1. What is the difference between the techniques of "quotation" and "allusion" in ancient Chinese texts, and their respective artistic expressions
Expression skills
"Expression From a broad perspective, "techniques" can include the following:
1. Rhetorical techniques: metaphor, personification, contrast, antithesis, metonymy, exaggeration, pun, rhetorical question, hypothetical question, repetition, irony, quotation, etc. .
2. Allusion:
Allusion refers to the references in poetry to historical stories, myths and legends, and wise sayings and aphorisms of the past. The former is called "Shidian" and the latter is called "Yu" Code". The role of allusions is actually similar to that of metaphors. Metaphors use things in front of you as analogies to express characteristics, while allusions use ancient things as analogies to express meanings. They use ancient things to describe the present. We need to figure out what the poet wants to express, and then figure out what the content of the allusion is, then it will be easier to see what the poet means.
2. High school Chinese, the role of allusions,
Using allusions into poetry is interesting - the clever use of allusions in ancient poetry to incorporate allusions into poetry is a commonly used expression by poets in the past dynasties Technique.
In poetry, historical facts about people, places, things, and things in the past, or words and phrases with origins and sources are quoted to express a certain desire or emotion of the poet, and to increase the image of the words and phrases. , implicitness and elegance, or the connotation and depth of the artistic conception, which is called "yongdian." Yongdian is also a rhetorical technique in poetry, which can avoid being straightforward and leave readers with associations and thoughts between the lines of poetry. room.
Indeed, using allusions skillfully and appropriately can make the poems rich in meaning, concise and implicit, solemn and elegant, make the expression more vivid and vivid, the poems more concise, the words are close but the purpose is far, implicit and tactful, thus Improve the expressiveness and appeal of your works, to achieve what ancient poets often say: power penetrates the back of the paper, and makes a splash on the ground! Below, I will mainly talk about four points: first, the main function of using dictionaries in poetry; second, the main forms of using dictionaries; third, the techniques of using dictionaries; and fourth, three issues that should be paid attention to when using dictionaries. First of all, let’s talk about the main functions of poetry dictionary in detail: 1. To evaluate history and use the past to discuss the present.
For example: Mooring in Qinzhun (Du Mu) The smoke cage is stuffed with water, the moon is caged in the sand, and the Qinhuai River is close to the restaurant at night. The merchant girl didn't know the hatred of the country's subjugation, but she still sang "*** Flower" across the river.
The title of the song "*** Flower" in the poem is an allusion. "Yushu *** Flower" written by Chen Houzhu of the Southern Dynasty was called "the sound of national subjugation" by later generations. . The late Tang Dynasty in which the poet lived was at a time when the country's fortunes were declining, and these rulers did not pay attention to state affairs. Instead, they gathered in restaurants to enjoy the melodious music. How could the poet not be worried that history might repeat itself? Therefore, the poet is here to use the historical irony of empress Chen who eventually destroyed the country due to his debauchery and enjoyment. Those rulers in the late Tang Dynasty who were intoxicated and dreamed of life did not learn from it.
2. Express emotions and express one’s thoughts. For example: Su Shi quoted an allusion in "Jiangchengzi·Hunting in Mizhou" "Zhijie Yunzhong, when will Feng Tang be sent?"
According to the "Book of Han·Feng Tang Biography": During the reign of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Wei Shang was the prefect of Yunzhong. He performed meritorious service in resisting the Xiongnu. However, he was convicted and demoted because he reported six more heads when reporting his merits. . Later, Emperor Wen adopted Feng Tang's advice and sent Feng Tang to Yunzhong to pardon Wei Shang.
The poet here is in Mizhou, where his talent is unappreciated and his ambition is hard to reward. He uses Wei Shang as a metaphor for himself. He hopes that one day, the imperial court will send people like Feng Tang here, expressing his ambition and pride to serve the imperial court. . Yongyule · Nostalgia for the past in Guting, North of Jingkou. Throughout the ages, heroes have never found Sun Zhongmou.
On the dancing pavilion and singing stage, the wind and rain always blow away the wind. The setting sun, the grass and trees, the ordinary alleys, where the slaves of humanity once lived.
