In the geopark, the combined features of landforms from top to bottom are: Zhongshan-low mountains-hills-plains. Because it is a fault mountain, there is a lack of low mountain and hilly units. The genetic types of landforms are mainly ice erosion landforms, which are the most distinctive, followed by structural landforms and flowing water landforms. Its overall feature is a multi-genetic composite landscape composed of ice erosion landform, structural landform and flowing water landform. Guanyinqiao scenic spot
Guanyin Bridge Scenic Area is located in the National Forest Park at the southern foot of Lushan Mountain, with Wulong Peak, the first peak of Lushan Mountain in the east, Hanyang Peak, the main peak of Lushan Mountain in the west, the magical Taiyi Peak in the north and Poyang Lake in the south. The scenic spot integrates the world cultural heritage, the world geological park and China natural scenic spot. The whole scenic spot is hidden in the original jungle. Known as "the first ancient bridge in the south of the Yangtze River", the Millennium national treasure Guanyin Bridge is19.4m long and 4.8m wide. Built in 10 14, it spans the Lushan Grand Canyon with great momentum and is a national key cultural relics protection unit. Lu Yu, a famous Cha Sheng in the Tang Dynasty, was named "the sixth spring in the world"; Tang Bohu, the first painter in Ming Dynasty, once drew the famous Three Gorges Bridge (now Guanyin Bridge) here. 196 1 year, Premier Zhou Enlai came to Guanyin Bridge and Niulang Zhou Xiao osmanthus, leaving a touching story. Chiang Kai-shek, the head of the Kuomintang, and his wife praised Guanyin Bridge for its good feng shui and built a palace here. Now the exhibition hall in the palace shows the photos of the most important people in modern history. In front of the palace, there is a "couple tree" cultivated by Song Jiang and his wife. The giant stone carving Mozi Pian by General Feng Yuxiang, a patriotic general of Kuomintang, is one of the largest ground stone carvings in China at present. Qixian Grand Canyon, also known as "Three Gorges Creek", is a Quaternary glacial relic formed by geological movement millions of years ago, and the clear spring rapids in the Grand Canyon have washed into twenty-four pools. Such as Yuyuantan, Yuxiantan and Jinjingtan. Guanyin Bridge Scenic Area is also a holy place of Buddhism, with Cihang Temple dedicated to Guanyin Bodhisattva in the west and Qixian Temple in the north, which is one of the five Buddhist jungles in Lushan Mountain.
Tiechuanfeng
Tiechuan Peak, commonly known as "Mast Stone", faces Longshou Cliff across the stream. One day in Jiankang (now Nanjing), Xu Xun and others were invited, which made people dream. I said my dream was broken last night and asked if it was auspicious. Xu Xun and others knew their intention, so they interpreted it as "breaking the sky on the wood, which means' no', and the public wants to make the sword soldiers, but can't move". Wang Dun was displeased after hearing this, and secretly killed his heart. Xu Xun and others also expected it, so they fled by boat. When the ship was sailing in the river, Wang Dun sent troops to chase it. Fortunately, Xu Xun learned magic, told Erlong to fly with the boat under his arm, and warned everyone to close their eyes and not to peek. When the boat flew over the purple peak of Lushan Mountain, it was foggy, and the bottom of the boat rustled in the treetops. The boatman looked at it strangely. Erlong suddenly left, and the boat immediately landed next to Shimen Cave under Zixiao Peak, becoming Tiechuan Peak. 1992, there are static pavilions and stone carvings on the Tiechuan Peak.
Overflow of overpass ice
Tianqiao ice overflow is located between Xigu U-shaped valley and Jinxiu Valley Glacier U-shaped valley. The ice flow in the West Valley overflows from the ice in the overpass into Jinxiu Valley. In the late ice age, flowing water eroded the overflow of ice and threatened a natural stone bridge, which collapsed 630 years ago.
Shimenjian ice depot
Shimenjian is about 3000 meters long and 200 meters wide. There is a trough-shaped valley, which is also glacial valley. At its exit, the bedrock and its covered ice deposits form a threshold across the valley, forming an ice ridge topography. Shimenjian, with rich water system and swift waterfalls.
Bishanwei (Xieshan)
The isolated island standing in Poyang Lake, about 90 meters high, is made of limestone, high in the east and low in the west, surrounded by cliffs. The mountain is like a shoe line, as if it were the green satin embroidered shoes that Poyang Fairy lost in the lake, and as if it were the nose of a person lying on his back on the lake. Geologically, this special glacial landform is called the tail of Bishan Mountain.
