The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa or Torre di Pisa, English: Leaning Tower of Pisa) was built in August 1173. It is an independent bell tower of the Cathedral of Pisa, Italy. In the Piazza dei Miracoli in the north of Pisa, Tuscany.
There are a group of religious buildings scattered on the large lawn of the Piazza dei Miracoli. They are the cathedral (built from 1063 to the 13th century), the baptistery (built from 1153 to the 14th century), the bell tower (that is, Pisa Leaning Tower) and Cemetery (built in 1174), their outer walls are all made of milky white marble, each is relatively independent but forms a unified Romanesque architectural style. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is located behind Pisa Cathedral. ?
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is 58.36 meters high from the foundation to the top of the tower and 55 meters high from the ground to the top of the tower. The width of the bell tower wall is 4.09 meters on the ground and 2.48 meters wide at the top of the tower. The total weight About 14,453 tons, the center of gravity is 22.6 meters above the foundation. The circular foundation area is 285 square meters, and the average pressure on the ground is 497 kPa. The tilt angle is 3.99 degrees, 2.5 meters away from the outer edge of the foundation, and the top floor protrudes 4.5 meters. Tilt was first discovered in 1174.
Architectural style:
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is undoubtedly an important building in the history of architecture. Its bold circular architectural design demonstrated its originality before it tilted severely.
Although designs with circular foundations were not uncommon in Italian bell towers of earlier times, similar examples can be found in Ravenna, Tuscany and Umbu Found in Rome, however, the Pisa Campanile is considered independent of these prototypes and to a greater extent it was independently designed and developed on the basis of the architectural experience of its predecessors to form the unique Pisa style.
For example, the circular design of the bell tower was considered to correspond to the reflection of the cathedral building next to it, so it was deliberately imitated by the curved design of the semicircular apse of the church. More importantly, the bell tower is consistent with the emphasis on circular structures in the square, especially after the laying of the foundation stone of the magnificent, also circular baptistery, and the entire square is more intentionally designed to resemble the Church of the Resurrection (Anastasis) in Jerusalem. modern version. This kind of design is derived from classic ancient architecture.
The decorative style of the bell tower inherits the classics of the cathedral and the baptistery. The walls are made of marble or limestone with two dark and light white bands, half-exposed square column arches, and carved doors in the arcades. , long rhombus-shaped flat roof, and the wall above the arcade form a strong contrast between the bright surface and the shaded surface when exposed to sunlight, giving the illusion that the columns in the bell tower are quite heavy.
A visual continuity is created between the cathedral, the baptistery and the bell tower.
History and culture:
Galileo’s free fall experiment
Legend has it that in 1590, the Italian physicist Galileo Galilei, who was born in Pisa, once stood on the Leaning Tower of Pisa. During a free fall experiment, two spheres with different weights were dropped from the same height at the same time. As a result, the two shot balls landed almost at the same time. This led to the discovery of the law of free fall, overturning Aristotle's previous belief that heavy objects would fall. Arriving at the ground first, the speed of a falling object is proportional to its mass.
However, Galileo's two spheres did not fall together as in the legend. Even if the acceleration of gravity remains unchanged, the two spheres will not fall together due to the influence of air resistance. This is why goose feathers and shot put don't land together. Due to air resistance, the two spheres cannot be considered to be in free fall. But Galileo's experimental theory is correct. In a vacuum, objects regardless of their multiplicity follow the law of free fall.
The story of Galileo's free fall experiment on the Leaning Tower of Pisa is recorded in "The Historical Story of the Life of Galileo" written by his student Vincenzo Viviani (1622-1703) in 1654. (published in 1717), but Galileo, the University of Pisa, and others of his time had no record of this experiment. There have been two different views in history, for and against whether Galileo did a free fall experiment in the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
According to other records, a person conducted such an experiment on the Leaning Tower of Pisa in 1612, but he conducted this experiment to refute Galileo. The result was that the two balls did not reach the ground at the same time.
Baidu Encyclopedia - Leaning Tower of Pisa
Essay on the Leaning Tower of Pisa
When the tower was first built, the tower body was still straight upward.
However, when the third floor was built, it was discovered that the tower began to tilt, and the project was forced to stop.
The main reason for the tilt of the tower is the poor strength of the soil layer, the insufficient depth of the foundation of the tower foundation (only 3 meters deep), and the fact that the tower body made of marble is very heavy. Caused by uneven sinking.