I think back then, when we were strong and strong, we could swallow thousands of miles like a tiger. Yuan Jia hastily sealed the wolf in Xu, and won a hurried visit to the north.
Forty-three years later, I still remember the beacon fire on Yangzhou Road. But looking back, under the Buddha and Li Temple, there is a sacred crow drum! Who can ask: Lian Po is old, can he still make a living? This poem uses four allusions, allusions within allusions. Let’s talk about the last allusion of Lian Po.
Lian Po was a famous general in Zhao, but the King of Zhao believed the slander and distrusted him. When Later Qin attacked Zhao, the King of Zhao wanted to use Lian Po and sent people to find out about his situation.
Lian Po was dedicated to serving his country, so he ate a bushel of rice and ten pounds of meat in front of the envoy, and put it on his horse to show that he could go into battle. However, the envoy was bribed and lied to Lian that "one meal and three leftovers" "Shit", King Zhao thought that Mr. Lian finally didn't use it.
The poem is summarized as "Who can ask, Lian Po is old, can he still make a living?" It is used to express his grief and anger that he wants to serve the country but no one cares about him and he is even slandered by villains.
From this we can also see that poets often criticize rulers because they cannot speak directly, so using allusions is the best way. 3. Trigger associations and innovate artistic conception.
For example: Breaking the Formation (Xin Qiji) When I was drunk, I lit up the lamp and read the sword, and I dreamed of blowing the trumpet company camp. Eight hundred miles away, the troops under his command are burning, the sound of fifty-stringed strings turning outside the Great Wall, and the troops on the battlefield being ordered in autumn.
The horse is flying fast, and the bow is like a thunderbolt. Finish the affairs of the king and the world, and win the reputation during and after death.
Pity happens in vain. The words "eight hundred miles" and "delu" in the poem involve two allusions: First, according to "Shishuoxinyu", Wang Kai of Jin Dynasty made a bet with Wang Ji with an ox "eight hundred miles away", and Wang Ji killed the cow after winning. For Zhizhi, later generations referred to eight hundred miles as an ox.
Second, it is said that Liu Bei's Luma jumped three feet from the water of Tanxi River in the west of Xiangyang City and escaped from danger. Using these two allusions to create a majestic artistic conception, readers can't help but see the spectacular scene of rewarding the soldiers before the war broke out and the fierce scene of the cavalry galloping against the enemy on the battlefield, which is very penetrating.
4. Concise, concise and rich in connotation. For example: in Liu Yuxi's "Rewarding Lotte and Seeing Gifts at the Banquet for the First Time in Yangzhou", "I recite the poem on the flute in the nostalgic sky. When I go to the countryside to read it, I feel like a bad person". Here, two allusions of Xiang Xiu Wen Di and Wang Zhi Yuxian are used to express the demotion of officials. How I feel when I return after more than ten years.
The use of "Wen Di Fu" implies dissatisfaction with the rulers' persecution of old friends at that time, expressing the deep nostalgia for the dead old friends; the use of "Lan Ke Ren" implies that he has been demoted for too long, Coming back this time feels like a lifetime ago, and I feel that everything has changed completely. It is no longer the same scene as in the past. Just fourteen words express such complex emotions. Isn't this the charm of allusions? At the same time, we can also see that the use of allusions also makes the poetry's dialogue neat, the phonology harmonious, and the structure rigorous.
While increasing the connotation of the poem, it also increases the neatness of its appearance. Next, let’s talk about the main forms of poetry dictionaries.
From the perspective of the form of allusions, the two most common ones are quoting historical stories and adapting previous poems. Quoting historical stories is also called "Yongshi".
That is, allusions are condensed into verses to express feelings or allude to current events. For example, Li Qingzhao's "Summer Quatrains": Live as a hero, and die as a ghost.
I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong. Li Qingzhao is the greatest female poet in the history of Chinese literature.
Later generations spoke highly of her Ci, saying that she "not only looks down at women, but wants to overwhelm men" (Ci Tan Cong Hua). Relatively speaking, very few of Li Qingzhao's poems have been handed down, but this one has swept away the graceful and lingering style of his words. The style is tragic and elegant, and it is the most praised by people! The first and second lines of the poem are impassioned, sonorous and powerful, and have become famous lines throughout the ages.