Lulin L.
Lulin Lake is located in Donggu Lulin Basin, with an altitude of1040m, so it is also called East Lake. Surrounded by mountains, pine and cypress, the scenery is beautiful. It used to be a valley in Lu Lin, with reeds and wild animals, located between Yuping and Xingzhou Peak. 1954, a dam was built between the two peaks to store water, which was completed the following year. The dam is 32m high,120m long and12m wide. The whole lake covers an area of about 90,000 square meters, and the water storage capacity is10.2 million cubic meters. The interior is used as a pumping tower and a spillway respectively. The water stored in Lulin Lake is the main water source for 65438+3000 residents in Guling Town, Lushan Mountain. From Huanglong Temple, walk along the winding stone steps for about 20 minutes, and you will arrive at Lulin Bridge. Not far from the northbound Lulin Bridge, you can reach the central small basin of Lushan Mountain, where there are palace-style buildings, Lushan Museum, Lushan Tower with modern equipment and People's Theater.
Wulaofeng
Wulaofeng is located in the southeast of Lushan Mountain. Because the top of the mountain is blocked by a pass and divided into five parallel peaks, looking up at the five old people sitting on the floor, people call the five peaks that originally came out of one mountain "Five Old Peaks". It is rooted in Poyang Lake, and its peak reaches the sky, with an altitude of1358m. Wulao Peak is steep and straight, with steep cliffs in the southeast and relatively gentle terrain in the northwest, so visitors can climb along the trail. Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, once left a farewell song here: Five Old Peaks in the southeast of Lushan Mountain, which Jin Furong cut from the blue sky. I can enjoy the beautiful scenery of Jiujiang when I reach the summit, and I will build my nest here in Yun Song.
Xiandong
Xianren Cave is a potential dissolution cave in Sinian sandstone. Sandstone has gently inclined cleavage plane, a group of steep faults and a small fault, and flowing water scours and collapses along the faults and fault surfaces to form holes. The cave is about 4 meters wide and 12 meters deep. It is a holy place for Taoist activities. U-shaped valley of xigu glacier
The well-preserved glacier U-shaped valleys on Lushan Mountain mainly include Wangjiapo U-shaped valley, Dajiaochang U-shaped valley, Donggu U-shaped valley, Xigu U-shaped valley, Qilichong U-shaped valley, Shimenjian U-shaped valley and Changlongjian U-shaped valley.
Wangjiapo U Valley: Located in the northeast of Lushan Mountain, between Da Yue Ridge and Xiaotianchi-Dazhai Ridge. U valley is more than 4000 meters long and about 700 meters wide. The elevation of the source of the valley bottom is about 800 ~ 1 1,000m, and the elevation of the front edge is about 200m. The cross section is U-shaped, the longitudinal section is slightly stepped, the upper section is relatively narrow, and the lower section is relatively wide. There are some small V-shaped valleys on the northwest side of the U-shaped valley. There is a moraine at the bottom of the valley, and moraine is among them. In the U-shaped valley, more typical glacier stripes have been discovered recently. The boulder with glacier stripe stone is more than 5 meters in diameter and slightly pentagonal. It is composed of hard and dense seasonal sandstone with five glacier stripes on it. Glacier stripes are about 5 ~ 19 cm long, 0.7 ~ 1.5 cm wide and 0.5 ~ 3 cm deep. The stripes are narrow and deep, and the walls are smooth. The long axis direction of the stripes is basically the same but different, and the overall direction is the same as that of the U-shaped valley.
U-Valley: Located between the edge ridge of daughter city and the edge ridge of dragon ridge. The elevation of the valley bottom source is about 1350m, the elevation of the valley mouth is about 1 100m, the length is about 3000m, the width is about 170m, and the remaining depth is only 30 ~ 50m. The end of U Valley is connected with Lulin Ice Room, where there are glacial moraines, and rock powder crushed and ground by glaciers is found at the bottom. During the period of 1986, Dr. Schluket, Secretary-General of the International Quaternary Federation (Professor of Zurich Institute of Technology), also found cannonball and iron-like gravel and glacier streaks here, which he thought completely conformed to the characteristics of alpine glacier deposition.
