Football is dominated by feet, but you can also touch the ball with your head, chest and other parts. A sport in which two teams attack and defend on the same field. A wonderful football match has attracted thousands of viewers, and it has become an important part of TV programs. Reports on football news occupy the pages of various newspapers and periodicals all over the world, and now football has become an indispensable part of people's lives. According to incomplete statistics, there are about 800,000 teams that regularly participate in competitions around the world, and there are about 40 million registered athletes, including about 65,438+10,000 professional athletes.
Intergenerational football
Football is highly antagonistic, and players use all kinds of actions allowed by the rules in the game, including running, emergency stop, turning, falling to the ground, jumping and bumping, to compete fiercely with their opponents. The length of the competition, the number of spectators and the size of the venue are beyond the reach of any other sport. Traditional football consists of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons and 32 skins. Football matches are divided into 1 1, 7, 5. The age groups are u 15, u 17, u 19 Olympic group, adult group and youth group respectively.
[Edit this paragraph] Origin and development
Ancient cuju football is an ancient sports activity with a long history. It originated from Cuju, an ancient ball game in China, and later spread to Europe through Arabs, and developed into modern football. Therefore, the hometown of football is China. It is said that before the Middle Ages, the Greeks and Romans had already started playing football. On a rectangular court, they put the ball on the white line in the middle and kicked it to the other court with their feet. At that time, they called this game "Baja Storm". Modern football originated in England. It originated from a war between them and Denmark in the12nd century. After the war, the British saw the head of a Danish soldier on the ground. Because Britain hated Danish soldiers very much, it kicked them in the head. By the beginning of19th century, football was quite popular in some countries in Europe and Latin America at that time, especially in capitalist Britain. It was not until 1848 that the first written rule of football, Cambridge Rules, was born. The so-called "Cambridge Rules" are some rules formulated by three universities in London, Oxford and Cambridge in the early 9th century. At that time, each team had 1 1 people. At that time, there were ten students and a teacher living in each dormitory in the school, so a dormitory-to-dormitory game was played, with each side having 1 1 person. At that time, the current 1 1 football match began. 1863101On October 26th, the British Football Association held a very important meeting in the history of modern English football. The return of the competition was drafted, but some terms are far from today's rules. For example, there was a rule at that time: when the ball entered the space between goalposts or crossed the space above, no matter how high it was, as long as it was not thrown, hit or transported by hand, it was considered as winning. At that time, the position and formation of players were also different from today's: each team had a goalkeeper, a defender, an avant-garde and eight forwards. Soon after the rules were made, the formation changed: one goalkeeper, two defenders, three avant-garde and five forwards. So there are eleven players in the last game. However, many data show that the appearance of ancient football in China is earlier than that in Europe, with a longer history. In ancient China, football was called Cuju or Tuju, both of which meant kicking, and Juju was the name of the ball. The word "Cuju" first appeared in Historical Records, Bielu by Liu Xiang in Han Dynasty and Biography of Meicheng by Yan Shizeng in Tang Dynasty. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, "Cuju" was very popular and became an elegant activity in the court. 1958 in July, Dr. Havelange, former president of FIFA, came to China and said that football originated in China. Of course, due to the limitation of feudal society, the ancient cuju activity in China did not develop into a modern football sport based on the principle of "fair competition". This qualitative leap took place in capitalist Britain.
Cuju in Han dynasty
The Han and Tang Dynasties was the most prosperous period for the development of ancient football in China, and it developed into a direct confrontation game. In the Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-907), the ball used in Cuju was changed from being filled with hair to being blown with the mouth, and two goals were used instead of the "bow room". In the Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279), Cuju had developed double-goal and single-goal competitions, and a club organization named Yun Qi Club or Round Club appeared. The balls used were blown by people with their mouths and inflated with a pump, which was more and more close to modern football. Cuju was a means of training soldiers in Han Dynasty, and a relatively complete system was established. If the palace is specially set up, it is defined as a rectangle in the east-west direction, with six symmetrical "bow areas" at each end, also known as "bow rooms", each guarded by one person. There is a fence around the construction site. The game is divided into two teams, each with its own offense and defense, and the outcome is determined by the number of kicks into the opponent's bow room. After the initial popularity in the Han Dynasty, cuju activities reached a climax in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and even the kicking method according to the position on the field appeared. Cuju has taken many forms in the Tang Dynasty, such as "bowing" based on the number of times of heading the ball, "beating in vain" in the center of the court, "jumping the bow" in which many people participate in fighting, and the game of setting up the goal. In this way, each team has a certain number of people and a fixed position, and it is stipulated that players can only play in their own positions and cannot move. At the beginning of 2004, FIFA confirmed that football originated in China, and cuju was the earliest recorded football activity. The Warring States Policy and Historical Records are the earliest records of Cuju. The former describes the popular cuju activity in Linzi, the capital of Qi State (now Linzi, Shandong Province) more than 2,300 years ago, while the latter records that cuju was the best way to train soldiers and assess soldiers' physique at that time ("it is impossible to stumble, so you can also practice samurai, so you have knowledge and materials").
