According to the "Laoling" and "Laoling Yin Cheng" unearthed at the latest in 1980s and 1990s, at least Laoling County existed in the unified territory of the Qin Dynasty and should belong to Jibei County. Therefore, since Leling was established in the Qin Dynasty, what is its origin? In this regard, the Geographical Records and Yuanhe County Records of the Tang Dynasty revealed something:
This is the earliest and most authoritative record about the origin of Leling City in 284 BC. Of course, the more influential book of place names in the Republic of China, Interpretation of Place Names in Jinxian County, also said that "Le Yi built a city", which was taken from Yuanhe County Records. According to the attitude of "bold assumption, careful verification", it can be inferred from its thinking that Laoling is located in the lower reaches of Jiu Dao of the ancient Yellow River, surrounded by vilen, with flat and low terrain, which is often flooded. It is the junction of Qi and Yan, and there is no city or county here. When Le Yi led the five-nation allied forces to cut Qi, he chose this high-lying place to build the city, in order to build the army and build horses. Later, people called it "Laoling City", and the address is now located in the area of Wei Wangcheng site in the southeast of Laoling.
It was not until the end of the Warring States period or after the merger of Qin and six countries (22 BC1year) that a county was established in this city. According to "Biography of Historical Records of Shang Jun", "Small towns, cities and towns are set as counties, and the order and city are set as thirty-one counties." Therefore, it is not difficult to speculate that Qin Leling County was established after Qin unified the world, which further promoted its county system in the land of six countries. The same is true of the so-called "restructuring and organizational system". After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC), it inherited the Leling County of Qin Dynasty and strengthened the city, so there was the Leling County of Han Dynasty, which was assigned to the Pingyuan County. The name has been used throughout the ages, so that today.
If the above speculation is true, it also involves the etymology of the place name of Leling, that is, why is "Le" pronounced as lào and what does "Ling" mean?
According to the textual research of relevant data, "le" has at least four pronunciations: lè, yê e, lào and yào, and the more time goes on, the more its rhyme points to ao. Therefore, lào and yào are probably the oldest and purest sounds of "le". These two sounds are suspected to have the phenomenon that the ancient sounds pass through falsehood due to the differences of regional dialects, while l.
Here, ao seems to be the ancient rhyme of the word "le", which can also be verified from Cantonese spoken by Cantonese people. Because Cantonese is said to retain a large number of ancient sounds of the Central Plains in the Han and Tang Dynasties, both the two common pronunciations of music "Yue" and "Yue" have a strong pride in Cantonese. In addition, the traditional word "medicine" is "medicine", which is pronounced as "medicine" and belongs to the word with both form and sound, in which "fu" is used as the shape side to represent plants; The traditional word "music" means sound and meaning, which means that medicine can cure diseases and make people happy. This is another proof that the ancient sound of the word "le" contains an awkward sound.
At present, there are ***2 1 place names with the word "le" in China, among which Leling City and Laoting County (Tangshan City, Hebei Province) are all pronounced as lào, Yueqing City (Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province) as yú e, and the rest are all pronounced as lè. In addition, Xinle City (Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province), which is geographically close to Laoling City and Laoting County, is now pronounced as lè, but it is said that the local elderly people are used to pronounced as là o. Therefore, with the proximity of the distance and pronunciation of the three places, it is also verified that à o is the ancient sound of "le", and Le Yi may have pronounced it as à oyì instead of yì eyì.
Therefore, it is not difficult to understand that when Leling City was first built, the "le" in its place name was taken from the surname, and its pronunciation was passed down from generation to generation by people living in Leling. Although times have changed, even wars and immigrants have not been destroyed, which shows its stability and lasting power.
We have solved the pronunciation problem of "le", and the origin of "ling" is easy to understand. According to the shape of Oracle bone inscriptions, "Mausoleum" is a hieroglyphic, which means climbing stairs and heights, and it also means imperial tomb and surpassing criminals.
