About Cao Cao
Cao Cao, Emperor Wu of the Wei Dynasty (July 18, 155 AD - 220 AD), whose courtesy name was Mengde, whose nicknames were Amo and Jili, was born in Pei Guoqiao (now Anhui). Bozhou) people. An outstanding politician, strategist, writer, poet and Han nationality in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. His poems are known for their generosity and tragedy. In terms of politics and military affairs, Cao Cao eliminated many separatist forces, unified most of northern China, and implemented a series of policies to restore economic production and social order, laying the foundation for the founding of Cao Wei. In terms of literature, under the promotion of Cao Cao and his son, the Jian'an literature represented by the "Three Caos" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, and Cao Zhi) was formed, which is known as the "Jian'an style" in history, and left a glorious mark in the history of literature.
Cao Cao was buried in Gaoling after his death. After the establishment of Cao Wei, Cao Cao was revered as "Emperor Wu", his temple name was "Taizu", and he was known as Emperor Wu of Wei in history.
About Li Bai
The tide of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty was magnificent and varied. Among them, the most eye-catching and touching ones are Li Bai's creations. Li Bai's poetry most fully and most concentratedly embodies the spiritual outlook of that era. The full youthful enthusiasm, the vigorous spirit of striving for liberation, the positive and optimistic ideal outlook, and the strong personality all combine to form a particularly energetic song in the history of ancient Chinese poetry.
His father, Li Ke (or his real name is unknown, "Ke" is a general term for outsiders), did not seek a job but his family was wealthy, so people speculated that he might be a wealthy businessman. Li Bai spent his teenage years in Shu. He has been widely involved in reading since he was a child. It is said that "reciting Liujia at the age of five and observing hundreds of schools of thought at the age of ten" ("History of Pei Chang of Shang'an Prefecture"), "watching wonders at the age of fifteen" He wrote a poem about Ling Xiangru ("A Presentation to Zhang Xianghao"). When he was young, he was a swordsman and a knight. "Books with Han Jingzhou" says: "Fifteen years of good swordsmanship has spread to all the princes. "Wei Hao said that he had "bright eyes, trembling like a hungry tiger... he was a young knight, and he could kill many people with his hands" ("Preface to the Collection of Li Hanlin"). Cui Zongzhi also wrote in the poem "Gift to Li Twelve Whites" that "there is something in his sleeves" Sentences such as "dagger and sword" and "eyes that illuminate people" describe his demeanor. Much later, he reminisced with his friends and recalled with great interest the past when he fought his way out of the siege of the evil young men in Wuling (see "Reminiscing the past with Jiangyang Zailu Diao") .
He has longed for the life of wandering immortals for a long time: "I have traveled to immortals for fifteen years, and my immortal travels have never stopped. " (Part 5 of "Eight Poems for Feelings") When he was eighteen or nineteen years old, Li Bai once lived in seclusion in Dakuang Mountain, Daitian, and learned from Zhao Rui. Zhao Rui was a man who "walked the world in the way of kings and hegemons" (Sun Guangxian's "Bei Meng" Li Bai met Su Ting at the age of twenty, and won the praise of this "great master of the imperial court" and a great writer. In the autumn of the twelfth year of Kaiyuan (724), Li Bai "went to the country with his sword, said goodbye to his relatives and traveled far away" ("Historical Records of Pei Chang of Shang'an Prefecture"). He traveled south along the Pingqiang River from Emei Mountain to Jingmen, and then visited Dongting. He went to Jinling, Guangling, Kuaiji and other places, and soon returned to Zhouxi and lived in Yuncheng (now Anlu, Hubei). The famous Taoist Sima Chengzhen met him in Jiangling and praised him for his "immortal spirit and Taoism." "Wandering with the gods to the eight extremes" (Li Bai's "Dapeng Fu·Preface"). In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan, he married the granddaughter of his late prime minister Xu Yu. Three years later, in the eighteenth year of Kaiyuan (730), Li Bai set out from Nanyang to Chang'an, when he was thirty years old.