Introduction of Cuju before Song Dynasty
The word "Cuju" first appeared in Historical Records and Biography of Su Qin. When Su Qin lobbied Qi Xuanwang, he described Linzi as follows: "Linzi is very rich and practical, and his people are all players who play the pole, drum and bow." "Kick" means "kick", which means kick. "Bow and ball are ancient football. There are records about Cuju in Xijing Miscellany, Salt and Iron Theory, Cuju New Book and Liuxiang Bielu in Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the custom of cuju was still prevalent. In the Tang Dynasty, cuju was still a very common sport. Du Fu said in a poem: "Ten years' bird's eye view of the bow will make you far away, and so will Wan Li's swing. However, it has made great progress. There are three main points: (1) There is an inflatable ball: "The fact garden of the Song Dynasty" contains: "Yan Shigu notes that Huo Qubing is kicking a chrysanthemum cloud in the bud field:' The bow is made of leather, but it is really hairy, and it is also a play. "Yan said that the bow is like this, and the late Tang Dynasty is different." Xu Jian's Beginners: "Today Cuju said to play ball. It was made of wool fiber in ancient times, but now it is made of skin, which is realized by cells. " (2) Set up the goal: "A general examination of literature" "Cuqiu Gai began in the Tang Dynasty, planting two bamboo trees several feet high, and netting them with measuring balls as the door; The goal is about two points, and the victory or defeat depends on the corner kick. Isn't it another time? " (3) Various kicking methods: double goal kicking method: recorded in Balloon Fu in Tang Dynasty. Kicking with one ball: You can see it in Cuju Atlas. Kicking without a goal: one or several people kick alone, which is called bowing; They both kicked in vain; Three or more people play together to call the field households, such as three-person field households and four-person field households.
The reason why football has become the first sport in the world.
First, the essence of sports: football itself embodies the characteristics of human sports, and the sudden start between athletes is like a sprint; Goalkeepers jump up and down and jump sideways, just like jumping events; Those athletes with good flexibility hang a gold hook upside down and jump to the top, like gymnastics; The reasonable collision between two players is a bit like the expressive force and aesthetic feeling of football ... Second, popularization: low requirements for football participants are an important reason. Players who play football, unlike other sports, do not have the big problem of being tall and thin. For example, football, the small one must suffer a big loss; Basketball is the world of "long people" Football, on the other hand, provides all the children in the world with the opportunity to have a "superstar dream". 3. Unpredictability: The contingency of football match results is an important reason for the fanaticism of fans all over the world. Because in the football world, there is no absolute strong team. Liverpool may be "knocked down" by an unknown second-division team or even an amateur team. Brazil, which was piled up with stars, was defeated by Japan, which was still immature at that time, in the Olympic football match. 1966, North Korea, a "third world" football team, once defeated Italy and entered the quarter-finals of the World Cup. In the just-concluded World Cup warm-up match, China unexpectedly defeated the French team, the runner-up of the last World Cup and the former world champion. Therefore, in a football match, you never know the result until the last moment. 4. Handsome guy: Handsome guy on the football field is the reason why football has become the "first sport in the world". There is a simple reason. The girls are worshipping and desperate to go to the stadium to watch the ball (mainly to watch people). Can their boyfriends not worry? Even men who are not interested in football should follow their girlfriends to the stadium. The most important thing is to keep an eye on your girlfriends and prevent them from being taken away by those "sweetheart" on the court. V. Environment: Fans, like diners, have a mouth-watering football feast, but the atmosphere of "eating" is better. Lively, atmospheric and spectacular, these football fields have them. Compared with the sultry badminton hall and a small table tennis table, the wide court is magnificent and exciting. Six, freedom: tens of thousands of fans together, hilarious. To be honest, if you want to watch the ball quietly, who will? Controversy: "The biggest charm of football is controversy." A farsighted old man said a farsighted sentence. This old man is former FIFA President Havelange. Yes, if football matches are all "dead" and mechanical, then football will lose its great charm. Just because the referee is a person, he may misjudge, take bribes, manipulate the game and so on. This has caused great controversy and more people's attention.
