Brief introduction of the author
Sigmund? Sigmund freud (1856- 1939) is an Austrian psychiatrist and the founder of psychoanalysis. 1873 entered the university of Vienna, 188 1 obtained a doctorate in medicine. During the period of 1885- 1886, he studied in J.M. Shirko, and then went to Nancy to observe the hypnotherapy of A.A. Libor and H. Bernheim. He was more convinced that mental illness could be effective through psychotherapy. 1892 or so, he found that the effect of hypnosis could not last long, so he turned to his special psychoanalytic therapy to dig out forgotten thoughts or desires. 1897 put forward Oedipus complex, that is, the emotion of hating father and Oedipus. 1930 was awarded the Goethe Prize. On the birthday of 1936, he was awarded the honor of being a correspondent of the Royal Society.
Freud's major works include Interpretation of Dreams, Psychopathology of Daily Life, Introduction to Psychoanalysis, Introduction to New Psychoanalysis, Autobiography of Freud, Totems and Taboos, and Moses and the Only Religion.
brief Introduction of the content
summary
According to Freud, dreams are everything? The fulfillment of wishes? He tried to use his subconscious to solve the conflicts between the parts. But because the information in the subconscious is unconstrained, it is usually embarrassing. Subconscious? Inspector? You are not allowed to enter consciousness without changing. In the dream, the subconscious mind loosens this responsibility than when it is awake, but it is still paying attention, so the subconscious mind is distorted in meaning to pass the examination. Images in dreams are usually not what they appear. According to Freud, we need to use the structure of the subconscious to make a deeper explanation.
Freud first reviewed the previous scientific works on analyzing dreams. He thought these works were interesting, but not enough. Then he described many dreams to illustrate his theory. Many of the most important dreams he quoted in his book belong to others, and his method begins with analyzing his own dreams? But there are also many case studies from patients. Many of Freud's analysis comes from literary works, and this book is more a conscious attempt of literary analysis than a part of psychological research. Freud first discussed the theory of Oedipus complex developed later.
The author claims that he has discovered three truths; Dream is the disguised satisfaction of subconscious desire and childhood desire; Oedipus complex is a common psychological emotion of human beings; Children have sexual awareness and motivation.
Chapter 65438 +0 Dream Theory
Chapter 1 is the study of dreams before 1900. This paper mainly introduces the scientific literature about dreams, and describes in detail the theories of predecessors and contemporaries about dreams.
Before the emergence of science, the concept of dreams was of course brewed by the ancients' concept of the universe as a whole. They were used to projecting their spiritual life on the imaginary external reality. Moreover, the dreams they see are dreams left after waking up during the day. Compared with other spiritual contents, this aspect of memory is of course strange and unusual, as if it came from another world. But we must never think that dreams are supernatural. This theory no longer exists today. In fact, today, not only those myths and novelists who believe in Machamp's chaotic gods, but also those who cling to the theory of ghosts and gods left by this hurricane are outstanding people in society. Although they don't like excessive emotions in some aspects, their religious beliefs still convince them that the power of God is indeed the cause of this inexplicable dream phenomenon. Some philosophical schools are also convinced of the influence of divine power handed down from ancient times on dreams, but for some thinkers, the power of predicting dreams still cannot be completely erased. Although scientists have clearly realized that this superstition is not credible, all these divergent differences still exist, mainly because psychological explanations are still not enough to solve the accumulated dream materials. It is really difficult to sort out the history of scientific research on dreams, because some studies were really valuable in a certain period, but so far they have not been able to make real progress in a certain direction, so that scholars can continue to develop according to the proven results.
A man named Yima's dream about injection. Freud thought that one can't concentrate on the whole dream; Can we just go through every small part? Check and release. And think that the same dream has different meanings for different people and different connections. Freud believed that dreams are just a bunch of psychological elements. About dream interpretation skills, he is treating Emma? Hysterical? With a clear application in the process, it is no wonder that Freud said quite confidently: I am quite satisfied with the discovery just analyzed? If we follow the above dream analysis method, we will find that dreams are meaningful, which is by no means what the average author calls dreams. Dreams are just the product of incomplete activity of brain cells. ? On the contrary, once the interpretation of dreams can be completely completed, you can find that dreams represent a kind of? The fulfillment of wishes? . ? (Page 53) So, what did he say? The content of a dream lies in the realization of a wish, and its motivation lies in a wish? (page 5 1).
Chapter II Case Analysis of Dreams
Dream analysis method: a case study of a dream. The preface of this book shows that my ideas about dreams are influenced by traditional views. I mainly want people to understand? Dreams can be explained? And those who have discussed their contribution to dream interpretation are actually just supplements to my work. Are you online? Dreams can be explained? On this premise, I immediately found that I have a completely different view from the general dream now? (In fact, almost all dream theories, except Hugh Nair's), because? Explain dreams? Is to give a dream a dream. Meaning? Do it with some definite and valuable content? Dream? The explanation. However, as far as we can see, the scientific theory of dreams can't help the interpretation of dreams at all. Because, firstly, according to these theories, dreams are not a psychological activity at all, but the finished products of body operation, which are presented to the senses through symbols. The opinions of laymen have always been the opposite. They emphasized that the behavior of dreams was totally illogical. But although they think dreams are incomprehensible and absurd, they still can't summon up the courage to deny that dreams are meaningful. Intuitively, we can say that dreams must have some meaning, even if they are obscure? Moral? The process of replacing an idea. So all we have to do is find it correctly? Substitute? Can you find out this dream correctly? Moral? .