Shimenjian U-Valley: Located at the lower end of the ice room of Huanglongsi, although the U-Valley was seriously damaged by running water in the later period, the basic characteristics of the glacier U-Valley can still be recognized. The valley bottom is between 800 and 400 meters, and the length of U valley is about 1200 meters. The longitudinal section is a typical step, with ice steps and ice basins alternately arranged. At the Baizhang step of Shimenjian Waterfall is an ice step, and below it is the remains of an ice basin. At the Shimen of Diaoyutai, there used to be an ice step and an ice bank relic, and below it was an ice basin relic. In the center of the ice basin, there is a moraine mound composed of moraine mud and gravel, and further down is the famous Shimenjian ice bank. The ice dike is about 320 meters long and 80 meters wide. The saddle depression in the middle of the ice dike should be the outlet of the ice dike, and the modern valley at the southwest end of the ice dike should be the remains of the outlet of the ice dike. Outside the ice dike is an ice step, and further down is Shiva Pangu.
icehouse
The well-preserved Quaternary icehouses on Lushan Mountain include Lulin Icehouse, Huanglongsi Icehouse, Sanyi Township Icehouse and Yaowa Icehouse. The rocks that make up the igloo are gravel sandstone in South China.
Lulin Ice House: that is, the location of Lulin Lake Basin, directly below the U Valley of the University Field. The ice room is about1300m long and 750m wide. The elevation of the bottom of the ice room is about1000m, slightly inclined to the northwest. Before it was transformed into an artificial lake, it was still a natural mountain lake with moraine mud and ice ridges at Lulin Bridge.
Sanyi Township Ice Room: the current site of Lushan Botanical Garden. The icehouse is about 720m long, 4m wide and10m deep. The elevation of the bottom of the ice room is about 1000 meters. The exit is slightly inclined to the northeast, and there are still traces of ice embankment under Wang Po Pavilion.
Xigu ice table
Ice surface, also known as ice platform, refers to the phenomenon that huge glacier boulders gathered in U-shaped valleys or foothills straddle other glacier boulders. The ice surface of the U-shaped valley of Xigu Glacier is 8.9 meters long, 6. 1 meter wide and 4.5 meters high. The upper boulder is 5.6 meters long, 4.5 meters wide and 2.9 meters high.
Rock cave
Six main karst caves have been discovered in this area. The Longgong Cave in Pengze, like the Monkey Cave in Lushan Mountain, was formed by the dissolution of Cambrian argillaceous limestone 560 million years ago. The developed Longgong Cave is a unique underground art gallery with a huge scale and rich stalactites, with a length of 2.7 kilometers. The Monkey Cave is being developed, with a length of nearly 1000 meters, and its tourism value is far less than that of the Dragon Palace Cave. The Lion Cave developed in Jiujiang County belongs to the newly discovered Henggang Cave in Longdong and Ruichang, which was formed by the dissolution of the early Permian thick limestone by the later groundwater 250 million years ago. Lion Cave is divided into three layers, and stalactites are well developed, constituting more than 40 major scenic spots. Longdong is located at the west end of Hukou Bridge and has not been developed. Henggang Cave has a huge scale and a certain development prospect. The developed Yongquan Cave in Jiujiang County consists of dolomite limestone dissolved by groundwater in the Middle and Lower Triassic. There are three floors in the cave, and stalagmites, stone pillars, stone curtains and curtains are all available, forming 32 main attractions.
Sandstone undercurrent cave
Almost all these caves are located in Sinian sandstone in Lushan area. Thick sandstone layers usually form the top and bottom of caves. Most of the cave walls are composed of two groups of X-shaped shear joints. Due to the potential erosion of groundwater, this feldspar-time tuffaceous sandstone was dissolved at the intersection of several sets of shear planes or small fault zones, forming a smaller cave. For example, Fairy Cave, Ghost Cave and Papaya Cave all belong to this category. There are many crystal clusters and single crystals on the wall and ceiling of the ghost cave.
A cave built of stones.
Most of these caves are located under the steep cliffs of Lushan Mountain and consist of huge collapsed rocks. For example: Lingxiao Cave, Shenxian Cave, Guanyin Cave, Xizhi Cave, Yanzi Cave, Wulao Cave, Qianlong Cave and Long Yun Cave. Most of these caves are located under the steep cliffs at an altitude of 400-800 m, with beautiful natural environment, and often ancient temple sites and ancient and famous trees are hidden in bamboo forests, which has a high tourist grade.
hot spring
There are fault-type hot springs at the foot of Lushan Mountain, Yunshan Mountain, Jiugong Mountain and Jiuling Mountain, and the "Xing Zi Hot Spring" under Huanglong Mountain in Geopark has the highest medical value.
