The kernel of apricot is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine in traditional Chinese medicine. There are two types of almonds: bitter almonds and sweet almonds. Bitter almonds are generally used for medicinal purposes. In traditional Chinese medicine, bitter almonds are used in combination with other traditional Chinese medicines to treat colds, coughs, asthma, chronic bronchitis in the elderly, and constipation in pregnant women and the elderly.
Sweet almonds can nourish the lungs, reduce qi and relieve coughs, treat fatigue cough, chest tightness and other symptoms
Bitter almonds should not be eaten in large quantities, otherwise they may be easily poisoned. This is because bitter almonds contain a kind of amygdalin, which can be hydrolyzed into glucose, benzaldehyde and toxic hydrocyanic acid under the action of enzymes and acids. This highly toxic hydrocyanic acid is absorbed into the body and interacts with tissue cells. The combination of iron respiratory enzymes makes cells unable to use oxygen, which will cause hypoxia in the human body. In mild cases, headache, dizziness, weakness, and nausea will occur. In severe cases, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and confusion will occur. In severe cases, symptoms such as Respiratory center paralysis and death. Wild bitter almonds contain more amygdalin.
The kernels of other fruits, such as peach kernels, loquat kernels, plum kernels, almond kernels, etc., also contain different amounts of amygdalin, and their consumption must be guided by someone.
Bitter almonds are soaked in water, the seed coat is removed and then soaked again, and the water is changed frequently until the bitter taste is removed before they can be eaten.
Be sure to cook or stir-fry when eating, because heating can destroy the activity of amygdalin and volatilize hydrocyanic acid. In this way, it is safe to process almonds into almond cream or almond tea. .
Sweet almonds have less toxic side effects, but eating too much can still cause poisoning, so it is not advisable to eat too much.
Detailed introduction:
Pharmaceutical name: Bitter almond
Alternative names: apricot kernel, apricot, muluozi, bitter almond, apricot plum kernel, apricot , sweet plum.
Chinese Pinyin: xìng rén
English name: Bitter Apricot Kernel
Latin plant, animal and mineral names
1. Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. [Prunus armeniaca L.]
2.Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.var.ansu(Maxim.)Yü et Lu[Prunus armeniaca L.var.ansu Maxim.]
3.Armeniaca sibirica(L.)Lam.[Prunus sibirica L.]
4.Armeniaca mandshurica(Maxim.)Skv.[Prunus mandshurica(Maxim.)Koehne]
Return to Meridian
p>Lung; spleen; large intestine meridian
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of amygdalin in the human body conforms to the open two-compartment model. The distribution half-life of intravenous administration is 6.2 minutes; the average elimination phase half-life is 120.3 minutes; the average clearance rate is 99.3ml/min. Some believe that glomerular filtration is the main mode of excretion of amygdalin. After rapid intravenous injection of 500 mg/kg of amygdalin into rabbits, the biological half-life of amygdalin, tl/2a, was 3.4 minutes; tl/2B was 4.95 minutes; the rabbit's urinary excretion within 48 hours was 71.4 of the injected dose. Kufenin is mainly excreted unchanged in the urine in the human body. After intramuscular injection of 6g dose, the plasma concentration is 180μg/ml.
Pharmacological effects
1. Anti-inflammatory: Amyglobulin component KR-A40mg/kg, KR-B5mg/kg, albumin component KR-A0.5mg/kg, Intravenous injection of AR-B 0.5 mg/kg has an inhibitory effect on carrageenan-induced swelling of the soles of rats.
2. Analgesia: Intravenous injection of almond component KR-A5mg/kg, KR-B5mg/kg, albumin component AR-A5mg/kg, AR-B0.5mg/kg. Mouse benzoquinone writhing test shows that it has analgesic effect.