Chapter 3 Desire and Satisfaction
Dreams are the fulfillment of wishes. Dream is the satisfaction of desire? . In this chapter, Freud put forward his theory that dreams are the satisfaction of desires. Dreams satisfy the desire to be able to a certain extent and alleviate the impulse; Without causing the vigilance of the inspection agency, thus protecting sleep. In this sense, dreams are the realization of wishes. However, in the dream state, the psychological examination mechanism still plays a considerable role, and the desire for empowerment cannot be expressed naked. Therefore, sexual desire can only be achieved by symbolic, tortuous and obscure means to avoid inspection.
Starting from the premise that dreams are the actions of subjective mind, Freud affirmed that all dreams are self-centered and related to themselves. Even if the ego doesn't appear in the dream, it's just use? Pretending to be a role? Hide behind others. He emphasized that from every dream, you can find the self that the dreamer loves, and all this shows your will. Like a prisoner's dream? There's no better theme than escape? .
Chapter 4 The Modification of Dreams
Modification of dreams: also translation? The disguise of dreams? . Freud believed that the subconscious energy impulse (essentially sexual impulse) was manifested by deceiving and relaxing the psychological examination mechanism in the form of disguise while sleeping, which constituted a dream. If pleasant, joyful and happy dreams are the realization of wishes, how can we understand unpleasant, even painful and tragic dreams? Freud's answer is that no matter how unpleasant the dream is, it is just the realization of a wish. Disguised modification? . He thinks:? The unfulfilled wish actually symbolizes the fulfillment of another wish. ? Because the dreamer has scruples about this wish, this wish can only be expressed in another modified form. ? Dreams are the (improved) satisfaction of (repressed) desires. ? This is Freud's complete formula for describing dreams. With such a formula, no matter what kind of dreams can be included. The fulfillment of wishes? This category.
Freud further analyzed:? Just like the dreams we put forward in the third chapter, some of them are obvious wishes come true. Once the wish comes true, what? Camouflage? (disgusting) or? Unrecognizable? (Unidentified), I have to say that the dreamer has scruples about this wish, so this wish has to be expressed in another modified form. ? (page 74) to illustrate this point? Disguised modification? In theory, Freud put forward two scientific hypotheses: we must assume that there are two psychological steps (psychological examples) or predication tendencies (tendencies) and systems (psychological forces) in everyone's mind. The first is the content of expressing wishes in dreams; And the second one played the role of inspector, forming a dream? Modification? . ? In the meantime, do it again? Reasonable assumption:? What we can realize must be realized in the second psychological step; And those psychological first-step materials, once they fail to pass the second level, cannot be accepted by consciousness, and they must be deformed to the satisfaction level of the second level before they can enter the realm of consciousness. ? However, it is necessary to prove that the secret meaning of each dream really lies in the realization of the wish, or point out its modification and so on. This really requires some hard analytical work.
Chapter V Sources of Materials
Freud called the things described in the dream? The clear content of the dream? ; And what he thinks is hidden, which can only be achieved through the analysis of ideas, is called? The hidden thoughts of dreams? . He said that dreams cannot openly represent taboo desires, especially those related to sexual desire. So, it's passed? Dream job? Turn the hidden thoughts of dreams into explicit contents; And then what? Interpretation of dreams? , is it? Dream job? Destroy him: the thought and content of dreams are like two descriptions of the same content in two languages; Or, more specifically, the content of dreams is like translating dream thoughts into another form of expression for us. We must find out the symbols and rules of this form of expression by comparing the original text with the translation. This can make the hidden thought of dreams no longer a secret that is so difficult to understand, and make the explicit content return to its hidden thought.
Freud believed that dream interpretation meant looking for hidden meaning. As for the source of dreams, he thinks there are three possibilities: first, he may be excited during the day, but he can't be satisfied due to external reasons, so he leaves an acknowledged but unsatisfied will and can't sleep until the evening. Second, it may have originated in the daytime, but it was rejected, so what was left for the night was an unsatisfied and repressed wish. Third, maybe it has nothing to do with the day, but some repressed desire to move only at night? The first desire begins with the former consciousness; The second desire is driven from consciousness to subconscious; The third kind of desire impulse cannot break through the subconscious system. In addition to these three sources, he emphasized? The origin of the fourth wish to be added is the desire impulse (such as thirst or sexual demand). ) at any time in the evening? .
