During these two hundred and seventy-six years, the Ming Dynasty experienced the rule of Hongwu, the battle of Jingnan, the rule of Yongle and the rule of Ren Xuan, and also experienced the change of wood and soil and the renaissance of Wanli. Generation after generation, Mingjun completed the mission entrusted by history and drew the final stop for his life.
Then do you know what the imperial tombs of the Ming Dynasty are?
Ming Mausoleum, Ming Mausoleum is located at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. This is the mausoleum of Zhu Yuanzhang and Ma Huanghou, the founding emperors of the Ming Dynasty. After the death of Ma Huanghou, posthumous title was named Xiaoling Mausoleum.
Fourteen years after Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne, he began to build a mausoleum for himself. In the second year, Ma Huanghou died of illness and was buried in Xiaoling. The main project of Xiaoling Mausoleum was basically completed in the sixteenth year of Hongwu. However, according to the system of emperors' mausoleum building in previous dynasties, the emperor could not complete the mausoleum before his death, and he was still alive. The supervisor in charge of the tomb wrote to the emperor that the tomb had been repaired and was waiting for the emperor to move in. Therefore, the Xiaoling Mausoleum was officially completed in Yongle three years, that is, seven years after Zhu Yuanzhang's death, which lasted for 25 years.
The Ming Mausoleum pioneered the Shinto of the first emperor's mausoleum as a precedent for the use of Shinto in later tombs. So there is only one Shinto in the Ming Tombs in Beijing today, which makes the Ming Tombs different. Shinto in Ming tombs is different from straight Shinto in emperors' tombs. Shinto in ming tomb is built according to the terrain, with a winding layout, and stone statues are placed at each node, which has its own solemn and dignified trend. The Shinto of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum extends from east to west, and six kinds of stone beasts, such as lion, lion, camel, elephant, unicorn and horse, are arranged on both sides, with 1 for kneeling, 1 for standing, and * * 12 for 24. These six kinds of stone beasts, which were born out of Shinto statues in Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, also became the standard configuration of Shinto statues in Ming emperors' tombs.
As the first tomb of China Ming Dynasty, the Ming Tomb was once revered in the Ming Dynasty. Ming Chengzu moved to Beijing, Nanjing as the capital, and there are still three provinces, six departments and other normal government offices. Therefore, in the Ming Dynasty, all festivals and festivals would offer sacrifices to Xiaoling. There are three big sacrifices and five small sacrifices every year.
After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, in order to use Zhu Yuanzhang to buy people's hearts and appease the Han people, the Qing emperor not only took protective measures for the Ming tombs, but also visited them many times. In the 23rd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (A.D. 1684), Kangxi made his first southern tour and arrived in Nanjing to pay homage to the Ming Tombs. His three kneels and nine knocks simultaneously made "tens of thousands of followers of his father and mother cry", which effectively stabilized the political stability of the Qing Dynasty.
Kangxi visited the south six times and visited the Ming tombs five times. Emperor Qianlong made six southern tours, and each time he went to the Ming Tombs to pay homage, both of them bowed three times and knocked nine times.
It was not until the late Qing Dynasty that the surface buildings in the Ming Tombs were destroyed by the war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and the tablet "Governing the Tang and Song Dynasties" written by Emperor Kangxi in memory of the Ming Tombs was also broken. However, the layout of the mausoleum still retains its original grand style, and the underground tomb palace is intact and has not been stolen.
Ming Zuling Ming Zuling is located in the west bank of Hongze Lake, Xuyi County, Huai 'an City, Jiangsu Province. It is the cenotaph of Zhu Yuanzhang's great-grandfather, great-grandfather and grandfather. After Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, he established emperors for his great-grandfather Zhu, great-grandfather Zhu and grandfather Zhu Chuyi respectively.
We have all heard the folk song "Fengyang, pour Fengyang, Fengyang is a good place. Since the birth of Emperor Zhu, there have been nine famines in ten years. " As can be seen from the ballads, Zhu Yuanzhang is from Fengyang. Why did he build a ancestral tomb in Jiangsu?