3. Effect on gastric acid: Amygdalin can be hydrolyzed by gastric acid or amygdalin to produce hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde. Generally, 1g of almonds can produce about 2.5 mg of hydrocyanic acid. Hydrocyanic acid is a highly toxic substance, with a lethal dose of about 0.05g. Benzaldehyde can inhibit the digestive function of pepsin. Taking a small amount of almonds will slowly hydrolyze them in the body, gradually producing trace amounts of hydrocyanic acid, which will not cause poisoning, but will calm the respiratory center. Therefore, it can quieten the respiratory movement and show the effect of relieving cough and asthma.
Intravenous injection of 1ml/kg of 4.20 decoction into cats can cause a significant and lasting drop in blood pressure.
5. Almonds contain amygdalin and amygdalin. After oral administration, amygdalin can be hydrolyzed by enzymes to produce hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde. Generally, 1g of almonds can produce about 2.5 mg of hydrocyanic acid. Hydrocyanic acid is a highly toxic substance. The lethal dose for humans is about 0.05g (potassium cyanide is about 0.2-0.3g). Benzaldehyde can inhibit the digestive function of pepsin. Take about 50-60 bitter almonds for adults and 7-7 for children. 10 can cause death. The main cause of death is tissue suffocation. If bitter almonds are stored for a long time, the content of amygdalin can be reduced. Taking sugar at the same time can reduce the toxicity. There are many reports about almond poisoning. The main symptoms are difficulty breathing, convulsions, coma, dilated pupils, fast and weak heartbeat, and cold limbs. First aid must gain time and take activated charcoal or potassium permanganate (1:1000) or sulfur orally immediately. Sodium sulfate (5), gastric lavage as soon as possible, inhalation of isoamyl nitrite, intravenous injection of sodium nitrite (310ml), followed by injection of sodium thiosulfate (2550ml), and other symptomatic treatments such as artificial respiration, blood transfusion, etc. Some people It is believed that taking a small amount of almonds will slowly decompose in the body and gradually produce trace amounts of hydrocyanic acid, which will not cause poisoning, but will calm the respiratory center. Therefore, it can calm the respiratory movement and have the effect of relieving cough and asthma. Intravenous injection of 1/20 the minimum lethal dose of hydrocyanic acid can briefly and strongly excite the respiratory center. Apply directly to normal skin to produce local anesthesia (such as relieving itching, etc.).
6. Anti-cancer effect: Bitter almond extract has a significant inhibitory effect on transplanted liver cancer in mice when administered at doses of 100 mg and 200 mg/kg body weight for 10 days. The extract of Kuferen was administered to normal mice at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for 5, 10, and 15 days respectively. After 5 days of administration, the P-450 content in the mouse liver increased, and it recovered after 10 and 15 days of administration. to normal levels. Changes in liver P-450 content. Bitter almond extract temporarily increases liver P-450 in normal mice. Bitter almond extract was intraperitoneally injected into mice with transplanted liver cancer at a dose of 300 mg/kg for 14 days, and the tumor inhibition rate was 72 (P 7. Promote the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant: Bitter almond can promote the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant in normal animals. In oleic acid-type RDS experimental animals, it can not only promote the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant, but also Improve the lesions. 