[Edit this paragraph] Sports characteristics
The reason why football has such great charm is not only because it is pregnant with rich connotations, but also because of its characteristics. First, honesty. In the football match, each team has 1 1 players. 1 1 people on the field should think in unison and act in unison. Move when attacking, and obey all the rules. The overall awareness of participating in the war is stronger. Only by forming an overall attack and defense can we get the initiative of the game and good results. Second, the overall situation. The football match has a large venue and a large number of people. How to make good use of the venue and the number of people is the key to winning or losing. The two sides use effective passing and smooth cooperation to break through the layers of defense and mobilize each other through a wide range of transfer balls in space in order to find loopholes or tear apart the defense. At the same time, the football league has a long season and heavy games. Reasonable physical distribution and proper player rotation are all factors that consider the whole season. Third, fineness. Football is thick and thin, and the big guy is actually very smart. Personal dribbling pays attention to exquisite skills and appropriate timing. Sometimes a short time difference or a few steps will cause a breakthrough, a wonderful pass or even a goal! However, the players of both sides not only confront each other in football, but also have constant psychological contests: small action harassment, big action pressure causing the fear of the other side, verbal provocation and provocation of others, and handling the ball under high pressure at critical moments (such as the mentality of the shooter and goalkeeper during penalty kicks, and whether they can stay awake in overtime) are all the highlights and chewiness of football. Fourth, antagonism. Football is an antagonistic sport with fierce competition. In the competition, the two sides fight for control in hand-to-hand combat, so as to attack the opponent's goal without letting the ball enter their own goal, especially near the two restricted areas, and the competition for time and space is extremely fierce and wonderful. In a high-level competition, both sides fell to the ground more than 200 times because of the competition and collision, which shows the fierce confrontation. V. variability. Football is an aperiodic sport with colorful techniques, unpredictable tactics and unpredictable outcome. When using skills and tactics in the competition, they are directly interfered, restricted and resisted by their opponents. Skills and tactics are flexibly used and played according to the specific situation on the field. Sixth, ease of use. The rules of football match are relatively simple, and the requirements for equipment are not high. There are no strict restrictions on the time, number of participants, venue and equipment of a general football match, so it is a very relaxed mass sports event in the national fitness. In the Song Dynasty, the earliest famous football stars and artists organized their own groups, called "Round Club", to promote Cuju activities and competitions. Gao Qiu was born in the Yuan Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty. According to Wang Mingqing's The Dust Settles, Gao Qiu's skill is superb. Because he played football with Song Huizong, he was promoted to be the conductor in front of the temple. This is one of the earliest famous stars. Ding Wei, a scholar in Song Dynasty, was famous for playing football. He knows that the Prime Minister likes playing football. In order to be promoted, he waits outside the wall of the Prime Minister's House every day. One day, he finally waited until the ball flew over the wall. Liu Sanfu picked up the ball and entered Xiangfu in the name of returning it. When he visited the Song Dynasty in Ding Wei, he threw the ball into the air and bowed. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Cuju experienced a process of development to a climax, but in the Qing Dynasty, this activity declined. From 65438 to 0863, modern football was born in Britain, which opened another historical chapter in the development of football. The birth of modern football 1893 The time for spectators to watch the game was from the 8th century to19th century. The predecessor of modern football exists in Europe in various ways. Until 1863, Britain established the first formal football rules, which also marked the birth of modern football. A boy's impulse19th century, football was restored and widely developed in some colleges in Britain. At that time, there were no uniform rules for football matches. The competition will be held in a rectangular venue, and the time and number of participants will be temporarily agreed by both parties. When the ball kicked into the opponent's goal, it scored. During this period, Cambridge University, Hatton College and New Clifton University all had their own ways of playing, and no one thought of unifying the rules of football. At that time, the most unlucky people were the "notarized mediators" who were the predecessors of the referee and were responsible for recording the number of goals and mediating disputes and disputes. However, due to the lack of uniform rules, these mediators are always difficult to convince the public and are often chased and intercepted by dozens of people in the audience. A boy's impulse changed everything. 1823165438+1October 2 1 day, in a game, a boy named William Webb Eszli, aged 15, suddenly picked up the ball with his hand and rushed to the opponent's court to launch an attack. This action later triggered a big debate about football rules, and people realized that it was necessary to formulate unified football rules. In the debate, the party who agreed to use both hands and feet gradually developed the game into today's rugby, while the party who insisted on using only feet began to explore and establish modern football rules. Modern football, the first sport in the world, was born in pubs. London queen street Club Tavern is the birthplace of modern football, and a landmark meeting in the history of football was held here. Before 1848, Cambridge University tried to create a rule about football matches. Although it has not been recognized by the public, it has become common sense to unify rules. 1863101October 26th, representatives from1kloc-0/London Club and College held a meeting in the pub of * * * Club to formulate rules and establish an authoritative football organization, which is also recognized as the birthday of modern football. At the meeting, the debate about the rules was fierce. A few people, represented by Gamber, insisted on using both hands and feet, and the final voting result was 13 to 4. The landmark rule that hands are not allowed in modern football has been passed. To this end, Gambo and others left angrily and later established the Rugby Federation 187 1. * * * Club Tavern also established the English Football Association at this meeting of Club Tavern, and recorded the world's first unified football rules in writing. Two months later, on February 26th, 1863 and 14, the Football Association held another meeting in a small hotel in Misa Street, Crewe, London, and refined the rules of football to 14. 1 1 Clubs and colleges participating in the pub meeting of * * * Club: Forest Club (later renamed Ranger); Gilborn; Barnes; War office; Crusaders; Pasival; Black Hayes Club; Kensington College; Soapy; Blake Hayes College; Crystal palace.