Three or four sentences are used immediately: At the end of Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang competed for the world. Liu Bang's general Han Xin set up an ambush in Gaixia, but Xiang Yu broke out of the encirclement and retreated to Wujiang River.
The chief of the Wujiang Pavilion advised him to go back to Jiangdong to regain his strength and make a comeback. Just like when he led eight hundred men to destroy the boat, he could still fight with his back to the wall! However, he was so ashamed that he said that he "had no face to see his elders east of the Yangtze River", so he refused to cross the river, so he drew his sword and killed himself. He died heroically, without a hair. 3. There are two kinds of rhetoric in Chinese: "yongyong" and "intertextuality". What do they mean?
Yongyong is a matter of word usage.
When composing words into sentences to express thoughts and feelings, sometimes instead of using words directly, we use the deeds or language of ancient people recorded in ancient books, so that readers can associate and understand the inspiration of these materials. Express the thoughts and feelings the author wants to express. This is the allusion.
It is common to use allusions in ancient books, but this method is generally no longer used in modern prose. But poetry is a special style of writing.
This way of expression sometimes appears in the old-style poems written by modern poets, because it is sometimes necessary to use allusions appropriately in poems. The benefits of using allusions in poetry, a special genre.
1. The language of poetry is the most refined, using the fewest words to express the richest thoughts and feelings. If you use ordinary words, if you say too little, you may not express your intention; if you say too much, it may be confusing.
Besides, the number of words in poetry is limited and does not allow much to be said. If you use allusions, you can use well-known materials to make readers associate with each other, and you can save language and achieve conciseness.
2. Poems "cannot be as straightforward as prose," they must be implicit, and they must "contain inexhaustible meanings that can be seen beyond the words." A good allusion can do this.
3. The language of poetry should be specific, use images, and use less abstract concepts. Most of the allusions are deeds of ancient people, often specific people or things, which can avoid abstract concepts.
Let’s further talk about the benefits of using dictionaries through some specific poems. It is better to use your remaining courage to chase the poor bandits, not to use your reputation as an academic overlord.
(Chairman Mao's "Seven Rules: The People's Liberation Army Occupies Nanjing") The second sentence says: We must not be satisfied with the achievements we have made, stop in the face of victory, talk about "loyalty" with the enemy, and The enemy who is about to perish is let go, giving him a chance to breathe, so that he can come back one day and cause the revolution to fail. Without allusions, it would be very difficult to pack such complex content into seven words.
Not to mention rhymes, contrasts, flatness, and images that are concrete and not abstract, which adds to the difficulty. However, Chairman Mao used the story of the Overlord of Chu to remind readers of the Chu-Han struggle for hegemony. At the Hongmen Banquet, Xiang Yu easily let Liu Bang go just because of the false reputation of "benevolence and righteousness". Later, Liu Bang gathered his strength and made a comeback. Xiang Yu was ruined and his reputation was ruined, and his regret lasted for eternity.
Compared with the current situation, one cannot help but be sincerely convinced of Chairman Mao's views. In this way, only seven words are used. Not only is the content convincing, but the language is natural, and the tone, contrast, and rhyme are all handled just right.
This is the effect of allusions. There are many examples of people who are good at using allusions in the poetry of the ancients. For example, the first sentence of Hu Shijiang's "Moon over the River" mentioned last time is "The land of China sinks and the land sinks. Who is a model and a Korean figure?"
Seeing that the Central Plains fell into the hands of the enemy, there were no figures like Fan Zhongyan and Han Qi. Back then, Fan Zhongyan and Han Qi were in charge of Shaanxi's border defense, and Xixia did not dare to harass them. At that time, "Bianbian Yao" said, "There is a Han in the army, and the Western thieves will be frightened when they hear about it; there is a model in the army, and the Western thieves will be frightened when they hear about it."
Let's look at "The past events of the Three Qin Dynasties, only a few The allusion of "Three Heroes of the Han Family" tells people that there were three heroes of the early Han Dynasty who recovered Shaanxi in history: Zhang Liang, Xiao He, and Han Xin. "Try to see the hundreds of mountains and rivers, but the Jun gate is thousands of miles away, and the Sixth Division has not attacked."
