(1) The Western Zhou Dynasty was an important period for the development of slave society in China, and the nature of the city was strictly planned. "Zhou Li's Examination of Gong Ji" records that "artisans govern the country, with a square nine miles, three sides, nine latitudes in junior high school, nine tracks in painting, left ancestors and right sects, and the former dynasty is in the city, and the city is in the city." This thought basically became the ideological system of China ancient urban planning and construction; ?
(2) "A hundred schools of thought contend" came into being in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which is a pluralistic era of China's ancient urban planning thought, that is, Confucianism, which is in the same strain as "Zhou Li taking an examination of Gong Ji", maintained the traditional social hierarchy and religious etiquette, and there was also the idea of "crossing the clock" represented by the pipe, which emphasized that "because of natural resources, it is convenient for the city, so the city wall does not have to be in the middle of the rules and the road does not have to be in the middle of the scale"; △ However, since Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone", the idea of advocating etiquette with Confucianism was conducive to consolidating the rule of imperial power. Because the urban form recorded in Li Zhoukao Gong Ji is more completely reflected than the influence of the ancient capital of China. ?
China's ancient planning thought and typical cities (craftsman's thought of governing the country and city construction)?
(1) In Zhou Li's Examination of Gong Ji, it is recorded that "artisans govern the country, with a square nine miles, three gates beside it, nine classics in junior high school, nine traces after painting, Zuo Zu You She, the former dynasty and the market outlook, and one city to one lady." Most ancient capitals in China were built according to this idea, the most typical ones being Yecheng in Cao Wei and Dadu in Yuan Dynasty. ?
(2) Guan Zi thinks that the location of urban land should be "not close to the hills is high, but with sufficient water, not close to the water is a trench to prevent the province", "because of natural materials, we have the right place, so the city walls don't have to be in the rules, and the roads don't have to be in the line". (See question 6 for details. The city affected by the pipeline is Nanjing, with complex terrain. The Yangtze River flows from southwest to northeast, surrounded by mountains, and only the middle part is flat. It is a typical irregular capital of China in ancient times. The city has a well-managed palace area and a downtown area that reflects the spontaneous growth of commerce and handicrafts. ?
Perfection and development of residential areas in different historical periods
The residential areas of ancient cities in China were called "Green Lane". Li is always a closed residential unit. Lu's room is a door. This is a strictly managed lifestyle.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, this strictly managed housing system developed to the extreme, forming the "Li Fang System" characterized by strict management. For example, let the city square rise and fall with the drums of the morning curtain, and officials' houses above the third class are not allowed to open doors on the walls of the square, and so on. Second, the area is very large. ?
At the end of this period, the strict square system in Tang Dynasty was gradually abandoned. The residential area in Song Dynasty was completely different from that in Tang Dynasty. It is a group of courtyards connected by streets and alleys. Although there are still workshops at this time, the names of the archway and bookstore are set at the entrance of the community, which is similar to the description on the map of Pingjianglou in the Song Dynasty. The residential area is divided into long strips by lanes, which are made up of several courtyards connected in parallel. There are often brand dragon buildings, gatehouses and some small shops serving life in the alley mouth, and sometimes doors are set up for safety reasons.
The layout of towns and director areas in water network areas is directly related to the river network water system. The residential area develops in a strip along the river, with the front street and back street of the house or the back street of the front river. There is a strip-shaped residential area between the river and the road. Rivers become an extension of living space. Rivers are also traffic passages. There are many bridges on the river, and the bridge head is often the center of living supply and social activities in residential areas.