8. Other effects: Amygdalin has anti-mutagenic effects and can prevent and treat diabetes caused by the anti-tumor drug alloxan. In addition, bitter almond oil (ie bitter almond oil) has anthelmintic and bactericidal effects. In vitro tests have shown that it has a killing effect on human roundworms, earthworms, etc., and can kill typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli. In clinical application, it is effective against roundworms, hookworms and pinworms without side effects. Chemical composition of traditional Chinese medicine 1. Almonds contain bitter cyanogenic glycosides: about 4% of amygdalin and 8% of prunasin; fatty oil contains about 50% There are three types of fatty acids, the main ones being linoleic acid accounting for 27%, oleic acid accounting for 67% and palmitic acid accounting for 5.2%. It also contains chlorogenic acid, which is 5'-caffeoylquinic acid, and neochlorogenic acid, which is 3'-caffeoylquinic acid. ), 3'-feruloylquinic acid, 5'-feruloylquinic acid, 3'-pcoumaroylquinic acid, Inositol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, △\5-avenasterol, cholesterol (cholesterol) 24-cholesterol (△\ 24-chlestenol), estrone, 17β-estyadiol, triolein. It also contains two protein components with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities: KR-A and KR-B, whose contents are 4.44 and 0.41 respectively. It also contains volatile components related to almond aroma: benzaldehyde, linalool, 4-terpinenol, α-terpineol. 2. Wild apricot kernels contain about 4.84% of amygdalin and volatile oil, the main components of which are: n-hexanal (4.81%), trans-2-hexenal (2 -hexenal) accounted for 11.57, n-hexanol accounted for 14.38, trans-2-hexen-1-ol (2-hexen-1-ol) accounted for 8.28, linalool accounted for 12.61, a-terpineol accounted for Accounted for 5.69. Geraniol accounted for 2.78 and teradecanoic acid accounted for 3.6. 3. Almond kernels contain about 4.84% of amygdalin. 4. Northeastern apricot kernels contain amygdalin 3.2. Efficacy Expelling phlegm and relieving cough; relieving asthma; moisturizing intestines; lowering Qi and relieving numbness Critical research From "Compendium of Materia Medica" . 1. "Famous Doctors": Apricot kernels, collected in May. The two benevolent people can kill people and poison dogs. Born in the mountains and valleys of Jin. 2. Sun Simiao: If you make soup with almonds, it will be like foaming, and eating it will make the body heat up; if the soup is left in the soup, it will cause air-conditioning. 3. "Supplements of Materia Medica": The apricot cheese is thickly fried like a paste. Take it to moisturize the five internal organs and remove phlegm and cough. 4. "Yang Xing Yao Chao": To treat poisoning caused by eating almonds, which relieves annoyance and pain, use plum juice to relieve it. Also take it with blue and green juice. 5. "Ben Cao Tu Jing": Apricot kernels are found everywhere today. In fact, there are several kinds. The yellow and round one is called golden apricot. According to legend, Yunzhong came from Fenliu Mountain in Jinan County. People there called it Han Emperor apricot. Nowadays, people are growing it, and it is the earliest to ripen. The flat and green-yellow one is called Mu Xing, and its taste is sour, not as good as Golden Apricot. Apricots are used as medicine. Nowadays, those who come from the east are the most popular, while those who still grow them in their own homes are the most popular. Mountain apricots cannot be used as medicine. Harvest in May, break the core and remove the double benevolence. Family and genus classification Rosaceae Latin name 1. Semen Armeniacae Vulgaris 2. .Semen Armeniacae Ansi 3..Semen Armeniacae Sibricse 4..Semen Armeniacae Mandshuricae Pharmacology Overdose Poisoning may occur after taking bitter almonds, which may manifest as dizziness, sudden fainting, palpitations, headaches, nausea and vomiting, convulsions, coma, cyanosis, dilated pupils, loss of light response, weak and slow pulse, rapid or slow and irregular breathing. Without timely rescue, death may occur due to respiratory failure. Poisoned people can be rescued by taking apricot bark or apricot root decoction orally, see the articles on "apricot bark" and "apricot root". The LD50 of amygdalin: intravenous injection in rats and mice is 25g/kg; intraperitoneal injection in rats is 8g/kg. Rat op is 0.6g/kg. MTD: intravenous and intramuscular injection of mice, rabbits, and dogs are 3g/kg; oral administration is 0.075g/kg; intravenous injection of humans is 5g (approximately 0.07g/kg). Oral intake of 55 bitter almonds (about 60g) by humans contains about 1.8g of amygdalin (about 0.024g/kg), which can cause death. Bitter almonds can easily cause poisoning if taken orally in large amounts. First, it acts