"The mountains and rivers of the hundred and two" are also used in allusions. The phrase comes from "Historical Records: The Chronicles of Emperor Gaozu". Guanzhong describes the dangerous situation in Guanzhong. Guarded by one person, it can be defeated by hundreds of people. It also used allusions to the "Worship Platform" and "Huaixian Pavilion", and used the destruction of historical objects such as "Tai Jian" and "Ge Yao" to express anger at the imperial court at that time for its contempt and waste of talents.
Lu You's "Complaining of Heartfelt Feelings": "Back then, I traveled thousands of miles to search for a feudal lord, and defended Liangzhou on horseback." "Looking for a feudal lord" used Ban Chao's allusion to join the army and perform meritorious service in a foreign land "to win the title of lord", and wrote about his own service. The motherland, the ambition to clean up the old rivers and mountains. The above discussed some of the positive meanings of using allusions in poetry.
However, it must be pointed out that allusions cannot be abused and must be used appropriately. Generally speaking, there are two situations of abuse: 1. The author's own words can be used but allusions must be used, so that these allusions have no positive effect and instead make the poetry obscure.
Readers only see the neatness and beauty of these allusions in terms of contrast and color, but they cannot fully understand the author's thoughts and feelings through these allusions. Some ancient poets read a lot of ancient books and memorized the materials well, so they easily picked them up when writing without any effort. Therefore, they were prone to abuse allusions, and some famous writers were often unavoidable.
For example, Chairman Mao and Mr. Lu Xun both like Li Shangyin’s poems. Mr. Lu Xun said, "Yu Huosheng's pure words and beautiful sentences are unparalleled."
But he also pointed out that he "used too many allusions, which dissatisfied me." "For example, the well-known song "Jinse": There are fifty strings of Jinse for no reason, and each string and one column reflects the past.
Zhuang Sheng dreamed of butterflies at dawn, and looked forward to the emperor's spring heart with cuckoos. There are bright pearls in the sea. Tears, the warm sun in Lantian creates smoke.
This feeling can be recalled, but it was already at a loss at that time. The two couplets in the middle are all allusions. These allusions are not difficult to understand, but the facts expressed through these allusions. There are different opinions from ancient times to modern times about what thoughts and feelings are.
Some people say it is a love poem, some people say it is a poem about things, some people say it is a mourning poem, etc. Some people praise this poem, and some people say it is a poem about death. This poem is said to be useless.
For example, Huang Ziyun said, "'Zhuang Sheng's Xiaomeng' is a second term, but I don't know what it refers to." The original intention is not self-explanatory,... I want to deceive future generations.
"
These attacks are unavoidably excessive, but the poem "Jin Se" uses too many allusions so that readers cannot understand the point. This is the main reason for differences of opinion. This is also a major shortcoming of Li Shangyin's poems .
People nowadays should never learn to use allusions in this way. 2. The use of allusions is unfamiliar, causing readers to not understand or misunderstand.
Some poets in ancient times had little knowledge of historical allusions. When he writes poems, he sometimes only considers the needs of rhythm and the beauty of words, but ignores the reader's ability to accept them.
For example, Su Shi's poems use many dictionaries, some of which are relatively unfamiliar, such as : The frozen jade tower raises millets, and the light shakes the silver sea and blooms flowers. The contrast between "jade tower" and "silver sea" is neat and beautiful.
But what do these two words mean if there is no annotation? Without reading the lyrics, even those with broad knowledge and a certain level of accomplishment in classical literature may not be able to understand that "Jade Tower" refers to the shoulder bone and "Yinhai" refers to the eyes. They come from Taoist books and medical books. Most people will not read these books.
This kind of allusion will be difficult for readers.