Xing Zi hot spring was developed as early as the Song Dynasty, and was once called Huanglongling Tangyuan. Through investigation, the hot spring contains more than 30 kinds of trace elements. It is a typical hydrogen sulfide radon spring with high medical value. It belongs to the same type as the French "Valdbay" hot spring and the British "Buy" hot spring, and its water quality is comparable to Huaqing Pool in Xi 'an. The average water temperature is 62℃, and the daily recoverable amount is 1063 tons. Xing Zi Hot Spring Sanatorium has a beautiful environment and has already become a scenic spot.
Rising spring
There are many rising springs in the geopark, most of which are distributed along the fault zone, such as Baochun Spring, Ganlu Spring, Yangyanquan, Taohua Spring and Qingxin Spring. The water quality is good, both enjoyable and drinkable. Some rising springs have a daily flow of more than 2,200 tons and good water quality, such as Zhu Jin Spring in Haihui, Yunhui Spring in Mumachang and Cold Spring in Saiyang. Although some springs have small flow, their water quality is very good, such as Zhao Yinquan in Guanyin Bridge (the sixth spring in the world), Bailongquan under Wulaofeng, Qishengquan, and a drop of spring in Xianren Cave. Tolin Temple and Xiufeng Lingquan are well-known, but the water quality is not good.
Gu Jing
Jiujiang wave well depth14.7m. Well water communicates with the water phase of the Yangtze River. When the Yangtze River rises, waves will rise in the well, which was dug by Guan Ying in 20 1 BC.
Artificial reservoir
The huge Zhelin Lake Reservoir between Yongxiu and Wuning County covers an area of about 308 kilometers, which is very similar to Qiandao Lake between Zhejiang and Anhui. There are more than 900 islands in the lake, which have been initially developed into water tourist areas. In addition, Lulin Lake and Ruqin Lake at the top of Lushan Mountain are also two important scenic spots. Stone Niu Shan Reservoir, Cheng Nan Reservoir, Kannonji Reservoir and Lin Jing Reservoir under Lushan Mountain are also large in scale, which also play a certain role in setting off and embellishing the scenery of Lushan Mountain.
Lotus lake
Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China, and it is a connecting river lake of Ganjiang River. The main channel of Ganjiang River is at the bottom of the lake, which is a typical water-crossing lake. About 2050 years ago, the outflow of Meijiazhou supported the Ganjiang River to enter the Yangtze River. Coupled with the subsidence of the earth's crust, the water in the lower part of the Ganjiang River became a lake, and there are still two ancient county sites in the lake. Poyang Lake in the north of Xing Zi County was once a part of the ancient "Peng". Poyang Lake in the south of Xing Zi County used to be called Luoxing Lake. It is said that the Lake District was once a crater, and the "Devil's Triangle" of the Laoye Temple was underwater. Some people think it has something to do with high magnetic meteorites at the bottom of the lake.
This 5,500-kilometer Lotus Lake covers only about 500 kilometers in winter, forming the largest wetland in China. Every winter, more than 380,000 migratory birds from 236 species come to the wetland for winter, and 98% of the world's rarest cranes come here for winter. Therefore, Poyang Lake is an ideal water amusement park in summer and a tourist attraction to watch migratory birds in winter.
Waterfall spring bitan
Almost all the great waterfalls with tourism value in this area are concentrated on the cliffs around Lushan Mountain, especially in the eastern part of Lushan Mountain. "Kuanglu Waterfall, mountains and rivers are better" is worthy of the name. There are more than 20 famous waterfalls alone, which combine formal beauty, ethereal beauty, magical beauty, dynamic beauty and sound beauty. Lushan Waterfall, Yandang Longba 'er and Huangshan Stalagmite are also called "the three wonders of the world". Almost all the waterfalls and springs in Lushan Mountain have the same characteristics in spatial form and structure. There is a stone gate-shaped crack at the upper end, the main waterfall in the middle, and a Bitan under the waterfall.