on the vomiting, respiratory, vagal and vasomotor centers of the brain oblongata, causing excitement, followed by coma, convulsions, paralysis of the entire central nervous system, and death due to paralysis of the respiratory center. The poisoning mechanism is mainly because the hydrocyanic acid contained in almonds can easily react with the ferric iron of cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria to form a cytochrome oxidase-cyanide complex, which inhibits cell respiration and causes tissue formation. Asphyxiation, resulting in death. Since the intestinal flora contains β-glucosidase, oral administration of 600 mg/kg amygdalin to normal mice will lead to death within 2-5 hours. The blood CN- was checked to reach 2.6-4.5 μg/ml; when germ-free mice were given the same dose of koporin, no mice died; the blood CN- was less than 0.4 μg/ml. It shows that intestinal flora is the root cause of oral poisoning of amygdalin, and its toxicity is about 40 times greater than intravenous injection. Using the Ames method, TA100 strain, S-9, Mix (+), amygdalin has a lethal effect. Indications Exogenous cough; breathlessness; dryness cough; cold air; epilepsy; chest paralysis; dysphagia and epigastrium pain; hemorrhage; deafness; malnutrition and swelling; damp-heat stranguria syndrome ; Scabies; Throat paralysis; Intestinal dryness and constipation Ecological environment 3. Mountain apricot grows in dry sunny areas, hills and grasslands at an altitude of 700-2000m. 4. Northeast apricot grows in open sunny hillside shrubs or under mixed trees at an altitude of 400-1000m. Each expert’s discussion 1. "Shen Nong’s Materia Medica": Mainly caused by coughing, upper qi thundering, throat numbness, lowering qi, milk sores, and cold heart. 2. "Compendium of Materia Medica": Jiexi and Hu Fen poison. 3. "Famous Physicians' Notes": Mainly used for convulsions, irritability and heat in the heart, passing of wind and waves, occasional headaches, muscle relieving, alleviating anxiety in the heart, and dog-killing poison. 4. "Treatise on Properties of Medicine": Treats abdominal obstruction, diaphoresis, and mainly treats febrile diseases. It can treat acuteness, fullness and pain in the lower part of the heart, relieve boredom in the confidants, and treat lung-qi cough and upper respiratory tract shortness of breath. Add asparagus and decoct it to moisten the heart and lungs. It can be mixed with cheese to make soup to moisturize the voice. The air-conditioning will be activated immediately. 5. Cui Yuxi's "Food Classic": Management of wind silence and inability to open words. 6. "The Origin of Medicine": In addition to dryness in the lungs, the treatment of wind-dryness lies in the chest and diaphragm. "Secrets of Indications" says: moisturize lung qi, eliminate food, and promote stagnant qi. 7. "Southern Yunnan Materia Medica": relieves coughs, eliminates phlegm and moisturizes the lungs, moistens the stomach and intestines, eliminates flour accumulation, and lowers qi. Treat rickets. 8. "Compendium of Materia Medica": kills insects, treats various sores and scabies, reduces swelling, and removes all kinds of wind-induced blisters on the head and face. 9. Li Gao: Almonds are used to relieve asthma and treat qi. Peach kernel cures madness and blood. Peach and almond both treat constipation, and they should be divided into Qi and blood. It is difficult to defecate during the day because of the movement of Yang Qi; it is difficult to have defecation at night because of the movement of Yin blood. Therefore, if the deficient person has constipation due to dryness and constipation, and the pulse is floating in Qi, use almonds and tangerine peel; if the pulse is sinking in blood, use peach kernels and tangerine peel; therefore, for those who use tangerine peel together, use Yangming of the hand and Taiyin of the hand as the exterior and interior. Above the cardinal gate, the master comes and goes; below the Po gate, the master closes. Therefore, Wang said that the lungs and large intestine are passages. 