Another example is Xin Qiji’s words, which are concerned about the country, passionate, and passionate. He is famous for his boldness and novelty, but his shortcoming is that he sometimes uses unconventional allusions, which is not good for understanding his words. 4. There is an allusion in classical Chinese, which tells that when a short prime minister went to another country, the king said: "Your country". /p>
Yan Zi sent Chu
Original text:
Yan Zi sent Chu. Because Yan Zi was short, the people of Chu set up a small gate on the side of the gate and Yan Zi did not enter. : “Let the people of the dog country enter through the dog door. I am envoy to Chu and should not enter through this door. The best man said more, and entered through the gate. When he saw the king of Chu, the king said, "Is there no one here?" The envoy is the envoy. Yanzi said to him: "There are three hundred villages in Linzi in Qi. They spread their sleeves to form a shadow, sweating like rain. They are standing shoulder to shoulder. Why is there no one there?" The king said, "Then what is an envoy?" "Yanzi said to him, "Everyone has his own master. The virtuous ones will serve as virtuous masters, and the unworthy ones will serve as dishonorable masters. Infants are the most unworthy, so it is better to send them to Chu. "
Yan Zi will send troops to Chu. When the king of Chu heard about it, he said to his left and right: "Yan Ying is a good communicator in Qi. Now, I want to humiliate him, but why? "The people on the left and right said to each other: "Because of this, I asked you to tie up a person and pass by the king. The king said: "What is this?" ’ He said to him, ‘Qi people. ’ The king said, ‘Where are you sitting? ’ He said: ‘Sitting on the robber’s side. ’”
When Yanzi arrived, the king of Chu gave Yanzi wine. He was drunk, and two officials tied one person to the king. The king said: "Who is the one who tied him?" He said to him, "Qi people are also sitting on the bandits." The king looked at Yanzi and said, "Are the people of Qi really good at stealing?" Yanzi avoided the table and said to him: "I heard that oranges grown in Huainan are called tangerines, and those grown in the north of Huaibei are called tangerines. The leaves are similar, but the taste is different." So why? Water and soil are different. Nowadays, when people grow up in Qi, they do not steal, but when they enter Chu, they steal. Is it true that there is no water and soil in Chu to make the people good at stealing? "The king laughed and said: "The saint is not worthy of Xi, but the mediocre person is taking the disease. ”
Translation:
Yanzi was on a mission to Chu. The king of Chu knew that Yanzi was short in stature, so he opened a five-foot-high hole next to the gate and invited Yanzi to go in. Yanzi didn’t go in. He said: "People who are envoys to the Dog Kingdom enter through the Dog Cave. Today I am on an envoy to the Chu Kingdom and should not enter through this hole." "The people who greeted the guests took Yan Zi in through the gate. Yan Zi paid homage to the King of Chu. The King of Chu said, "Is there no one in Qi? I actually sent you as an envoy. "Yanzi replied: "There are more than 7,000 households in Linzi, the capital of Qi State. They can cover the sky with their sleeves and sweat like rain. People are sitting next to each other, shoulder to shoulder, and their toes are touching their heels. Why? Can we say that there are no people in Qi? The king of Chu said: "In this case, why do you send a person like you as an envoy?" Yanzi replied: "Qi State sends envoys, each with his own purpose. A wise monarch sends wise envoys, and an incompetent monarch sends incompetent envoys. I am the most incompetent person, so I have no choice but to send envoys to others." Feeling aggrieved, he went on a mission to the State of Chu. "
Yan Zi was about to go as an envoy to Chu. When the King of Chu heard the news, he said to the people on his left and right (the attendants): "Yan Ying is a man of Qi who is familiar with words. He is coming now. I think. How to humiliate him? The people on the left and right replied: "When he comes, please allow us to tie up a person and pass in front of you, the king. The king asked, 'Who is this man?' (We) replied, 'He is from Qi State.' The king said, 'What crime has he committed?' We said, 'He committed the crime of stealing.