Lushan Mountain has many cliffs, well-developed vegetation, abundant rainfall, vertical and horizontal streams, especially waterfalls. For example, there are seven waterfalls in a 800-meter stream in a ditch in the Red Valley. The largest is Sandiequan Waterfall, with a drop of 150m. Xiufeng Huangyan Waterfall, as early as Li Bai's poem "Rizhao incense burner produces purple smoke, and the waterfall hangs far in front of Sichuan". Flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way fell for nine days and became famous all over the world. Gulianquan Waterfall in Kangwang Valley has the best water quality, and Lu Yu, a doctor of tea in the Tang Dynasty, named it the first spring in the world. The rocks next to the Scissors Gorge Waterfall are also scissor-like folds (sharp-edged folds), and the rocks next to the Wulong Waterfall form a natural stone dragon-like distortion, which has a high tourist grade.
Compound landform
Lushan Mountain is a special landscape, which is a multi-genetic composite landscape composed of structural landscape, ice erosion landscape and running water landscape.
While the ancient Poyang Lake was formed in the Late Cretaceous, the embryonic form of Lushan fault block mountain was formed. It was not until the Himalayan orogeny of Paleogene and Neogene that the magnificent Lushan fault block mountain was formed.
Three million years later, the Quaternary Great Ice Age came, and there were four ice ages in Lushan Mountain. This marine piedmont glacier has a particularly strong scouring effect. On the basis of Gaodun Mountain, a series of glacial landforms, such as ridge, ice bucket, ice room, U valley and fire pond, have been formed.
During the Late Glaciation since 65438+100000 years ago, due to abundant rainfall and developed water system in Lushan Mountain, the structural landform and glacier landform of fault block mountain were strongly transformed under the strong erosion of flowing water, forming a series of unique flowing water landforms. Cliff and glacier ridge become steep peaks and valleys, and U valley forms new peaks and valleys, with cliffs and cliffs, which lays the foundation for the formation of a large number of waterfalls.
Tectonic denudation accumulation landform
The landforms in Zhu Ling area on the western edge of Lushan Mountain are almost all depressions formed in the anticline, but mountains are formed in the syncline. Hard Devonian glutenite constitutes the main peak of the mountain, which is similar to Zhangjiajie in western Hunan, but far less steep and steep, so its tourism value is far less than Zhangjiajie.
A series of late Pleistocene sand hills, such as Songmen Mountain, Shaling Mountain, Laoyemiao and Meijiazhou, are distributed along the coast of Poyang Lake and the south bank of the Yangtze River. They are the riverbed sediments of the ancient Ganjiang River in the late Pleistocene, and were accumulated on the low slopes of the river bank by strong winds in the drought period. The sand layer is more than 20 meters thick, forming a unique desert tourism landscape in the lakeside area, especially Shaling Mountain and Laoye Temple.
Geology Museum
On the bank of Lulin Lake, there is a villa-style building that combines Chinese and western styles. That is the place where Mao Zedong once lived during his stay in Lushan Mountain, which is called Lulin Mountain Villa. Because the room number is 1, it is also called "Lulin No.1". The villa was built in 196 1, with a single flat roof and an inner courtyard, with a total area of 2,700 square meters. 1984 changed to the location of the museum. Lushan Museum has specially set up a Quaternary Glacier showroom, which has collected and displayed a large number of related physical specimens, pictures and documents. 1988 and 1996 have been revised twice, enriching the new contents. Over the years, it has provided a good place for geological scientists, teachers and students in colleges and universities and tourists to study, teach and understand geoscience. After the opening of Lushan National Geopark and World Geopark, in order to comprehensively introduce the geological landscape, history of geological science and other landscapes of the Geopark to Chinese and foreign tourists, educate them on geological science and environmental protection knowledge, and spread the knowledge of earth science, the management committee of Lushan World Geopark established the Lushan geological museum on the basis of the original Quaternary Glacier showroom, further enriching the exhibition contents, adding "Lushan Regional Geological History Exhibition", "Lushan Composite Landform Landscape Exhibition Room" and "Lushan National (World) There are four exhibition halls in geological museum, Lushan Mountain, of which the exhibition hall of geological evolution history of Lushan Mountain is 52.7 square meters, and the exhibition line 18.6 meters. The two exhibition halls of metamorphic core complex and fault mountain formation and composite landform landscape are both 30.36 square meters, the former exhibition line 15.7 meters and the latter exhibition line 12 meters. The exhibitions of "Lushan geological museum" and "Lushan World Geopark" are all on the wall of the outdoor corridor of the exhibition hall of "Lushan Geological Evolution History".