Chapter VI The Operation of Dreams
The operation of dreams: also translated by others? Dream job? . We already know that dreams are divided into two levels: explicit dreams and implicit dreams. Showing dreams is the surface plot of dreams, and its content can be recalled; Hidden dreams are wishes expressed through explicit dreams. The transformation of implicit dreams into explicit dreams depends on the operating mechanism of dreams. This chapter is the longest, focusing on the cohesion of dreams, the transfer (displacement) of dreams, the expressive methods of dreams, the expressive force of dream materials, the symbols of dreams, the emotional and rational activities in dreams, and some absurd dreams, arithmetic and verbal dreams.
Freud said that the explicit content of dreams is like a process? Delete? The implied thought of dreams can be said to be an abridged translation of the latter. If there is a hybrid who looks like A, dresses like B and does things like C, however, people will always think that he is actually D. The composition of this hybrid makes the commonality of these people particularly emphasized. In this way, finding out the recurring elements in the dream, forming a new consortium and producing some works with the same code name is called dream cohesion. The transfer function of dreams is to replace the hidden thoughts of dreams with some distant and unimportant things, such as metaphors and hints, to shift the spiritual focus or center of dreams, so that the hidden thoughts cannot be seen on the surface by the explicit contents of dreams. In fact, it is on this transformed face that this dream reproduces its subconscious wishes. If a guest has left and turned back, saying that he forgot to bring his crutches is actually just an excuse. His subconscious wish is to see the housewife again.
The manifestation and operating mechanism of dreams are mainly reflected in the following four aspects: First, condensation, that is, several implied meanings appear as a symbol. Its function is carried out in a dream, the purpose is to escape? A dream check? . Freud believes that the situation in an individual's dream is a symbolic expression of information in his subconscious, and through the analysis of dreams, we can get the repressed problems or clues in his subconscious. The second is displacement, or transposition, that is, turning repressed desires into unimportant ideas. Also in a dream, the purpose is to escape? A dream check? . But when you wake up and think about your dream experience, will it still be affected? Check? That is to say, the dreamer will sort out the inverted materials in the dream. This kind? Tidy up? This process includes drama and embellishment. Dramatization is to express desire as a concrete image. Retouching is to organize the dreams that are out of order after waking up so that they can better cover up the truth. It is generally believed that this arrangement makes the dream a unified and almost coherent thing from beginning to end. What is this? Dream job? The last process, namely? Double processing? .
When psychoanalysts interpret dreams, they should discover hidden dreams and repressed desires in the dreamer's subconscious through the operating mechanism of dreams. In order to reveal the subconscious desire, dream interpretation can be organically combined with analyzing the content of free association. In psychoanalytic therapy, dream interpretation and free association analysis constitute the core part of the method of treating neurosis patients.
Chapter VII Psychological Procedures of Dreams
Psychological procedures of dreams: also translated? Process psychology of dreams? . This chapter is the theoretical summary and the most obscure and abstract part of the book. This paper analyzes the forgetting, degeneration (retrogression) of dreams, the realization of wishes, the role of waking up and anxious dreams, and the initial and subsequent steps. Phenomenon and theory of potential inhibition, subconscious and conscious reality. Freud developed scientific thoughts in his early book "Design of Scientific Psychology" (1895), divided the envisaged psychological institutions into primary and secondary psychological processes, and then analyzed the interaction among subconscious, pre-consciousness and consciousness, in order to have a scientific understanding of the psychological process of dreams. It regards the subconscious mind, resistance and repression and the importance of sex as the three cornerstones of psychoanalysis, and dreams, mistakes and neurosis as the three main forms of behavior dominated by the subconscious mind. Freud's psychoanalysis is based on subconscious theory and sexual desire theory. His subconscious theory firmly believes that the unconscious psychological process of activities in a certain period of time is not only a definite fact, but also the universal basis of human spiritual life. This theory has been widely accepted by people. Freud's interpretation of dreams is inseparable from his two unique views on human behavior motivation. Sex? With what? Attack? Two great impulses; The second is to explain people's behavior with subconscious motives. His interpretation of dreams did not stop at the superficial phenomenon of dreams, but tried to dig out people's deep motives, which also opened the way for us to deeply study the psychological significance of dreams.
Finally, in The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud used his subconscious theory to analyze the works of the Greek tragic writer Sophocles' King Oedipus and Shakespeare's Hamlet. Symbols have also been given a wide range of content. Freud said that symbols are not unique to dreams, but the characteristics of subconscious thoughts. Symbols can be found in folk songs, myths and legends, and dreams are? Use symbols to express your hidden thoughts in disguise? . According to his theory of sexual desire, the impulse to perform not only plays an important role in the cause of neurosis, but even it is this impulse of animal performance that is transformed into the sublimation of socially acceptable creative behavior, thus bringing the highest creation of literature, art, science and even the whole civilization. Indeed, the interpretation of dreams has a far-reaching influence in the west. It not only greatly promoted the development of psychoanalysis, but also penetrated into many disciplines in the field of social science, such as literature and aesthetics, religious history and prehistory, mythology, folklore, pedagogy and so on. Therefore, some western scholars believe that probably no one has had a greater influence on the thought, literature and art of the 20th century than Freud.
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