Anji Longshan Yueguo Noble Cemetery
(20 19 Top Ten New Archaeological Discoveries in China were shortlisted for the final evaluation project, and 20 19 Important Archaeological Discoveries in Zhejiang)
Located in Gucheng Village, Dipu Street, Anji County, Zhejiang Province, Longshan Tomb 107 is the largest and highest-ranking aristocratic cemetery among the national key cultural relics protection units-Longshan Yueguo aristocratic tombs, located about 850 meters northwest of Anji ancient city ruins.
Aerial Panorama of Bamtown (East and West)
The whole cemetery consists of three parts: the main tomb, the peripheral buried tomb and the moat. The main tomb stands on the top of the mountain in the middle of the cemetery, and it is rectangular from east to west. There are 30 neatly arranged small mounds on the periphery of the main tomb, which are roughly distributed at equal intervals for two weeks, corresponding to the inside and outside, and tightly surrounded. The periphery of the small mound is a regular trench around the mountain, with square corners, a circumference of about 630 meters and a width of 2 1-23 meters. Including the moat, the cemetery covers a total area of 35,000 square meters. On June 20 16, 10, with the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, the archaeological excavation started for three years. By June 20 19 1 10, the excavation work of the main tomb and the 3 1 buried tomb had been completed, and the whole cemetery was completely exposed, with printed pottery and primitive porcelain unearthed.
Earth mound and stone slope protection of tomb Longshan (north-south direction) 107
(1) main tomb
The main tomb is artificially rammed on the trimmed top of the mountain, and consists of upper and lower bucket-shaped earth platforms and sealed soil. The earth platform is built by building block technology. There are two layers of neat stone slope protection around the lower earth platform, and large stone barriers with square corners around the foot of the upper earth platform. The bottom of the earth platform is 70 meters long and 50 meters wide. The vertical height of manual construction part15m, and the earthwork consumption is more than 20,000 cubic meters.
The plane of the main tomb is a-shaped, which consists of two parts: the tomb pit and the tomb road, with the tomb direction of 272.
The inclined pyramid-shaped mound is located in the center of the western end of the tomb pit, 9 meters long and 2.5-2.9 meters wide. Wooden columns, bamboo fences and multi-lateral braces were found on both sides and bottom of the tomb. The circular columns are half wrapped in the tomb wall, and there are dense vertical bamboo fences between the columns. Together with the transverse supporting wood found at the bottom of the tomb and in the tomb, they support an east-west road. The tomb is located in the middle and rear section of the tomb pit, with a rectangular box structure, 8.6 meters long and 2.4 meters wide, and there are two platforms outside the coffin. The wooden coffin is located in the middle of the coffin room, 3.9 meters long and 0.69 meters wide.
In the front of the tomb pit, between the tomb and the tomb, a door-sealing wall piled with straw bag mud was found for the first time. The side facing the tomb is steep, and the other side is inclined, with a width of 3 meters and a height of 2.9 meters. On the north side of the main tomb, a long rectangular object pit was found, with a length of 23m, a width of 1.3m and a depth of 0.7-1.2m.. Pottery is densely placed in the pit, among which primitive porcelain is grouped in the west section, and pottery with seal patterns is neatly arranged in the middle and east sections. Some clay pots still contain bovine bones and marine horned snails. It is preliminarily concluded that different objects should be placed in the pottery, and all samples have been extracted for further analysis.
(2) Buried tomb
The small mounds on the periphery are all in the shape of human heads, with a diameter of 10-20m and a height of about 2m. The distance between mounds is 5-8m, and there is no overlapping pressure between mounds. Except for a tomb in a mound that was completely destroyed, a tomb was found in the center of other mounds. Together with two mounds without mounds, 3 1 small tombs were found outside the main tomb. There are three kinds of pit stone beds, pit wooden coffins and stone tombs, of which pit stone bed tombs account for the vast majority. There are 30 east-west tombs, most of which are located at the western end. At the periphery of 1 1 tomb, artifacts pits or artifacts of the same period were found. The orientation of the tomb, the placement of funerary objects, the setting of pits outside the tomb and the characteristics of the times are all highly consistent with the central main tomb. These small tombs should be buried around the main tomb at the same time.
Appearance of turquoise ornaments unearthed from Longshan 107 tomb
(3) funerary objects
Funerary objects include ceramics and jade. Pottery is mainly piled up at the back end of the tomb, and a few are scattered at the front and middle of the tomb. There are 346 funerary objects in the tomb, almost all of which are ceramics. In addition to 225 pieces of ceramics, there are a large number of jade and stone tools, including turquoise, jade, agate, fluorite and crystal. The crown ornaments and costumes made of Hosta, turquoise combination bun and tube beads are the most exquisite.
The memory of hard-printed pottery pots and utensils such as original porcelain bowls and cups are fixed and compatible with funerary objects. Most tombs also coexist with a certain number of clay pottery or sand-filled pottery pots, Guangdong-style ding, three-legged plates, and Ru-nailed foot pots. , showing a strong Vietnamese cultural characteristics. The size of Yue Ding and Ding is decreasing, which is obviously influenced by the system of setting Ding in the Central Plains. A small number of bronze-like pottery ding and foot cups with the characteristics of the Central Plains and Jianghuai areas were unearthed in the main tomb and some buried tombs, which is a rare non-Vietnamese cultural factor in the cemetery.
(4) Explore the meaning
Judging from the shape of the tombs, the age and cultural characteristics of the funerary objects, all the tombs in the cemetery are the tombs of the King of Yue in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and the central main tomb is huge and magnificent, or reaches the level of princes.
This excavation is another important new achievement of Yue King's cultural archaeology after Shaoxing Yinshan Yue King's Tomb. It is of great significance to make up for the early history of Yue in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and to study the historical culture and territorial changes of Yue.
It is the first time to discover and completely reveal a high-ranking aristocratic cemetery in Yue State. The cemetery has complete elements, neat layout and unique structure, which is rare in China. This new discovery fills the gap in the study of the cemetery system of Yue nobles.
The central main tomb is composed of two-story bucket-shaped earth platforms, surrounded by stone slope protection and stone ridges. The overall momentum is magnificent and the engineering quantity is huge, which can be called the "earth-rock pyramid" in the East.
Brick-by-brick masonry technology was used in the construction of the earth platform, and traces of columns, cross braces and bamboo fences were found on the side wall of the tomb, which found key evidence for the cooked earth mound of Daqiu tomb in the south of the Yangtze River.
Primitive Porcelain Unearthed from Tomb Longshan 107
The largest cross-tomb artifact pit was found outside the main tomb. The objects in the pit are arranged neatly, and the detection of the specimens stored in the pit will provide extremely rare information for the study of the burial system of the noble tombs in Yue State.
Under the guidance of archaeological norms and clear academic objectives of large sites, this excavation takes the city site as the center, and explores the organic combination of the city and the tomb by means of investigation and exploration on the basis of completely revealing the cemetery. It is a typical case of archaeological work of great sites in historical period to adopt a variety of digital recording methods, pay attention to the horizontal combination of multiple disciplines, and always give consideration to archaeological excavation and protection, exhibition and utilization. The new mode of introducing private capital to participate in the construction and operation of archaeological sites park is the first in China, which has important reference significance for future archaeological and cultural relics protection work.