1. urban land use and functional zoning transformation: human beings carry out social and economic activities on land, so land is the material basis of urban internal spatial structure. Due to the different land use patterns, urban land can generally be divided into different types, such as commercial land, industrial land, residential land and government land.
The formation of business circle: commercial activities require being close to consumers, and only convenient transportation can bring a large number of consumers. Therefore, commercial activities are mostly distributed in the city center and street corners with convenient transportation. The development of commercial activities in a certain place will bring many consumers and attract catering, transportation, post and telecommunications, banking and other services. These convenient service facilities will attract more people and services, which is the agglomeration effect. Through the agglomeration effect, the business circle is gradually formed.
The business district is located in the city center, on both sides of the main traffic line or at the corner.
Question: Where is the main business district of Xi? Lead-out Central Business District: the commercial core area of the city, with highly concentrated business, service, finance, trade, information and other activities, high-rise buildings, convenient transportation and developed retail business.
Formation of residential area: Residential area is the place where residents spend the longest time in a day, so residential area is the most extensive land use mode in the city. In most cities, residential areas occupy 40%-60% of urban space. In some cities, with the differentiation of residential areas, middle and senior residential areas and low-level residential areas have emerged.
Students here can compare high-level residential areas with low-level residential areas according to their own life experience.
Formation of industrial zone: Industrial zone is formed by the mutual gathering of industries within the city. These industries are highly specialized and cooperative. Because there are a lot of transportation requirements in the production process, factories, warehouses and other facilities should be arranged near the convenient transportation in the industrial zone.
The above three areas are common functional areas in cities.
2. The formation of urban internal spatial structure.
In a city, the distribution and combination of different functional areas constitute the spatial structure within the city, also known as the urban regional structure. There are three representative urban regional structures.
Concentric mode, fan mode, multi-core mode. These three reading modes all belong to expanding students' knowledge, so I let students read by themselves.
3. Factors affecting the urban internal spatial structure.
The formation of urban internal spatial structure is the result of many factors. Mainly: economic factors, economic income, popularity, religious race, historical reasons and so on. Among them, economic factors are the main factors.
Because all kinds of functional activities in the city occupy a certain amount of land, and the supply of urban land is limited, the land price determines which kind of activities each land is used for. The land price depends on the distance from the city center and the convenience of transportation. Here PPT shows the schematic diagram of the influence of economic factors on functional areas. Students look at page 25 of the booklet "New and New Learning Cases". Analyze the relationship among functional area, distance from downtown and traffic accessibility.
High school compulsory geography teaching plan template (2)
Teaching objectives
1. Knowledge and skills
(1) Understand the formation of flowing water erosion landform, and master the three forms of flowing water erosion and their influences on the surface morphology.
(2) Understand the formation of flowing water accumulation landform, and master the three components and formation process of alluvial plain.
2. Process and method
(1) According to the data, the differences of river erosion in different river sections can be analyzed.
(2) By reading the schematic diagram of river accumulation landform, we can analyze the causes and geomorphological characteristics of various parts of alluvial plain.
Emphasis and difficulty in teaching
Teaching focus
Three forms of 1. running water erosion and their effects on surface morphology.
2. The formation of flowing water accumulation landform.
Teaching difficulties
1. Formation principle of flowing water erosion landform.
2. Analysis of concave bank erosion and convex bank accumulation in the process of river evolution and their influence on human activities.
3. The formation process of alluvial fan and delta and their differences.
teaching tool
Multimedia equipment
teaching process
Teaching process design
Import design
Feng Shui is a long-standing knowledge in China culture. Its purpose is to teach people to choose an environment suitable for human survival between mountains and rivers, and make use of this environment to actively struggle and make unremitting efforts to make people living here healthy, safe and prosperous. Although it has evolved with the passage of time and contains superstitious elements, it contains the thoughts of China's ancient simple geography.
For example, residential feng shui in the Yin and Shang Dynasties-"The attack lies in the paddle" (the paddle is surrounded by the inner bay of the river, which is a convex bank) contains rich scientific principles and also embodies the philosophical thoughts of Taoism and nature.
I. River erosion landforms and accumulation landforms
(A) River erosion of land
1. Traceable erosion and landform formation
Student activity: identify the erosion mode of the river shown in the picture and tell the basis for judgment.
Teacher's activity: Illustrate source erosion with pictures. The headwater of Jiahe River was eroded by flowing water, and the bedrock collapsed, which extended the length of the river. After a long period of development, the source of Jia River keeps moving to the place of B River and finally connects with it. It can be seen that the river extends to the source part and the valley is lengthened by traceable erosion.
Cheng Xu: So, what changes have taken place in the shape of Jiahe Valley shown in the picture? Jiayu in the picture is not only longer, but also wider and deeper! What is the external force that leads to this change?