Li Bai first entered Chang'an for about three years. He lived in seclusion in Zhongnan Mountain and traveled widely, hoping to be recommended by the princes and princes at that time. Princess Yuzhen's villa was located in Zhongnan Mountain, and literati (including famous poets such as Wang Wei and Chu Guangxi) often visited her. Li Bai failed to get acquainted with the princess and finally left in the 20th year of Kaiyuan. (732) In the summer, Li Bai went eastward along the Yellow River and roamed Jiangxia, Luoyang, Taiyuan and other places. In the twenty-fourth year, he moved his family eastward and "came to Shandong to learn swordsmanship" ("Donglu went to Wen Shangwen in May"). "). When he lived in Rencheng, he drank heavily with Kong Chaofu and others at Culai Mountain, and was known as "Zhuxi Liuyi". Later, he traveled around Henan, Huainan, Hunan and Hubei, climbing Mount Tai in the north and Mount Tai in the south. When he went to Hangzhou, Kuaiji and other places, wherever he went, he was chanted and his poems spread far and wide, shocking both the government and the public, and finally even the emperor was alarmed.
About Du Fu
Du Fu (712~770), also known as Zimei, named himself Shaoling Yelao, No. 1 Duling Yelao, Du Ling Buyi, known as Du Shaoling in the world, and Du Gongbu . Han nationality, whose ancestral home is Xiangyang, Hubei (now Xiangfan City, Hubei Province), and was born in Gong County (now Gongyi City), Henan Province, China. Died in Leiyang City. Leiyang today has sites such as Du Fu's Tomb, Du Gongbu Temple, Du Ling Bridge, Du Ling Academy and other key cultural relics protection units in Hunan Province. On the basis of Du Fu's sites, there is Du Fu Park. In the past dynasties, only Du Fu's tomb, Du Gong's ancestral hall and Du Fu's Thatched Cottage in Chengdu have more than 60 poems.
Du Fu had a rough life. He was a great realist poet in the Tang Dynasty of my country and a world cultural celebrity. He was also known as "Li Du" together with Li Bai. Du Fu once served as a member of Zuo Shiyi and the Ministry of Inspection and Engineering, so later generations called him Du Gongbu. He is good at ancient style and rhythmic poetry, and has various styles. The four words "depressed and frustrated" accurately summarize the style of his own works, and he is mainly depressed. Du Fu lived during the historical period when the Tang Dynasty was transitioning from prosperity to decline. His poems mostly dealt with social unrest, political darkness, and people's suffering. His poems are known as the "History of Poetry" and later generations respectfully call him the "Sage of Poetry." Du Fu was concerned about the country and the people, with noble personality and exquisite poetic skills. Du Fu wrote more than 1,400 poems in his life, many of which are famous poems that have been passed down through the ages, such as "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", and there is "Du Gongbu Ji" handed down to the world; among them, "Three Officials" is "Shi Hao" Officials", "Xin'an Officials" and "Tongguan Officials", the "three farewells" are "Newlywed Farewell", "Homeless Farewell" and "Elderly Farewell". Du Fu's poems have the largest and most widespread circulation among Tang poems. He is one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty and has a profound influence on later generations.
Du Fu’s distant ancestor is Du Yu, who was famous in the Jin Dynasty. Great-grandfather Du Yiyi once served as Gong Ling. His grandfather was Du Shenyan, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty, who was an official and a member of the dining department and had his own autobiography. In his youth, he traveled to what is now Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hebei, and Shandong, and met Li Bai twice. The two formed a deep friendship. His father, Du Xian, held the position of Fengtian.
Du Fu and Du Mu are distant relatives, and they are both descendants of Du Yu, the general who destroyed Sun Wu in the Jin Dynasty (Du Fu is the 20th grandson of Du Yu).