According to the Ming History, "First, the family was rich, then moved to Jurong, and then moved to Sizhou", which means that Zhu Yuanzhang's ancestors were from Pei County, so it was fun, just like Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu. Later, he moved to Jurong and then to Sizhou. Among them, today's Xuyi County of Huai 'an City was under the jurisdiction of Sizhou at that time. In the fourth year of Hongwu (A.D. 137 1), Xuyi was changed to Fengyang House, so it is not wrong to say that Zhu Yuanzhang is from Fengyang, but it is more appropriate to say that he is from Xuyi.
In the 19th year of Hongwu (A.D. 1386), Zhu Yuanzhang began to build ancestral graves, and in the 11th year of Yongle, Judy built Lingxingmen and fences. The ancestral graves were all completed, which lasted nearly 30 years. Its construction time is long and its system is magnificent, ranking among the best in the Ming Dynasty imperial tombs.
There are 42 pairs of stone statues in the Ming Tombs, 2 1 pair, including 2 pairs of Kirin, 6 pairs of Shishi and Shima 1 pair. The specifications are different from those of Fengyang Ming Tombs, Nanjing Ming Tombs and Beijing Ming Tombs, but close to those of Song Tombs.
Although the Ming Zuling is extremely beautiful, it is a pity that it is located in the hilly area of "nine hills and eighteen depressions". Due to the flooding in the middle reaches of Huaihe River for many years, the Ming Zuling was constantly hit by floods, and finally Sizhou was flooded in the 19th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1680). After the long-term erosion and erosion of the lake, the top of the treasure was leveled and the brick and wood buildings on the ground were destroyed. It was not until 1963 that the water level of Hongze Lake dropped that the Ming Zuling was able to see the light of day again. Because the Ming Zuling was taken care of and maintained by the government during the Ming Dynasty, it was flooded after the Qing Dynasty. Although the surface buildings were damaged, the underground palace was safe and sound.
Ming Taizu Mausoleum Ming Taizu Mausoleum is located seven kilometers south of Fengyang County, Anhui Province. This was built by Zhu Yuanzhang for his parents, brothers and sisters. It was built in 26 years of Yuan Dynasty, more than 20 years after his parents died. It was built in the twelfth year of Hongwu. The mausoleum was named Ming Yingling Mausoleum, which was later called Ming Di Mausoleum.
Zhu Yuanzhang was born in poverty, and his parents, brother and sister-in-law died in four years (AD 1344). Zhu Yuanzhang was only 16 years old, unable to hold a big funeral, and only used the gift of "disheveled clothes and three feet of land" to protect his loved ones. After Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, he posthumously sealed his father Zhu as emperor, with the temple name Renzu.
Ming Taizu Mausoleum was the earliest built among all the mausoleums in Ming Dynasty. When Zhu Yuanzhang was made King of Wu, he ordered people to repair his parents' tombs in Haozhou (now Fengyang County, Anhui Province). The construction of Ming Taizu Mausoleum laid the pattern of later mausoleums.
In the 12th year of Hongwu, after the Ming Tombs were completed, Zhu Yuanzhang personally wrote the Ming Tombs Monument, which was engraved on the Yuling Monument. Therefore, the monument is also known as the "Imperial Mausoleum". Zhu Yuanzhang wrote a straight book with the word 1 105 in order to let future generations know about the hardships of his family background and founding the country, which recorded his family background and military career, changed the bad habit of worshipping merits and neglecting tombs in the inscriptions on the mausoleum of Hadrian in previous dynasties, and was a precious historical material for studying Zhu Yuanzhang's family background and the history of the late Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty.