10. "Compendium of Materia Medica": Almonds can be dispersed and reduced, so they can relieve muscles, disperse wind, reduce qi, moisturize dryness, and eliminate accumulation, and are used in medicine for treating injuries. To treat sores and kill insects, use its poison. Among the medicines used to treat wind-cold lung diseases, there are also those that can be used with the skin tip, and then dispersed. 11. "Changsha Medical Explanation": The lungs govern the storage of qi, which descends to the chest and diaphragm and travels through the meridians. If the qi is reversed, the chest and diaphragm will be blocked and cause wheezing and coughing. If the disease is hidden and cannot be relieved, it will cause pimples. Blockage, menstrual disease and inability to walk, resulting in swelling and pain. Almonds are good at dispersing and opening up, breaking obstructions and reducing inverse conditions. They are good at relieving numbness and relieving asthma, reducing swelling and moistening dryness, and regulating Qi stagnation. There is no easy way to do this. Its main treatments include treating cough and dysphonia, regulating aphonia, stopping hemoptysis, stopping bleeding and metrorrhagia, killing insects and nitric acid, removing ZHA thorns, treating deafness, removing nebula, smoothing gallbladder, stopping eating, moisturizing the large intestine, and urinating, all of which have various effects. It can reduce turbidity and eliminate depression. 12. "Materia Medica Seeking Truth": Almond has the ability to dissipate wind and cold, and also has the power to lower Qi and relieve asthma. It is pungent to disperse evil, bitter to lower Qi, moisturizing to relieve secretions, and warm. Then Xuan stagnation promotes phlegm. Almonds have a good smell, so if you feel wind and cold in the lung meridian, you can treat wheezing and coughing, chest fullness, constipation, irritability, fever and headache, as well as husband poison, sores, dog poison, facial poison, tin poison, and gold sores. Dongyuan discussed almonds and aster, both of which can relieve lung stagnation and relieve congestion, and one governs the blood in the lung meridian, and the other governs the qi in the lung meridian; almonds and peach kernels both treat constipation, and one cures floating pulse, asthma, and constipation. It is seen during the day; once treated, the patient suffers from severe pulse and constipation, which is seen at night. Feng Chuzhan said that almonds and phlegm are both used to remove phlegm, and the first one is used to remove phlegm from the internal organs, so it is most taboo for those with external deficiency; the other one is used to remove phlegm from the intestines and stomach, so it is taboo for those with internal deficiency. Although all the medicines have the same appearance, they are actually distinguishable, so we must examine them carefully and observe them carefully. But if almonds are used to treat constipation, tangerine peel must be used as a supplement, so that the qi will begin to flow. 13. "Medicinal Symptoms": Almond mainly treats water stasis between the chest, so it treats asthma and cough, and sideways treats shortness of breath, chest congestion, heartache, and body edema. 14. "Compendium of Materia Medica": Ephedra Decoction, Daqinglong Decoction, Ephedra Almond and Licorice Gypsum Decoction, Ephedra Jiazhu Decoction, Ephedra Almond Coix and Licorice Decoction, Magnolia Ephedra Decoction, and Clam Soup are all ephedra. , almonds are used together, and ephedra is mainly used for dispersing. Its power lies in the hair orifice. If the almonds are not used to stretch the Qi in the blood collaterals, its movement will be slowed down and injured. It can be said that ephedra is to almonds what cinnamon twigs are to Peony is like jellyfish to shrimp. 15. "Compendium of Materia Medica": All benevolence and benevolence fall, so (almond) function is specially designed to reduce qi. When qi falls, phlegm will disappear and coughs will stop. It can moisturize the large intestine, so it can be used by people with gas blockage in the large intestine. The properties of almonds seem to have no pungent taste, and they seem to have only moisturizing and descending effects, but no dissolving and establishing power. However, the wind and cold are external and the lung qi is blocked, so we have to use this bitter and descending product to make the qi smooth and superficial, so it can be relieved. Ephedra decoction is used for this reason. Peach kernels and almonds have similar properties. One enters the blood component of the liver meridian, and the other enters the qi component of the lung meridian. As for detoxification and insecticide, both can be used, it depends on the user's divine ear. Harvesting and Storage Pick the fruits when they are mature in June-July. Resource distribution 1. Apricot is distributed throughout the country and is cultivated in many lines. There are wild species in Yili, Xinjiang. 