About Su Shi
Su Shi (January 8, 1037 - August 24, 1101), also known as Zizhan and Hezhong, also known as "Dongpo Jushi", was famous in the world. Call it "Su Dongpo". He was a famous writer, calligrapher, painter, and poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, and a representative of the bold and unconstrained poets. Han nationality, a native of Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan, Meishan City in the Northern Song Dynasty), and his ancestral home is Luancheng. Historical records record that Su Shi was more than eight feet three inches tall (186cm). Su Shi was an open-minded and broad-minded person. In the sixth year of Emperor Gaozong's reign in the Song Dynasty, he gave it to his grand master. Su Shi was Su Xun's second son. In the second year of Jiayou's reign (1057), he and his younger brother Su Zhe were promoted to Jinshi. He was awarded the title of Dali judge and signed a letter to the judge of Fengxiang Mansion. In the second year of Xining (1069), when his father's mourning period expired, he returned to the court and sued the court for the magistrate. He had political disagreements with Wang Anshi and opposed the implementation of the new law (not completely disagreeing with it, but still partially agreeing with it), so he asked for a foreign post and became the general judge of Hangzhou. He moved to Mizhou (now Zhucheng, Shandong) and then to Xuzhou. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), he suffered the "Wutai Poetry Case" and was responsible for being appointed deputy envoy of Tuanlian in Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei). He was placed in the state and was not allowed to sign official documents. Zhe Zongli, Empress Dowager Gao came to the court, and was restored to the imperial court of Fenglang Zhidengzhou (today's Penglai, Shandong); four months later, he moved to be a doctor in the Ministry of Rites; within ten days of his appointment, in addition to the living room staff, he moved to the middle school room, and then moved to the middle school room. A Hanlin scholar knows how to make imperial edicts (second grade) and how to pay tribute to the Ministry of Rites. In the fourth year of Yuanyou (1089), he went to Hangzhou, and later changed his knowledge to Yingzhou, Yangzhou and Dingzhou. In the eighth year of Yuanyou (1093), Zhezong was in charge of his own affairs and was demoted to Huizhou (today's Huiyang, Guangdong) and then to Changhua Army (today's Danzhou City, Hainan). Huizong ascended the throne and returned to the north after being pardoned. He died in Changzhou (now Jiangsu Province) in 1101, the first year of Jianzhong's reign, and was buried in Jiacheng County, Ruzhou (now Jiaxian County, Henan Province) at the age of sixty-six. He, his father Su Xun (1009-1066) and his younger brother Su Zhe (1039-1112) are all famous for literature, and are known as "Three Sus" in the world; together with the "Three Cao Father and Son" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi) in the late Han Dynasty , Cao Zhi) are equally famous. "Three Su" are three of the Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties. The Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties are the collective name for the eight representative prose writers in the Tang and Song Dynasties, namely Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che, Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong (divided into two families of Tang Dynasty and six families of Song Dynasty).
As an outstanding poet, he pioneered a bold style of writing, and was called "Su Xin" together with the outstanding poet Xin Qiji. In poetry, he is called "Su Huang" together with Huang Tingjian. Su Shi's works include "Dongpo Seven Collections", "Dongpo Yuefu" and "Before and After Red Cliff Ode", etc. Politically, it belongs to the old party led by Sima Guang. He has made great achievements in calligraphy, and together with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu and Cai Xiang, he is known as the "Four Masters of Song Dynasty". There is inevitably some political thought in the poem.
About Lu Xun
Lu Xun (1881.9.25-1936.10.19), a famous literary giant in my country, was originally named Zhou Zhangshou, and later changed his name to Zhou Shuren, with the courtesy name Yuting, and later It was also changed to Hencai, a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Lu Xun was a great proletarian writer, thinker, revolutionary, and the leader of China's cultural revolution.