'"
When Yanzi arrived, the King of Chu rewarded Yanzi with wine. When he was drinking the wine happily, two officials tied up a man and walked to the King of Chu. The King of Chu asked: "Who is the tied man? What do people do? "(The attendant) replied: "(He) is from Qi State and has committed the crime of theft. The king of Chu glanced at Yan Zi and said, "Are the people of Qi good at stealing?" Yanzi left his seat and replied: "I heard something like this: Oranges that grow south of the Huaihe River become tangerines, and those that grow north of the Huaihe River become tangerines. It's just that the shapes of the leaves are similar, but the taste of their fruits is different." What is the reason for this? It's the difference between water and soil. Nowadays, people do not steal when they live in Qi State, but they steal when they come to Chu State. Could it be that the soil and water of Chu State make people good at stealing? The King of Chu smiled and said: "A saint is not someone who can joke with him, but I am asking for trouble." " 5. Classical Chinese: Only state officials are allowed to set fires, but the people are not allowed to light lamps.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a state governor named Tian Deng. He was narrow-minded and autocratic. Because his name was "Deng", Therefore, the people in the state are not allowed to say any word that has the same sound as "Deng". Speaking of his taboo, there is really some origin...
Kamata Village is a village surrounded by mountains and rivers. Thousands of miles away, there are mountains, ponds, fields, and fields with lush trees, clear water, and fertile fields. Most of these places are owned by the rich man Tian Wanwan in the village. Although his family has a lot of good land. , but there was no son around. So he spent a lot of money on feng shui and asked experts to predict him. When he was 40 years old, he finally got a son. The fortune teller said: "If you have a son in your later years, you will definitely be promoted." Lord, gold and silver treasures are rolling in. "So, he named his son "Tian Deng" in order for his son to become an official and become an official as soon as possible.
Tian Deng was born prematurely, with a big head and two very small mice. His eyes are upturned, his eyebrows are unclear, his eyes are not beautiful, and he is short and fat. He has been naughty since he was a child, and he comes from a wealthy family. He always bullies children, and the children often make fun of him with "stool". He can't stand it. Angry, he said to his father Tian Wanwan: "They all make fun of me with the word 'stool'. When I grow up and become an official, I must stop everyone from saying this word." "
After Tian Deng became an official, he ordered the people in the state not to say words with the same sound as "Deng", but to use a certain word instead - the rushes in the garden are called happy grass, lampstands, lampshades, lanterns They have to be called bright care, shading, and road lighting. When the prefect goes out to board a car, he has to say driving. Even when praising the prefect for "reaching the peak", he has to say "climbing to the top"...
Anyone who violates this taboo of him , he will be charged with "insulting the local governor", which can range from being slapped with a stick to a severe punishment.
One day, the prefect Tian Deng was sitting in the hall, and a servant was arrested. The servant took him to the court, and the servant fell to his knees and begged loudly: "You are wronged! Lord Prefect, I didn’t do anything today! But just after dawn, I went to the hall to turn off the lights. I didn't know what crime I had committed, but I was kicked by the yamen servant and almost kicked off the stool. When the prefect Tian Deng heard this, he was furious and ordered his servants to be tied up. He shouted: "You are a bold and unruly man. He dares to violate my taboos without knowing the crime. Pull him down and reward him with fifty big boards"... < /p>
From then on, no one in the prefecture's mansion dared to call him by his "name"...
The annual Lantern Festival is coming soon. According to previous habits, , the state lights up lanterns for three days to celebrate, and the government officials in the state put up notices asking people to come and watch the lanterns on time.
This time, the official who posted the notice felt embarrassed and used the word "lamp" to ask for it. It violated the taboo of the prefect, and the meaning of not using the word "lamp" was unclear. After thinking for a long time, the official who wrote the notice had an idea and changed the word "lamp" to the word "fire". In this way, the notice read "Honzhou". "Set fires for three days according to regulations."
After the notice was posted, the people were very panicked, especially some guests from out of town. Monk Zhanger was even more confused. He really thought that the government was going to attack the city. There had been a fire for three days! They all packed up and rushed to leave the place where this was happening. The local people were already very dissatisfied with Tian Deng's unreasonable behavior. This time they were even more angry after seeing the notice posted by the government.
Therefore, the allusion "Only the state officials are allowed to set fires, and the common people are not allowed to light lamps" has been circulated to this day...
Attached is the original text: The state officials set fires
Lu You
When Tian was appointed as a county, he kept his name secret. Those who touched him would be angry, and most of his officials were flogged.
So everyone in the state called the lamp "fire". Shangyuan put up lanterns and allowed people to enter the state for sightseeing. The officials then published the book list in the city and said: "This state will set fire to fire for three days according to the law."