2. Wild apricots are mainly produced in northern my country, cultivated or wild, especially in Hebei, Shanxi and other places. They are also produced in Shandong, Jiangsu and other places. 3. Mountain apricot is distributed in Northeast China, North China, Gansu and other places. 4. Northeast apricot is distributed in Jilin, Liaoning and other places. Prescription 1. Mahuang Decoction ("Treatise on Febrile Diseases") is used to treat exogenous wind and cold. 2. Sanao Decoction ("Taiping Huimin Heji Bureau Prescription") is used to treat wind evil, nasal congestion, heavy body weight, inability to speak, or colds, headaches and dizziness, stiffness of limbs, cough with excessive phlegm, fullness in the chest and shortness of breath. 3. Daqinglong Decoction ("Treatise on Febrile Diseases") is used to treat asthma and cough syndrome caused by wind-heat attacking the lungs, or wind-cold stagnation turning into fire and congesting the lungs. 5. Ephedra, almond, coix and licorice decoction ("Treatise on Febrile Diseases") is used to treat wind-cold and superficial dampness syndrome with rheumatism on the surface. Taboos 1. People with yin deficiency, cough and loose stools should not take it. 2. "Compendium of Materia Medica": Get Huoliang. Aversion to Scutellaria baicalensis, skullcap, and kudzu root. Fear of wormwood. 3. "Compendium of Materia Medica": It is contraindicated for cough due to yin deficiency, deficiency heat and hot phlegm in the lung. 4. "Compendium of Materia Medica": Do not use it for those with weak vitality, for fear of excessive sedimentation. 5. "Ben Jing Feng Yuan": It is especially forbidden for those who died in the blood family. 6. "Compendium of Materia Medica": It is contraindicated for those with cough and constipation due to deficiency. Animal and plant morphology 1. Apricot is a small deciduous tree, 4-10cm high; the bark is dark reddish brown and split longitudinally. Single leaves are alternate; the leaves are round-ovate or broadly oval, 5-9cm long and 4-8cm wide. The leaves bloom first in spring, and the flowers are solitary at the ends of the branches, densely planted and slightly raceme-like; the flowers are almost sessile, the base of the calyx is tubular, the outside is pubescent, and the upper part is 5-lobed; the petals are 5, white or light pink, Round to broadly obovate; numerous stamens attached to the edge of the calyx tube; pistils with single carpel attached to the base of the calyx tube. The drupe is round, sparsely obovate, more than 2.5cm in diameter. Seed 1, heart-shaped oval, light red. The flowering period is from March to April, and the fruiting period is from June to July. 2. The main characteristics of wild apricot varieties are that the base of the leaves is wedge-shaped or wide wedge-shaped; the flowers are often clustered in 2, light red; the fruit is nearly spherical, red; the core is ovoid, free from the flesh, and the surface is rough and netted. The lines and abdominal ribs are often sharp. 3. Mountain apricot is a shrub or small tree, 2-5m high. The leaves are oval or nearly round, (3-)5-10cm long and (2.5-)4-7cm wide. The flowers are solitary, 1.5-2cm in diameter; the sepals are oblong-oval, with a pointed apex; the petals are nearly round or obovate, white or pink. The fruit is oblate and spherical, 1.5-2.5cm in diameter, with flat sides. The pulp is thin and dry. It cracks when ripe. It tastes sour and cannot be eaten. The core is easy to separate from the pulp, and the base is asymmetrical and smooth on one side. The flowering period is from March to April, and the fruiting period is from June to July. 4. Northeast apricot is a large tree, 5-15m high. Young branches hairless. The leaves are oval or ovate, 6-12cm long and 3-8cm wide. Flowers pink or white; stamens numerous; ovary densely pubescent. The drupe is nearly spherical, 1.5-2.6cm in diameter, yellow; the core is nearly spherical or broadly oval, 13-18mm long, 11-18mm wide, rough, with blunt edges. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting period is from July. Effect classification Anti-cough and antiasthmatic drugs; expectorants Cultivation of medicinal plants 1. Strong adaptability of biological characteristics , drought-tolerant, cold-resistant, barren-tolerant, and salt-alkali resistant. In summer, it grows normally at a high temperature of 43.9°C; it can survive the winter safely at a low temperature of -40°C. Can be planted on flat or sloping land. The soil requirements are not strict. 2. Cultivation technology Propagation by seeds or grafting. Seed propagation: Pick mature fruits, rub the pulp away, large seeds will produce 5-10kg of seeds per 50kg, small seeds will produce 7.5-15kg of seeds per 50kg, seed purity is 98, germination rate is 86, use 1:3 wet sand mixture for winter sand storage . Spring sowing is in late March and autumn sowing is in late November (it can be sown after being placed in a ventilated place to dry in the shade). Large ridges are often used for sowing, with 1 row sown in each ridge, with a spacing of 10-15cm between plants, and 1 seed per hole. After sowing, the soil should be covered with a thickness of 5-6cm (about 3 times the diameter of the seed) and suppressed. Grafting propagation: The rootstocks are seedlings sown with apricots or mountain apricot seedlings, branches are grafted in late March, and bud grafting is carried out from early July to late August. 3. Field management: thin out the seedlings when they have 3-4 leaves. Carry out the second thinning after 2-3 weeks and irrigate in time to prevent wind damage to the roots. In case of drought, irrigate as appropriate. Pay attention to drainage during the rainy season from July to August. The seedlings are up to 45cm tall and the tender tips can be removed one month before bud grafting. Pruning is carried out from November to March of the following year, and there are three tree shapes: natural round head shape, scattered layered shape, and natural open heart shape. Topdress with fertilizer water from April to June, and apply quick-effect fertilizer once before the sprouts sprout and once during the growth period of the young fruits. Each adult tree can apply 0.25kg, and then irrigate. Pest and disease control: Diseases include apricot leaf spots. Spray 5-degree lime sulfur mixture before germination and 0.3-degree lime sulfur mixture when the leaves are unfolding. Insect pests include apricot weevil, bag moth, beetle, etc. Processing method 1. Almonds: Pick out the impurities, boil them briefly in boiling water, take them out when the skin is slightly wrinkled, soak them in cold water, remove the seed coat, dry in the sun and winnow. net. 2. Fried almonds: Place clean almonds in a pot and stir-fry over low heat until slightly yellow, take out and let cool. Identification of raw medicinal materials Microscopic identification of the cross-section of the middle part of the seed: (1) Almond outer testa cells are in 1 row, scattered in oblong, oval, and occasionally shell-shaped The yellow stone cells with a trapezoidal top are 38-95μm high and 30-57μm wide. The part buried in the thin-walled tissue has a thinner wall and more pits and grooves; the outer part has a thicker wall and fewer or no pits. Below the seed coat is a nutrient layer of cell shrinkage with fine vascular bundles. There is 1 row of endotesta cells, containing yellow material. The outer endosperm is composed of several rows of thin-walled cells. The endosperm is a row of rectangular cells containing powdery grains and fatty oil. (2) The stone cells on the seed coat surface of wild almonds are single or 2-5 (or more) scattered in the seed coat parenchyma cells. The stone cells are quasi-, polygonal, quasi-polygonal or fusiform. Shape, with large and dense pits; shell-shaped, sub-circular, oval, sub-square, sub-polygonal or fusiform in side view, 27-76 μm in radial direction, 18-60 μm wide at the