Lu Xun was born in Dongchangfangkou, Fucheng, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, and is of Han nationality. He lost his father when he was young and lived in poverty, relying on his mother and sister to help others wash clothes to make ends meet. He had more than a hundred pen names. In May 1918, he used "Lu Xun" as his pen name for the first time and published the first vernacular novel "A Madman's Diary" in the history of Chinese literature. His works are mainly novels and essays. His representative works include: the novel collection "Scream", "Wandering" and "New Stories", the essay collection "Morning Blossoms Picked Up at Dusk" (originally called "Revisiting Old Things"), and the vernacular novel "Diary of a Madman" , prose poetry collections such as "Hometown" and "Weeds", and 18 collections of essays including "Grave", "Hot Wind", "Huagai Collection", "Nanqianbei Diao Collection", "Sanxian Collection", "Two Hearts Collection" and "Just Collection".
Dozens of Mr. Lu Xun’s novels, essays, poems, and essays have been selected into Chinese textbooks for middle schools and primary schools. (Among them, "Young Runtu" is the 17th lesson in the first volume of the sixth grade of primary school), and the novels "Blessing" and "The True Story of Ah Q" have been adapted into movies. Lu Xun museums and memorial halls have been established in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xiamen and other places. At the same time, his works have been translated into more than 50 languages ??including English, Japanese, Russian, Spanish and French. Lu Xun used his pen as a weapon and fought for his whole life. He was praised by Chairman Mao as the "soul of the nation". On September 14, 2009, he was named "one of the 100 heroic models who have made outstanding contributions to the founding of New China."
About Hawking
Stephen William Hawking (English name Stephen William Hawking) was born in Oxford, England on January 8, 1942 [1], which was the 300th anniversary of Galileo's death. He graduated from Oxford University and Cambridge University successively, and received a doctorate in philosophy from Cambridge University. The reason why he has been in a wheelchair for 46 years is because he unfortunately suffered from Lou Gehrig's disease, which causes muscle atrophy when he was 21 years old. His speeches and questions and answers can only be completed through a speech synthesizer. He is a professor at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. He is the most important contemporary general relativity and cosmologist. He is one of the internationally renowned great men of this century. He is known as the greatest living scientist. He is also known as "King of the Universe". In the 1970s, he and Penrose proved the famous singularity theorem, for which they jointly won the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1988. He is therefore known as the world's most famous scientific thinker and most outstanding theoretical physicist after Einstein. He also proved the area theorem of a black hole, which states that the area of ??a black hole does not decrease as time increases. This naturally leads people to relate the area of ??a black hole to the thermodynamic entropy. In 1973, he considered the quantum effects near black holes and found that black holes emit radiation like a black body. The temperature of its radiation is inversely proportional to the mass of the black hole. In this way, the black hole will slowly become smaller due to radiation, while the temperature will become higher and higher. It ends with a last-minute explosion. The discovery of black hole radiation is of extremely fundamental significance, unifying gravity, quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics.
After 1974, his research turned to quantum gravity theory. Although a successful theory has not yet been developed, some of its characteristics have been discovered. For example, space-time is not flat at the Planck scale (10^-33 centimeters), but is in a bubble state. There is no pure state in quantum gravity, and the causality is destroyed, thus raising the unknowability from classical statistical physics and quantum statistical physics to the third level of quantum gravity.
After 1980, his interest turned to quantum cosmology.
In July 2004, Hawking revised his original view of the "black hole paradox" and stated that information should be conserved.
The subtitle of this book is From the Big Bang to Black Holes. Hawking believed that his lifetime contribution was to prove the inevitability of black holes and the Big Bang singularity in the framework of classical physics. Black holes become larger and larger; but in the framework of quantum physics, he pointed out that black holes become larger and larger due to radiation. Becoming smaller and smaller, the singularity of the Big Bang is not only smoothed out by quantum effects, but the entire universe began here.
The details of theoretical physics will change over the next 20 years, but as far as concepts are concerned, it is now quite complete.