This situation occurred entirely due to the architect's lack of comprehensive and rigorous investigation and survey of the local geological structure, resulting in incorrect design and careless foundation laying.
Construction of the tower resumed 96 years after it was suspended.
In order to prevent the tower from tilting again, engineers took a series of remedial measures.
For example, try to shift the center of gravity of the tower by using beams of different lengths and increasing the weight of the tower in the opposite direction.
However, since the built three-story tilt has become a fact, after the completion of the entire tower, the center point of the tower top is still about 2 meters away from the vertical line of the center of the tower body.
For more than 600 years, the loose foundation was unable to bear the weight of the tower, and it continued to tilt slowly to the south.
The south side of the tower base has begun to sink.
Especially in the past century, the tower has tilted about 30 centimeters to the south, with an inclination of 8 degrees, and the tower body is 5.1 meters above the vertical plane.
In October 1972, a major earthquake in Italy caused a powerful impact on the Leaning Tower. The entire tower shook significantly for 22 minutes, which was extremely dangerous.
Fortunately, the tower is still standing.
This phenomenon of "leaning without leaning" can be called a miracle in the history of world architecture, making the Leaning Tower of Pisa famous far and wide.
This leaning tower, which can be called a miracle in the history of world architecture, is not only famous for its "leaning but not falling", but also because in 1590, the great Italian scientist Galileo was on the top floor of the leaning tower. He did an experiment on free fall motion and let two iron balls with a weight difference of 10 times fall from the top of the tower at the same time. As a result, the two balls landed at the same time, overthrowing the famous Greek scholar Aristotle who had restrained people's thinking for nearly 2000 years. The theory that "the falling speed of an object is directly proportional to its weight" states that objects with different weights fall at different speeds.
Galileo created a new era of experimental physics and is known as the "Father of Modern Science", and the leaning tower he used for experiments became even more famous.
When Galileo walked down the Leaning Tower of Pisa, 400 words essay
Aristotle was extremely excited when Galileo’s experiment was successful after he walked down from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. As he walked down the Leaning Tower in a calm mood, his eyebrows bent slightly downward, the corners of his mouth raised a little, and the big stone in his heart fell.
His mood at this time was very complicated, including excitement and an indescribable feeling. He didn't know what people would think, but he hoped that his goal had been achieved.
As he happily walked out of the leaning tower, he looked at the crowd over there.
I saw some people with red faces and lowered heads, as if they did not dare to look at the little girl in front of them.
I saw the little girl saying in a reproachful tone: Uncle, I have already said that the teacher will succeed. Although I did not believe what the teacher said before, seeing is believing. Listen to nothing.
After seeing it with my own eyes, I believe all this. We should treat science with a rigorous attitude. If you follow Aristotle so blindly, I think Aristotle I won't be happy if I know that.
An old lady next to me said: Oh my God! I almost couldn't believe my eyes. I was really too superstitious about authority. I always thought that the great Aristotle's words were all right. I didn't expect that there were also mistakes. I really shouldn't have seen Gary before I saw him. Feel free to criticize his approach before doing any experiments.
Composition on the Leaning Tower of Pisa
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is an ancient building in the city of Pisa in central Italy. It was originally a bell tower of the Pisa Cathedral.
When construction of this 54.5-meter-tall eight-story cylindrical building started in 1174, due to a weak foundation, the tower body was found to be tilting just after it was built on the third floor, and construction had to be stopped.
After more than a century, people continued the construction, so when it was completed in 1350, this Roman-style marble building was like a crooked tree that could no longer be straightened.
Since then, more than 600 years have passed, and the Leaning Tower of Pisa has tilted 5.3 degrees southward, tilting southward by about 1 millimeter every year.
However, despite the tilt of the tower and the earthquake, this ancient tower still stands in the city of Pisa and has become a well-known miracle in the history of world architecture.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is famous all over the world, in addition to the above reasons, it is also because it is closely related to a major event in the history of scientific discovery.
It was a sunny day in 1590. A 25-year-old red-haired young scientist led several young college students, happily walking through the square where tourists came and went, and got into the bottom of the Leaning Tower. Arched ticket door, climb up the spiral staircase in the tower.
After a while, the tourists gathered in the square discovered that there were college students at the arched entrances on several floors of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and the red-haired young scientist climbed up the tall Top of the tower.
"Hey, what are they doing?" A bearded Italian businessman in the square asked a snack vendor next to him in confusion.
"Sir, they are students from the University of Pisa.