There are 32 pairs of Shinto stone statues in Ming Taizu Mausoleum, which are the earliest known Shinto stone statues in Ming Dynasty, with the largest number and the most exquisite carving. Among them, there are 2 pairs of Kirin, 8 pairs of Shishi, 6 pairs of Shima, 4 pairs of Shi Hu, 4 pairs of Shiyang, and the rest are Stone Man and Huabiao. The stone carvings in the Ming Emperor's Mausoleum, including stone statues, have high artistic value. They are all carved from a whole stone, whether people or stone animals, with vivid modeling, fine carving, superb skills and strong artistic appeal. They were the earliest products of the development of stone carving art in Song and Yuan Dynasties, and had a far-reaching impact on the development of stone carving plastic arts in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
During the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang and his descendants visited Ming Taizu Mausoleum many times, so it was well protected. Until the end of the Ming Dynasty, after Zhang led the army to capture Fengyang, Anhui Province, he indulged the troops to "wantonly plunder for three days" in Fengyang City, and then invaded Ming Taizu Mausoleum, seven kilometers south of the city. "The thief burned the tomb, and the embers in the hall. Burning 300,000 yuan, killing 60 eunuchs, and erecting a high wall are more than 100 people. " In this way, 300,000 pine trees on the surface of Ming Taizu Mausoleum were burned and all the buildings on the ground were destroyed. Even more than 60 eunuchs were killed.
During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the Japanese invaders cut down the pines and cypresses in Ming Taizu Mausoleum, which turned the originally lush cemetery into a bare mound, desolate and gradually turned into farmland.
Therefore, Ming Taizu Mausoleum is one of the mausoleums severely damaged in Ming Dynasty.
The Ming Tombs The Ming Tombs are located at the foot of Tianshou Mountain in Changping District, Beijing, in a small basin surrounded by mountains in the east, west and north. From the seventh year of Yongle (1409), the Changling mausoleum was built until Emperor Chongzhen was buried in the Four Mausoleums, which lasted more than 230 years. Because it was the last resting place of thirteen emperors in Ming Dynasty, it was called the Ming Tombs (Zhu Yunwen, the second emperor of Ming Dynasty, had no mausoleum).
At present, only the Changling Mausoleum of Judy, Zhaoling Mausoleum of Zhu Zaikun, Dingling Mausoleum of Zhu Yijun, Ming Shenzong and Shinto of the Ming Tombs have been opened.
Shinto in the Ming Tombs continued the Shinto system in the later tombs established by the Ming Tombs. Shinto leads to the largest Changling Mausoleum in the Ming Tombs, and the other twelve Tombs all branch from this Shinto, so it becomes the total Shinto of the Ming Tombs.
The Shinto of the Ming Tombs starts from the stone archway in the south and ends at the tomb gate in the north, with a total length of 7.3 kilometers. Along the way, there are a series of emperors' buildings, such as stone archway, Dahongmen, Changling Shengde Monument Pavilion, Stone Statue Shou, Longfengmen, Nanwukong Bridge, Qikong Bridge and Beiwukong Bridge. Among them, the stone statues of the Ming Tombs are the largest and best preserved stone statues in China, representing the highest level of large-scale sculpture art in ancient China, with unparalleled artistic value and cultural relics value. Shinto of the Ming Tombs continued the specifications of the stone beasts of the Ming Tombs. There are six kinds of stone beasts on both sides of Shinto: lion, lion, camel, elephant, unicorn and horse. There are two pairs of each kind, kneeling 1, standing 1, * * 12.
Although the Ming Tombs experienced the Ming and Qing Wars and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, most of the ground buildings were destroyed, but its underground palace was well preserved, which was not easy.
Ming Xianling Ming Xianling is located on Chunde Mountain, 5 kilometers northeast of Zhongxiang City, Jingmen City, Hubei Province. It is the burial tomb of Emperor Zhu Shiyuan, the father of Emperor Jiajing of Ming Shizong, and Empress Cixiao, the mother.
The fourth son of Ming Xianzong, Zhu Shiyuan, died in the 23rd year of Chenghua (A.D. 1487) at the age of 2 1, aged 44, in Huguang Anlufu (now Zhongxiang City) and in the 14th year of Zhengde (A.D. 15 19). Zhu Houzhao (Zheng De) of Ming Wuzong regarded posthumous title as a "gift" and called it "Xing Wang Xian".