Hawking's life is very legendary. In terms of scientific achievements, he is one of the most outstanding scientists in history. His contribution was that he was confined to a wheelchair by Lou Gehrig's disease for 20 years. Made under circumstances that are truly unprecedented. Because his contributions had a profound impact on human concepts, there have been many media accounts of his struggle with general paralysis. Therefore, God is fair to everyone. He has physical disabilities, but he is very smart! Despite this, the scene when one of the translators (Wu Zhongchao) met him for the first time in 1979 is still vivid in his mind. It was the first time I attended the discussion class of Hawking's general relativity group in Cambridge. After the door opened, suddenly a very weak electrical sound sounded behind my head. When I looked back, I saw a skinny man lying on an electric wheelchair. He drives the electric switch himself. The translator tried to be polite and not show too much surprise, but he was used to the surprise of those who saw him for the first time at the extent of his disability. It took a lot of effort for him to hold his head up. Before losing his voice, he could only speak in a very weak and deformed language. This language could only be understood after working and living with him for several months. He cannot write, and reading must rely on a machine that turns pages. When reading documents, he must have each page spread out on a large desk, and then he drives the wheelchair to read page by page like a silkworm eating mulberry leaves. People have to have deep respect from the bottom of their hearts for the fact that there are souls among human beings who pursue the ultimate truth with such a strong will. From his help with the translator's personal affairs, we can see that he is a person with a rich humane touch. Every day he had to drive his wheelchair from his home at No. 5 Cambridge West Road, past the beautiful River Cam and the ancient King's College, to the offices of the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics on Silver Street. The department built a ramp specifically to facilitate his wheelchair.
One of the translators of this book studied under Hawking for four years and completed his doctoral thesis under his guidance. This book was translated into Chinese at the request of Hawking so that one-fifth of the human population can understand his theories.
He also proved the area theorem of black holes. At the University of Cambridge, which is rich in academic tradition, the position he held was the most lofty professorship in the history of Cambridge University, which was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics held by Newton and Dirac. He holds several honorary degrees and is a fellow of the Royal Society. In public evaluation, he is regarded as one of the most outstanding theoretical physicists after Albert Einstein. He proposed that the Big Bang began at a singularity, and that time begins from this moment, and that black holes will eventually evaporate. He took an important step in unifying the two basic theories of 20th century physics - Einstein's theory of relativity and Planck's quantum theory. .
He suffered from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and was confined to a wheelchair for 40 years. Turning it into an advantage, he overcame his disability and became a supernova in the international physics community. He couldn't write and couldn't even speak clearly, but he transcended theories such as relativity, quantum mechanics, and the Big Bang and entered the "geometric dance" that created the universe. Even though he was sitting so helplessly in a wheelchair, his mind brilliantly traveled across the vastness of time and space and solved the mysteries of the universe.
Hawking’s charm lies not only in the fact that he is a legendary physics genius, but also in the fact that he is an impressive leader in life. His scientific spirit of constant exploration and brave and tenacious personality deeply attracted everyone who knew him.
Suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, he is nearly paralyzed and unable to pronounce. However, he still published "A Brief History of Time" in 1988. It has sold more than 10 million copies and has become one of the best-selling popular science books in the world.
He is hailed by the world as "the greatest living scientist", "another Einstein", "an out-and-out strong man in life" and "a person who dares to challenge fate".
Early years
Hawking was born in Oxford, England, in 1942. The day of his birth happened to be the 300th anniversary of Galileo's death. His father, Frank, was a tropical disease expert who graduated from Oxford University. His mother, Isabel, was born in the 1930s. Oxford studies philosophy, politics and economics.
In January 1942, the Nazi German army bombed England indiscriminately, and London suffered almost non-stop air raids every night. This forced the Hawkings to move from their home in Highgate and seek refuge in Oxford. They returned to London after Hawking was born. When Hawking was a child, his academic performance was not outstanding, but he liked to design extremely complex toys. It is said that they once made a simple computer.