"The vendor wearing a white apron around his waist replied: "I heard that they are conducting some real...experiments."
"The vendor was right, because there were still a few college students in the square asking tourists to leave the Leaning Tower to avoid being injured by objects thrown by people on the tower.
While talking, the red-haired young scientist at the top of the tower shouted: "Are you ready?" The heads protruding from each floor shouted in unison: "Okay, we can start!" This At that time, college students on each floor of the tower stretched out half of their bodies, holding a heavy box in their hands, and a glass hourglass beside them. There were no accurate stopwatches at that time, and the hourglass was a tool for calculating time.
The box contained two objects of different weights, some were two iron balls of different sizes, some were stones of different sizes, and some even contained an ink bottle and a tube of quill.
The box is specially made with a button. As long as you press the button gently, the bottom cover will open automatically.
The experiment began.
Only the red-haired young scientist at the top of the tower gave an order, and the college student on the bottom floor pressed the button.
At this time, the box was opened and two objects with completely different weights fell rapidly. A few seconds later, people in the square heard a "dang" sound, and the two objects landed at the same time.
The second floor, the third floor, the fifth floor...repeated experiments were carried out in sequence.
Finally, the red-haired young scientist at the top of the tower also held up a box with two iron balls of different sizes in it. He pressed the button, and the iron balls quickly flew down and landed at the same time. .
The time recorded by the hourglass illustrates this truth: objects of different weights dropped from the same height all reach the ground at the same time.
The experiment was successful! Although the tourists in the square were not interested in this experiment at all, this experiment shook a "truth" that no one had doubted for thousands of years. This "truth" was proposed by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. , he believed: When an object falls from a height, its speed is determined by its weight. The heavier the object, the faster it falls.
The experiment on the Leaning Tower of Pisa overturned this authoritative conclusion.
Who is this red-haired young scientist who dares to challenge authority? He is the famous Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist Juan Carlos.
This is the process of recording the experiment at that time.
Composition of Galileo Walking Out of the Leaning Tower
Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist, astronomer, and mathematician.
When Galileo was 17 years old, he was admitted to the medical major of the University of Pisa.
He likes to ask questions and will never stop until the answers are revealed.
Once in class, Professor Biro taught embryology.
He said: "Whether a mother gives birth to a boy or a girl is determined by the strength of the father.
If the father is strong, the mother will give birth to a boy; if the father is weak, the mother will give birth to a boy. Give birth to a girl.
As soon as Professor Biro finished speaking, Galileo raised his hand and said, "Teacher, I have a question." Professor Biro said unhappily: "You. There are too many questions! You are a student. You should listen carefully to the teacher and take more notes during class. Don’t think randomly and ask questions at every turn, which will affect your classmates’ learning! /p>
My neighbor is very strong, but his wife gave birth to 5 daughters in a row.
This is exactly the opposite of what the teacher said. How can we explain this? "Galileo didn't?" Intimidated by Professor Biro, he continued to ask questions.
"I am basing this statement on the views of the famous ancient Greek scholar Aristotle, and it cannot be wrong!" Professor Biro brought out the theoretical basis in an attempt to convince him.
Galileo continued: "Does Aristotle insist that what he said is correct even though it is not consistent with the facts? Science must be consistent with the facts, otherwise it is not true science.
"Professor Biro fell down when asked and could not get off the stage.
In July 1609, he heard that someone in the Netherlands had invented a telescope for people to enjoy. In August, based on the rumors and refraction phenomena, he found lead pipes and plano-convex and plano-concave lenses, and made the first telescope. The 3x telescope was improved to 9x 20 days later and was displayed on the top of the tallest tower in St. Mark's Square in Venice for several days, creating a sensation.
In November, he made a 20-power telescope and used it to observe celestial phenomena. He saw that "the moon is as bright as a mirror" and there are convex and concave shapes on the moon
Composition on scenic spots
p>Wuxi Trip Known as the “Pearl of Taihu Lake”, Wuxi is a famous city in the south of the Yangtze River with a history of three thousand years.
During this winter vacation, my parents signed up at Zhelun Overseas Travel Agency and took me to appreciate the beautiful scenery of Jiangnan.
This time the tour guide is related to the area we want to visit.
His surname is "Wu", so he is called "Wu Xi".
We started a two-day tour with Brother Wu.
Wuxi is the city with the most film and television cities in the country. Since you are in Wuxi, why not go and have a look? The first stop of Wuxi's scenic spots is the "Water Margin of the Three Kingdoms".
