial establishment of slavery democracy in Athens. Basically eliminated the remnants of the clan tribal system and completed the whole process of Athens' transition from clan to country. First of all, the reform completely eliminated the remnants of the clan system, marking the final completion of the whole historical process of Athens' transition from clan to country. Secondly, the reform ended the struggle of Athenian civilians against nobles for more than a century, marking the final establishment of Athenian democracy. Since then, the social contradiction in Athens is no longer the contradiction between nobles and civilians, but the contradiction between slaves and slave owners. Since then, ancient Greece has entered a classical era centered on Athens. It is generally believed that Cleisthenes's reform established a slave-owner democracy in Athens. Because the Athenian regime has the characteristics of "sovereignty belongs to the people", "drawing lots" and "ruling by turns", democracy at this time is still not sufficient, especially "sovereignty belongs to the people", and the legal qualification of property is still valid, and the political rights of third-and fourth-grade citizens are still restricted, so they can only participate in the citizens' assembly and cannot hold senior positions. Therefore, at this time, democracy has not been fully established. The content of Pericles's reform (1) deprived the parliament of the God of War Mountain of its political power, making it belong to the citizens' assembly, the 500-member conference and the jury court respectively. Since then, the God of War Mountain Committee has only tried cases and affairs of a religious nature. The citizens' assembly, the jury court and the 500-member meeting got rid of the shackles of the parliament of the God of War Mountain and completely became the highest authority and executive body in Athens. (2) Officials at all levels are open to the public. After In 457 Bc, citizens of the third rank were eligible to serve as consuls, while citizens of the fourth rank were actually allowed to hold this position. As a result, all male citizens in Athens basically obtained the rights and opportunities to hold official positions at all levels through lottery, election and rotation, and there was no property restriction. (3) Implement an open salary system. At first, the state subsidized the daily life of jury judges, and the post-salary system was extended to most public offices, which provided a certain material guarantee for poor citizens to participate in political power management. (4) Limit the scope of obtaining Athenian citizenship. 45 1 year stipulates that only those whose parents are citizens of Athens can obtain Athenian citizenship. After Pericles's painstaking efforts, the slave-owner democracy in Athens became more and more complete.