In 1959, 17-year-old Hawking entered the University College of Oxford University to study natural sciences. He claimed that he obtained a first-class honorary degree in a very short time. He then transferred to Cambridge University to study cosmology. In 1963, he was Diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a motor neuropathy, doctors at the time gave him only two years to live. Although he survived, he gradually became paralyzed and lost the ability to speak over the next few decades.
Hawking once clarified that he was not drunk at the time. He only felt that he had a "tragic character" and indulged himself in Wagner's music. Until he met his first wife, Jane Wilde, and they had three children after marriage. At the age of 23, he obtained a doctorate and stayed at Cambridge University to conduct research.
About Beethoven
"Strive to do good, love and freedom above all else, even if you forget the throne, don't forget the truth." - Beethoven (1792 Notes)
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was a great German composer and one of the representatives of the Vienna Classical School. He was responsible for the development of world music (from the classical period to the romantic period). He plays a decisive role and is respected as the "Sage of Music" by the world.
Beethoven was born on December 16, 1770 in Bonn, a small town on the Rhine River not far from France. He was born into the Flemish family, a musical family. His grandfather, Luttwik, was the conductor of the Bonn Court Orchestra, and his father was an alcoholic tenor singer. His mother was a maid, the daughter of a cook. Beethoven's musical talent has been revealed since he was a child. His father was eager to train him to become a prodigy like Mozart. He was kept at home with the violin since he was a child, or was forced to practice next to the harpsichord all day long. At the age of eight, he began to perform in concerts and try to compose music. However, the music education he received during this period has been very fragmented and unsystematic. The most recognized portrait of Beethoven
At the age of twelve, he was already able to play freely and served as the assistant of the organist Christian Gottlob Neefe (1748-1798). It was at this time that he began to formally study music with Nie Fei. Nie Fei was a musician with many talents. He expanded Beethoven's artistic vision, made Beethoven familiar with some excellent examples of German classical art, and consolidated Beethoven's understanding of lofty purposes. Beethoven's formal learning and systematic upbringing actually began with Nie Fei's careful teaching and training: Nie Fei also guided him to Vienna to teach Mozart in 1787. After hearing his performance, Mozart predicted that Beethoven would one day shock the world. Beethoven received news of his mother's death soon after arriving in Vienna, and he had to rush back to Bonn immediately. Due to family burdens, he did not come to Vienna for the second time until the death of his father in the autumn of 1792, but by this time Mozart was no longer alive. After Beethoven came to Vienna for the second time, he quickly won the title of Vienna's most outstanding performer (especially improvisation).
Later, he studied first with Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809), and later with Schenck, Johann Albrechtsberger (1736-1809) and Antonio Salieri. , 1750-1825) and others studied. Through his contacts with the intellectual Breining in Bonn, he came into contact with many famous professors, writers and musicians at that time, and from them he was influenced by the ideological trend of the "Turbulence Movement". His democratic ideas had reached maturity in the years before the French Revolution, but they grew particularly rapidly during the revolutionary years. Beethoven's plaster cast of Ludwig van Beethoven
The progressive ideology of the French bourgeois revolution in 1789 inspired him a lot, thus laying the foundation for his humanistic world. He believed deeply in human equality and pursued justice and individuality. Freedom, hating the oppression of feudal autocracy. Although the three famous composers of the Vienna Classical School lived in a very close era, Beethoven's thoughts obviously did not belong to the same "era" as Haydn and Mozart. Haydn was humiliated throughout his life. Although he was occasionally provoked, he always accepted it. The progressive literary trends and revolutionary sentiments at that time rarely excited him, and his music was always insulated from struggle. Mozart suffered no less spiritually than Haydn. He was brave enough to resist and would rather be poor than endure the insult of the archbishop. However, in his music, behind the joy full of sunshine and youthful vitality, you can often still feel a trace of it. Emotions of pain, melancholy and sadness. Only Beethoven not only angrily opposed the tyranny of the feudal system, but also used his music to call on people to fight for freedom and happiness. Most of Beethoven's creations during his Bonn period (1782-1792) were small piano pieces, ensembles and songs. During this period, it can be said that he was only in the preparatory stage of creation. Among his creations in the first ten years (1792-1802) in Vienna, the only famous works are "Pathétique", "Moonlight" Piano Sonata, "Kreutzer" Violin Sonata and Third Piano Concerto. But during this period, he gained a better understanding of social and political issues, and was able to realize the goals he wanted to pursue. From 1802 to 1812, his creation entered a mature period, which later became his "heroic age".
Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven's Pianoforte The maturation process of Beethoven's creative activities appears to be quite slow on the surface, but in fact it is very stable. He only began to write his first symphony when he was thirty years old. At this age, Mozart had already written about forty symphonies.
Beethoven’s life was very bumpy and he became deaf in his later years. He had felt his hearing gradually weakening since 1796 when he was 26 years old. However, it was not until 1801, when he was convinced that his ear disease was incurable, that he Tell his friends about this. However, his love for art and life overcame his personal pain and despair - suffering became the source of his creative power. When such a spiritual crisis reached its peak, Beethoven overcame many difficulties with a strong will and began to compose his optimistic third "Eroic" Symphony. The "Eroica" Symphony marked a spiritual turning point for Beethoven and also marked the beginning of his "Heroic Age" of creation.
In the latter period of Beethoven's stay in Vienna, because Europe was experiencing a period of severe political reaction, that is, a period when Metternich's reactionary rule was particularly rampant, his creations also temporarily declined (1813- 1817). From 1818 onwards, during the last ten years of Beethoven's life (1818-1827), despite being completely deaf, suffering from deteriorating health, living in poverty, and suffering mental torture, he still created """" with giant-like perseverance. The Ninth "Chorus" Symphony" summarizes his glorious and epic life and shows the best wishes of mankind.
Beethoven died in Vienna on March 26, 1827; no relatives were beside him when he died, but when he was buried on the 29th of the same month, a mass wave was formed, and all schools were Classes were suspended to express condolences, and 20,000 people escorted his coffin. His tombstone was engraved with the inscription by the Austrian poet Greer Bacze (1791-1872): "When you stand in front of his coffin, the shadow of Yours is not dejection, but a noble feeling; only for a person like him can we say: He has accomplished a great cause... Ludwig van Beethoven's Desk
Beethoven is one of the great composers in the history of world art. His creations embody his giant-like character and reflect the progressive thoughts of that era. Its image of revolutionary heroism can be expressed as "through suffering - to joy; It can be summarized through "struggle - victory". His works are both magnificent and simple, and their music is rich in content and easy to be understood and accepted by the audience. Beethoven's music embodies the sentiments of the people of his time. Pain and joy, struggle and victory, so it always inspired people and inspired people's fighting spirit in the past, and even now it makes people feel kind and inspiring.
Beethoven's "Ninth Chorus". Symphony", "Fifth Symphony of Destiny", "Sixth Pastoral Symphony", "Third, Fourth and Fifth Emperor's Piano Concertos", "Moonlight", "Pathétique Piano Sonata", "Missa Solemnis" Wait, these are beautiful movements that break away from classicism, show freedom and enthusiasm.
About Rodin
Rodin attended the School of Arts and Crafts and was a painter favored by Madame de Pompadour. Founded by Bachelier in 1765, students here learned binding art and drawing. Here he met his lifelong admirer Horace Lecoq. Lecoq was an ordinary art teacher. From the beginning, Rodin was encouraged to be loyal to his true artistic feelings rather than follow the rules of the academy. Perhaps it was this teaching that influenced Rodin's life. During this period, he often went to the Louvre to copy the master's paintings. Unable to afford oil paints, Rodin transferred to a sculpture class and fell in love with sculpture. Lecoq introduced him to the famous French animal sculptor Barye (1796-1875), who gave him a good foundation. After three years of hard and diligent study, Rodin was confident and prepared to apply for the Academy of Fine Arts in Paris. Lecock introduced Rodin to the famous sculptor Hippolyte Maindron (1801-1884) and asked him to do it. He signed Rodin's admission application form for recommenders, but it was useless. Rodin was still unsuccessful in the second year. In the third year, an old host simply wrote next to Rodin's name: "Nothing in this life." Talent, continuing to apply for the exam is a pure waste. "In this way, the future European sculpture master was permanently rejected by the Paris Academy of Fine Arts. This was a heavy blow to the young Rodin who longed to become a sculptor.