Zhu Houzhao, an emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was bohemian and carefree. Thirty-one years old, suddenly died in the leopard room. Because there are no children or brothers. Yang Tinghe's records quoted the principle that "brothers are brothers and sisters" in the Legacy of Ming Taizu, and suggested that one of his cousins should be chosen to inherit the throne.
Zhu Houzhao's father, Ming Xiaozong Zhu Shitang, was originally fourteen brothers. Due to the early death of the eldest son and the second son, Zhu Shitang, ranked third, succeeded to the throne. The fourth is Zhu Shiyuan and Xing Wang. Therefore, according to the relationship between young people and old people, it is most appropriate to publicize Wang Zhu Shiyuan. At this point, Xing Wang Zhu Shiyuan died less than three years ago. According to the ancient funeral system, Zhu Houzong, the only son of Zhu Shiyuan, was in a period of hardship. In the name of the emperor, the imperial court ordered Zhu Houzong to end mourning ahead of schedule, and he was succeeded by Ming Shizong, namely Emperor Jiajing.
After Zhu Houzong acceded to the throne, Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty established his own system of succession. In order to "promote Xian Di", he posthumously named his biological father Zhu Shiyuan as emperor and honored the temple name as "Zong Rui".
According to the ancestral temple system: "The emperor set up seven temples, the vassal set up five temples, the doctor set up three temples, the scholar set up one temple, and there was no temple in Shu Ren", that is to say, in the royal ancestral temple, only the gods of seven emperors were worshipped, and the ancestors who had been separated for generations were moved to the distant ancestral temple according to the distance, only the ancestors of their own clan did not move. This is what we call "Tan".
In the Han Dynasty, not all emperors had temple names. For example, in 210 of the Western Han Dynasty, only Liu Bang, Han Taizong, Han Sejong and Han Xun had temple names, so there was basically no phenomenon of "building".
When Wang Mang was in power, he reformed the ancestral temple system, and with the "five ancestral temples" and "four-parent temples", the son of heaven could set up nine temples.
Although Zhu Houzong was the first 1 1 emperor of the Ming Dynasty, neither Emperor Wen Jian nor Emperor Jingtai of the Ming Dynasty (Ming Daizong followed the name of Nanming) had a temple number, so there was actually a place according to the principle of "Nine Temples of Heaven", so there would be no saying that Di Xian Zhu Shiyuan would be "lost" when he entered the ancestral temple.
However, after the death of Sejong Zhu Houzong in the Ming Dynasty, his son inevitably put him in the ancestral temple. In this way, there are more than ten people in the ancestral hall, and there is bound to be a "lost". Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding father of Daming, could not leave the ancestral temple. Then, according to the distance of relatives, Judy may be "killed", and Judy's position is quite special, so it is obviously inappropriate to be "killed". Therefore, after Zhu Houzong, Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty launched the "Grand Ceremony Event", Judy's temple name was changed from Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty to Ming Taizu Chengzu, making Judy a "no" ancestor. After the death of Zhu Houzong, the only one who found the ancestral temple was Zhu Gaochi.
Zhu Houzong, Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty, solved the problem of Xian Di and Zhu Shiyuan entering the ancestral temple, so that he could build a mausoleum for his father according to the specifications of the imperial tomb. At first, Zhu Houzong wanted to move his father's grave to the imperial tomb in Beijing, and personally went to Luzhou to see the terrain. After Zhu Houzong returned to Beijing, after comparing the topography of the imperial mausoleum and the Xian Mausoleum in Beijing, he found that the Feng Shui of the Xian Mausoleum was better, so he decided to bury his mother in the Xian Mausoleum. When the faeries were opened, they found water in the underground palace. Zhu Houzong, Ming Taizu, moved after the fairy, buried his parents in a new bedroom, and connected the two treasure cities with a long platform, which was called "Yaotai". This is the famous fairy "one mausoleum and two tombs". This special "emperor" of the Ming Dynasty has two mausoleums to himself.
The Shendaochang of the Ming Xianling Mausoleum1.368m. Spread out along the central axis, spread a slate in the middle, which is called "Dragon Ridge", and then gather with tartar outside. It is the only mausoleum in the Ming Dynasty that retains Shinto and Longlin Taoist practices as a whole. The direction of Shinto is not a straight shape, but a "winding road" with the change of terrain. Because it looks like a dragon, it is called "Dragon Shinto".