bottom, protruding from the epidermal layer It is half-moon, bow-shaped or dome-shaped, accounting for about half of the height. It is lighter in color, has a wall thickness of 5-8 (-10) μm, and obvious layers and lines. The wall thickness at the bottom is 3-5 μm, and there are no or very few layers. , dense pits. (3) Almondite cells are wide and flat in surface view, almost round, oval, polygonal and square in shape, with large and dense pits; they are mostly wide shell-shaped in side view. Subround or flat fusiform, rarely oblong or oval, 46-84 μm high and 34-68 μm wide. (4) Northeastern almond stone cells are mostly tall and elongated shell-shaped, with smaller tops and gradually wider towards the base, 46-95μm high, 41-91μm wide, with fine pits and grooves. Physical and chemical identification (1) Take 0.5g of this product, put it into a test tube with a stopper, add 3ml of 5 sulfuric acid solution, shake well, and put a filter paper strip moistened with sodium trinitrophenolate solution at the mouth of the test tube , plug the stopper tightly, and heat the test tube in a 40-50°C water bath for 10 minutes. The filter paper strip changes from yellow to brick red. (2) For thin layer chromatography, take 0.5g of this product, add an equal amount of calcium carbonate*** and grind it into powder, put it into a stoppered Erlenmeyer flask, add 4ml of petroleum ether (60-90℃), and cool After soaking overnight, filter. The residue was evaporated to dryness with petroleum ether, added with 4 ml of ethanol and soaked overnight, then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and used as test sample. Amygdalin was used as the control substance. The samples were spotted on the same silica gel G thin layer plate, developed with chloroform-ethyl ethanol-ethanol (2:1:2), and developed with iodine vapor. In the chromatogram of the test product, in the chromatogram of the reference substance, spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions in the chromatogram of the reference substance. Identification of drug applications Almonds and ephedra are both drugs that belong to the lung meridian. They should always be used for cough and asthma syndrome caused by wind and cold affecting the lungs. However, ephedra tends to dissipate wind and cold to clear the lungs and relieve asthma, while almonds tend to lower qi, calm asthma and relieve coughs. If the lung qi is released and lowered normally, the cough and wheezing will subside. Moreover, ephedra has the effect of dispersing the lungs, diluting water and promoting menstruation, reducing swelling and fullness, and is commonly used to treat Feng Shui. Almonds are commonly used to relieve dampness and heat syndrome. Nature and flavor Bitter; warm; toxic Chemical identification of traditional Chinese medicine (1) Take 0.5g of this product and put it in a stopper In the test tube, add 3 ml of 5 sulfuric acid solution and shake thoroughly. Place a filter paper strip moistened with sodium trinitrophenol solution at the mouth of the test tube. Tighten the stopper. Place the test tube in a 40-50°C water bath and heat it for 10 minutes. The filter paper strip will turn yellow. Turns brick red. (Check cyanogenic glycosides) (2) For thin layer chromatography, take 0.5g of this product, add an equal amount of calcium carbonate*** and grind it into pieces, put it into a stoppered Erlenmeyer flask, and add petroleum ether (60-90 ℃) 4ml, cold soak overnight, then filter. The residue was evaporated to dryness with petroleum ether, added with 4 ml of ethanol and cold soaked overnight, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and used as test sample. Amygdalin was used as a control. The samples were spotted on the same silica gel G thin layer plate, developed with chloroform-ethyl acetate-ethanol (2:1:2), and developed with iodine vapor. In the chromatogram of the test product, spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions in the chromatogram of the reference substance. The basic source of the medicinal material is the seeds of apricot, wild apricot, mountain apricot and Northeast apricot of Rosaceae. Usage and Dosage Oral administration: decoction, 3-10g; or take into pills or powder. External use: pound and apply.