Even bigger blows followed. Later, Rodin's beloved sister Marie entered the monastery due to a broken love. Two years later, her weak spirit and body could not bear the frustrated and cold life, and she died of illness. Rodin's spirit completely collapsed under this double blow. , he resolutely followed his sister's path and became a monk. However, Rodin's strong body provided him with a steady stream of desires, and the desire to create ignited an unstoppable flame in the heart of an artist, which made him have a deep love for God and art. Rodin, who was also pious, fell into inner conflict and pain. The kind and wise abbot Emaar saw Rodin's thoughts from his depressed expression. He created conditions for Rodin to have the opportunity to paint and sculpt. After he saw that Rodin was really talented, he persuaded Rodin to return to secular life and continue his career in sculpture to "serve God with art." This encouraged Rodin to serve the Emal in the monastery with a comforted and grateful heart. This sculpture shows that at the age of 23, Rodin already had the insight, skills and strength to be a sculptor.
Rodin returned to Lecoq, and with his help and support, he began a career of self-study while working. Unable to afford a model, he asked a snub-nosed beggar named Bibi to be his model. The ugliness of the beggar made Rodin see the sorrow and desolation common to human beings on his worn face. At the same time, he also thought of Michelangelo, the master sculptor who worked hard and lonely all his life. Therefore, in Rodin's eyes, the beauty and ugliness of life and the beauty and ugliness of art have different meanings. When he creates, he pays attention to the expression of light on the surface of the work, and incorporates the ideological content to be displayed into the work, making sculpture art a powerful language. The content that people feel mentally far exceeds the visual experience. . This artistic idea was what the master Michelangelo pursued hard in his later years. After more than three hundred years, it was first maturely displayed in Rodin's "Man with a Flat Nose" and lasted throughout his life, becoming their soul and charm. source of.
Rodin was not only a master sculptor, but also a great teacher. His students or assistants, even those with whom he only had contacts, were all deeply influenced by Rodin in their art. But as a teacher, Rodin never restricted his students in terms of artistic views, so his students could mature into their own unique styles and stand out. What they studied was Rodin's creative spirit, so many of them were outstanding, and some would become as famous as their teachers in the future.
Rodin’s life was one of being attacked and ridiculed, but also understood and supported by others. But he always faced it all correctly with a great personality. Rodin climbed all his life and finally reached another peak after Michelangelo. Rodin firmly believed: "Art is emotion." All of his works bear witness to this concept and reveal profoundly the richness of human emotions. In this regard, Rodin is the most outstanding Romantic sculpture master. However, his greatness also lies in his profound thoughts: he does not have the shortcomings that are easy to see in the romantics, such as superficial enthusiasm, empty exaggeration, and false connotations. He prefers tragic themes and is good at discovering strength and beauty from devastation. This gives his art a broad and profound character, which is both touching and inspiring, allowing us to wander in the waves of the soul, the mysteries of life, the mysteries of the universe, and the magic of creation. From this point of view, Rodin transcended romanticism, transcended sects, transcended eras and regions, and became a bright star in the historical galaxy. He sympathized with the working people at the bottom, loved his motherland, and devoted his life to the persistent pursuit of art and the hard thinking of the various pains in life. He created a new era and created a new artistic approach. The ideological and spiritual charm reflected in his works will always bring people profound beauty and inspire people to think endlessly.