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Xianling was burned by Li Zicheng, and the wood structure of the surface buildings was seriously damaged. In the Qing dynasty, the fairy was protected to a certain extent. Generally speaking, faeries are well preserved.
Jingtai Mausoleum Jingtai Mausoleum is located at the northern foot of Yuquan Mountain in Haidian District, Beijing. It is the burial tomb of Zhu Qiyu, Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty, and Empress Xiaoyuanjing.
In the 14th year of the Ming Dynasty (1449), Master Valla invaded the border of the Ming Dynasty for many times, Zhu Qizhen, Ming Yingzong, and favored eunuch Wang Zhen. With his encouragement, he personally coached hundreds of thousands of troops and made expeditions in person. He was completely annihilated in the civil fort in Datong, Shanxi, Ming Yingzong and Zhu Qizhen were captured by Vala, and Wang Zhen was shot in the disorderly army.
At this moment of national disaster, Zhu Qiyu, King of Xi, who was ordered to stay in Beijing, officially proclaimed himself emperor with the support of Yu Qian, the minister of the Ministry of War, and changed his title to Jingtai.
Zhu Qiyu, with the support of modest officials, revived the Ming Dynasty in a short time. Valla saw that Ming Yingzong and Zhu Qizhen had lost the value of threatening the Ming Dynasty, so he sent Ming Yingzong back to Beijing.
As early as February of the seventh year of Jingtai, Shouling was built in Changping, Beijing due to the death of Shi Hang. In June, Hang was buried here. The architecture of Shouling is magnificent, and the Ming building is majestic, which can be compared with Changling.
Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen was trapped in the Nangong by Jingtai Emperor and always wanted to restore the throne. Finally, during Emperor Jingtai's illness, he launched a "change to seize the door" and re-ascended the throne. The sick Jingtai Emperor died soon.
After Jing Qin's death, Zhao Rong, the minister of the Ministry of Industry in Zhu Qizhen, Ming Yingzong, led more than 5,000 officers and men to destroy Shouling, and Shi Hang's coffin was missing. Jingtai Emperor was buried in Jinshanguan, opposite Yuquan Mountain in Haidian, according to the specifications of the Prince. It was very simple. It was not until Ming Xianzong Zhu Jianshen succeeded to the throne that he began to restore the name of the emperor and expanded his mausoleum into the imperial tomb. Although it was an extension, it was just a little decorated on his original tomb, so it was named the imperial tomb.
During the Cultural Revolution, the Jingtai Mausoleum, which has been poorly protected, was destroyed, the top of the treasure was leveled, the mausoleum monument was knocked down and the ground buildings were damaged to varying degrees. It was not until the mid-1980s that the Fenen Gate in Jingtai Mausoleum was converted into a shed. There are military pigeon houses and simple public toilets in the former site of Xiangtang and Mausoleum, and several vegetable fields and a cesspool are distributed in the mausoleum wall, which makes people feel deeply.
200 1 Jingtai Mausoleum was rated as a national key cultural relics protection unit and received due protection. It is said that Jingtai Mausoleum was approved as the home of retired cadres of a certain unit, and the above position was opened as a croquet field.
In addition to the above, the Ming Tombs also have the Ming Dongling, which is located in the east of the Ming Tombs at the south foot of Zijin Mountain in Xuanwu District, Nanjing. It is the tomb of Zhu Biao, the eldest son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the ancestor of the Ming Dynasty. After Judy seized the throne, she brutally persecuted the descendants of Zhu Biao philosophers and Jianwen Emperor for her own rule. At the same time, the names of Emperor Jianwen and Zhu Biao were abolished, and Zhu Biao Mausoleum was restored as the title of Prince Wen Yiling. Strictly speaking, it is not a tomb.
However, Wen Jian became the only emperor among the sixteen emperors in the Ming Dynasty without a mausoleum, because his whereabouts were unknown after the war in Jingnan.