2. Insufficient erosion, lateral erosion and its landform
Teachers and students * * * summarize the types of river erosion landforms and their erosion methods, and let students know the "V-shaped valley" with slides.
Transition: Rome was not built in a day, nor were rivers formed in a day. Every river has its past, present and future. Please carefully observe the textbook Figure 4. 17 "Evolution of Valley" and answer the questions:
① Describe the evolution process of the valley shown in the figure.
(2) If the same river is observed, where are the three valley forms A, B and C likely to appear?
The teacher explained the evolution process of the valley with pictures and pointed out the reach where the three valley forms are located. At the same time, the teacher guides the students to make a summary.
From the picture, the originally flat valley gradually becomes curved, and scholars call it a "bend in the river". Many rivers meander through this land, showing the world the beauty of bending (courseware picture).
From the bank's point of view, each curved bank can be divided into convex and concave. Please find two kinds of riverbanks in figure B of textbook illustration 4. 17. If you are in doubt, please refer to the hieroglyphics of "convex" and "concave".
3. Concave bank erosion and convex bank accumulation
So, what are the dominant external forces at the convex bank and concave bank? The convex bank is "convex" because of the continuous accumulation of sediment, while the concave bank is the result of the gradual decrease of material. Combined with the definitions of erosion and accumulation, it can be inferred that the convex bank is characterized by running water accumulation and belongs to accumulation landform; The concave bank is characterized by flowing water erosion and belongs to erosion landform. The ancients wrote poems to describe the differences between the two banks.
Student activities:
① According to the knowledge learned, point out the convex bank and concave bank in the real drawing.
② Read the ancient poems and find out the parts that describe the convex and concave banks in the poems.
(3) According to the poems, we infer the different influences of the two river bank forms on human activities, and explain the reasons.
Orientation: If there is a straight river, the flow velocity of the river is different because of the geostrophic bias, which leads to the river bending, then how will the shape of the river continue to develop?
(2) River accumulation landform
1. Flood plain
Student activity: Guess the evolution trend of river form in the map.
Teacher's activities: guide students to analyze the evolution process of river form, naturally draw the causes of floodplain, and finally summarize the formation of floodplain.
Inheritance: floodplain is a type of river alluvial plain, and there are other types of river accumulation landforms.
2. Flood alluvial plain
Student activities: according to the results of pre-class preparation, find out the position of alluvial fan in the picture and explain the reasons.
Teacher's activity: guide students to analyze the landform types of jade mining areas and the granularity of different parts of alluvial fans. At the same time, teachers should show the real scene and sketch of alluvial fans with the help of courseware, and guide students to observe their morphological characteristics.
Succession: the estuary has become an alluvial fan, which may further expand into an alluvial plain. Then some rivers flow into the ocean. What kind of landform will the estuary form?
3. Delta Plain
Teacher's activity: lead students to read textbook case 3, and point out the location of the Yellow River Delta on the slide, so as to guide students to establish a real concept of delta.
Student activities: Read the textbook and summarize the conditions of triangle formation according to the description in the textbook.
Teachers' activities: guide students to extract text information from textbooks, and at the same time sort out and standardize students' summaries, thus forming a concise language.
Teachers and students summarize the types of river accumulation landforms.
Transfer: After learning the knowledge of river landforms, can students explain the questions raised at the beginning of this class?
After the students answered, the teacher summarized the scientific principle of the location of the tomb area and the absurdity of "anti-bow water" in modern urban geomantic omen. At the same time, the teacher should also explain that the purpose of Feng Shui is to find a place suitable for living, follow scientific principles and abandon superstitious elements.
Transfer: As can be seen from the above example, river landforms have a great influence on human activities. Please read the textbook "Influence of River Geomorphology on Settlement Distribution" and summarize the specific influence of river geomorphology on settlement distribution.
Secondly, the influence of river landforms on settlement distribution.
Teachers guide students to extract information and complete the questions raised in the courseware.
(a) The role of rivers in the formation of settlements
Most big cities in the world are close to rivers, because rivers can provide sufficient water for production and life; At the same time, close to the river is convenient for external contact and transportation. Agricultural society, the development of society mainly depends on planting, and the alluvial plain of rivers is flat and fertile, which is beneficial to farming and can provide rich agricultural and sideline products for settlements.
(b) the influence of rivers on the distribution of residential areas
The accumulation landforms in river landforms are very attractive to the formation of settlements, and the areas with obvious accumulation are relatively flat. Therefore, in low plain areas, residential areas are generally linearly distributed along rivers. However, rivers can also bring floods, and settlements on the plains should also consider how to avoid the threat of floods.
In mountain valleys, settlements are generally distributed in the transition zone from alluvial plain to hillside. In this way, we can not only avoid the threat of floods, but also make full use of the advantages of rivers.