The Water Margin of the Three Kingdoms Scenic Area is located at the foot of the verdant Junzhang Mountain and on the shore of the beautiful Taihu Lake.
Most of the buildings in the scenic area have a strong Han Dynasty style, such as "Wuwang Palace", "Ganlu Temple", "Caoying Water and Dry Village", "Wuying", "Horse Race Course", "Dian" "Jiangtai" and dozens of other large attractions.
The gates of the Three Kingdoms are tall and mighty, with flags fluttering in the wind. Together with the two mythical beasts Tianlu and Jixie on the square, the gatehouse is even more solemn and solemn.
Water Margin City is divided into two areas, one is the civilian area and the other is the Jingcheng area.
Unfortunately, I came at a bad time, so I couldn’t visit it in detail.
Due to fog in the morning, the road was closed for more than three hours, and the "swimming" did not really start until afternoon.
By the time we finished walking through the entire Water Margin Scenic Area, it was getting dark, so we had to start dinner.
After dinner, we went to the famous Xihui Park to play.
Xihui Park is a large-scale complex garden that integrates quiet mountains, beautiful scenery, numerous cultural relics and historic sites, and comfortable leisure and entertainment.
The beautiful park is full of green peaks and splendid scenery. It can be called the "Natural Museum" of Wuxi.
The main scenery in Xihui Park is the "Second Spring in the World" and "Jichang Garden".
The Jichang Garden in the Ming Dynasty has a history of a hundred years. It was named "Jichang" after the owner of the garden expressed his love for the landscape, open-mindedness and joy.
The garden is slightly modified with the help of natural scenery, and integrates humanities and nature into a perfect garden masterpiece.
The park has diverse scenery, including rockeries, beautiful rocks, stone railings, paths leading to secluded areas, and towering old trees, which are seamlessly combined to create a beautiful scenery of "Jinjiang River with swaying shadows of towers".
After leaving Jichang Garden, you can see more beautiful scenery by walking along the stone paved road.
The entire Xihui Park looks beautiful at night.
Early the next morning, we went to Taihu Yuantouzhu Scenic Area to visit.
Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China.
Yuantouzhu is a peninsula in Wuxi on the northwest coast of Taihu Lake. It is named after a huge stone protruding into the lake, like a turtle with its head raised.
We were sitting on the boat, and waves of wind came in our faces.
Looking into the distance, several hills are looming in the clouds and mist; looking down, several waves of water are constantly taking turns.
At this time, a speedboat passed by, and suddenly a few more snow-white water splashes appeared on the water where the speedboat passed.
After a while, the boat docked, and we got off the boat one after another and continued to enjoy the beautiful scenery on both sides.
When I walked onto the Fengyu Bridge, I looked up and saw auspicious clouds and mythical beasts painted on each sill. Looking to the right, there was a stone sculpture of an old fisherman fishing, which also illustrates the importance of fishing at that time. The prosperity and development of culture.
After more than an hour, we gathered together again and took the boat back. Then, we went to Lingshan Scenic Area.
Lingshan Scenic Area is located on the shore of Taihu Lake in Mashan, Wuxi. It is close to Taihu Lake, leaning on Lingshan Mountain, holding Qinglong Mountain and Baihu Peak.
The most famous attraction in Lingshan Scenic Area is the Lingshan Giant Buddha.
The Buddha statue stands on Xiaoling Mountain. It was built with an investment of over 100 million yuan and 700 tons of copper. It is higher than the bronze statue of the Statue of Liberty in New York, which is known as the "unique giant statue in the world" 42 meters, the amount of copper used is three times that of the Statue of Liberty; it is 17 meters taller than the Giant Buddha standing in Leshan, Sichuan - "the largest Buddha in the world".
Lingshan Scenic Area also has the famous dynamic sculpture "Kowloon Bathing".
At 2 noon in the afternoon, as the specially composed music "Birth of the Buddha" played, the huge lotus held by the four Vajra slowly bloomed, and the gilded Buddha's hourly statue stood among the lotus. .
At the same time, 27 phoenixes spit out holy water from their mouths, and nine dragons sprayed out water jets directly towards the Buddha statue, making the Buddha statue more chaotic, quiet and sacred. The scene was very gorgeous and spectacular. At this time, a lot of water jets were also sprinkled around, Many people were soaked in water.
Lingshan Giant Buddha is the last attraction of this trip. Our journey will also end and we will return to Ningbo by car.
A few rays of golden sunset passed through the hills one after another, shining on the plains one after another, and finally stopped on the glass of the car.
The sunset brings everything into the world of red.
It dyes the clouds on the horizon red; paints the roofs of houses red; and sprinkles people's cheeks red.
As the wheels roll down the road, our journey will come to an end.
Goodbye, beautiful Wuxi!
How to write an essay on "Unforgettable Day at Tiger Hill Pagoda"
In an article, you must pay attention to the organization. The article cannot be off-topic or disorganized. The best way is to make an outline in your mind. There is such an outline, and then it is drawn in detail.
During the description process, you must be realistic and cannot write anything like "a rooster lays eggs", otherwise it will make a joke.
Also pay attention to punctuation, do not punctuate randomly, punctuation also has punctuation rules, pause when you need to, and omit when you need to omit.
A 500-word essay on the Nancheng Star-Gathering Tower
Standing on the banks of the Xujiang River, the most dazzling ancient building is the Star-Gathering Tower known as the "Wugang Jade Pen".
We followed the newly built tourist trail to the top of Wugang Mountain and witnessed the splendor of the Juxing Tower... The Juxing Tower was built in the 42nd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1614), and was originally named " Qiyuan Tower".
In the eleventh year of Chongzhen (1638), the top of the tower collapsed due to a lightning strike and was later repaired.
Because it is located on a hill at the intersection of Xujiang River and Litan River, it was renamed "Shuangjiang Tower" in the first year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1662).
In the fifteenth year of Qianlong's reign (1754), the tower was in disrepair, so the prefect Yao Wenguang raised funds to repair it.
The tower stands near the water, towering between heaven and earth. It gathers the aura of heaven and earth and entrusts people with good expectations. It was praised by ancient literati as "Wugang Jade Pen".
Whenever the moon is in the sky and the stars are shining brightly, looking down at the deep pool of Wugang under the tower, the shadow of the tower reflected in the clear water is dotted with countless stars, vying to shine, just like stars holding the tower, so it was renamed "Ju". Star Tower".
In 1992, the county government invested special funds for repairs. After the restoration, the Star Tower was handsome, tall, elegant and exquisite.
When the sun first rises, the morning light competes with the Tasha; when the sun sets, the red clouds and the "jade pen" complement each other.
Li River and Xu River are like streamers, sparkling.
The Wannian and Taiping bridges are like twin rainbows lying on the waves.
Clear water, green mountains, long bridges, ancient pagodas, and farms complement each other, forming a natural picture.
Juxing Tower is an architectural wonder. It is a rare leaning tower in Jiangxi Province.
The tower is 30 meters high. It is a hollow cornice-style brick tower with seven floors and eight corners, which are retracted layer by layer from bottom to top. Each floor has windows.
The eaves are built in a zigzag shape, stacked on top of each other, and the top of the tower is built with a brick Kuixing.
The gate of the tower faces west and south, and a long bluestone with the words "Gathering Star Tower" engraved on the forehead is embedded in it.
The tower ladder is sandwiched in the brick wall and goes up in a circuitous way from left to right.
The two people will not meet each other as if they were going up the left and right stairs at the same time. The ingenuity of the design is very rare.
What is even more peculiar is that the Juxing Tower is also a leaning tower, with the entire tower tilting towards the north.
According to legend, when the tower was first built, some people saw the ink master building the tower like this and were worried that it would collapse. However, the ink master smiled and replied: "The bridge is ten thousand years old, the tower is a thousand years old, and the feet of the leaning tower are as stable as iron." The more the north wind blows, the straighter the tower becomes.
"Juxing Tower faces the Wuyi Mountains in the east, the Ganfu Plain and the Xujiang River system in the north, and the entire terrain is like a long corridor. There is frequent north wind in all seasons, which is a major wind outlet.
Ancient craftsmen were able to design the tower to tilt toward the north according to the terrain, wind direction, and wind force. This is very scientific and fully demonstrates the ingenuity of the ancient working people in architectural art.
The ancients believed that Wugang Mountain was the Feng Shui Pass of He County, so towers were built here to ward off evil spirits and bridges were built to store gas and secure wealth.
Although this is a superstitious practice of the ancients, it does add attractions to the people of Jianchang County and provides convenient transportation.
It not only set a symbol for Jianchang water transportation in ancient times, but also left a trace of the times today.
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