In the early naming of place names in China, most place names with the word "Ling" were used to express the meaning of high terrain, which was a symbol of highland worship. We can think that although the land in the lower reaches of the ancient Yellow River is alluvial plain, it is not all flat, but there are natural mounds and mountains. In order to avoid frequent floods, ancient ancestors often chose to live in these highlands temporarily. For example, when Gong Yu, a geographical masterpiece in the Warring States Period, mentioned the land of ancient Yanzhou (Leling is the land of ancient Yanzhou), there was a saying that "mulberry soil is a silkworm, and the hilly land is a house", which means that when the flood floods, people will temporarily hide on the nearby high hills to avoid danger, and after the flood, they will walk down the high hills and live on the flat land. Mencius, also written in the Warring States period, also records:
Therefore, it is not difficult to understand that when Le Yi first built Leling City, it chose highland because of the comprehensive consideration of topography and military affairs. It can be further speculated that Leling City was built from north to south by the water, because ancient geographical records have revealed that there is a Gouban River in the south of the city, which is one of the nine roads of the Yellow River. Therefore, Le Yi has multiple functions, such as running the city on the river, avoiding floods, taking water conveniently, protecting the city and defending the city, which embodies the ancient idea of city location according to local conditions.
In the above picture, it is said that Leling City was built during the cutting of Qi, hence its name, so there is no doubt. At this point, the origin of the place name of Leling and the historical transfer from the city to the county can only be fully and seamlessly explained by the theory of "Le Yi built the city" based on two small clay seals of the Qin Dynasty unearthed in the last century. Without this, it seems difficult to explain the historical origin of the name "Laoling" in other sayings.
We can further say that the name "Laoling" is an ancient place name with historical, geographical and cultural connotations. It not only implies the pronunciation of the old saying, the geographical environment and the location of the city, but also is a symbolic place name of Le Yi, a major historical event at the end of the Warring States Period. It also conveys a simple and beautiful vision related to "music", such as paradise for kings, charity, living and working in peace and contentment.
In the past, there were three theories about the origin of the place names of Leling, namely "The Tomb of Adou", "The Tomb of Lecheng" and "Four Folk Music and Great Fu Yue Ling". These three theories have now been proved to be unfounded or taken literally. As for the "exclusive news theory" mentioned in recent years, it is necessary to distinguish it.
Who is Scofield? What is the relationship with Leling?
According to Historical Records, Hanshu and other official records, Shi Gao was a marquis when Emperor Gaozu Xuan Di proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of "Lelinghou".
Why was Scofield blocked? This should also start from a major court event in the later period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty-the witch disaster. To put it simply, the witch curse is a political event that Yi (also known as Prince Wei and Prince Bao) was forced to death because of the superstition and suspicion of the old emperor by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Hundreds of thousands of people have been implicated in this case.
At that time, one of his concubines and children, Liu Jin, died, but Liu had a son, the great-grandson of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (that is, the great-grandson of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, later Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty), who was just born when he was imprisoned with his parents. The emperor's great-grandson was pardoned and released when he was five years old. He is the only descendant of Herry Liu, so he was rescued and sent to Shi Liangdi's brother Shi Gong. Shi Gong's mother, Zhen Jun, was very sorry for the emperor's great-grandson and took good care of him.
Later, the emperor's great-grandson was welcomed into the palace for adoption, and finally he became the emperor of the Han Dynasty, Xuan Di. Xuan Di, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, was a man who thanked him for his kindness and attached importance to his feelings. He immediately set out to repay the benefactor who raised himself since childhood, but at this time Shi Gong and his mother Zhen Jun had died, so he called Shi Gong's three sons, Shi Gao, Shi Zeng and Xuan Shi (actually the third uncle of Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty) into the palace as assistants and other important positions. Soon, in the fourth year of Emperor Xuan Di's Land Festival (66 BC), a consort, Huo Yu, had the intention of rebellion because his power was cut off. Shi immediately noticed it and told the Emperor Xuan Di, thus relieving a crisis.
Mindful of the historian's old love and new achievements, Emperor Gaozu Xuan Di named Shi Gao, Shi Zeng and Xuan Shi as Leling Hou, Jiangling Hou and Platform Hou respectively, and named Shi Dan, the son of Shi Gao, as Wuyang Hou. As a result, the Shi family became the consorts and close ministers of Xianhe in the Western Han Dynasty. Later, Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, further promoted Shi Gao to be a fu and a general of chariots and horses, in charge of the affairs of his ministers, and entrusted Shi Gao to help when the Emperor of the Han Dynasty was critically ill. "Han Shu" records that "Gao Fuzheng begged for bones for five years, giving cars and gold, and then first. Hey, say goodbye to you. " Five years after Shi Gao assisted Emperor Han Yuan, he resigned and went home because of his advanced age, and was mourned.
However, is Wulizhong Site a Shigao Tomb? Wulizhong site does have a layer of Han culture, but it may not be Shigao's tomb. After all, there are many Han tombs in Leling. Why only choose Wuli Middle School? Why is there clear archaeological evidence? Even if there is a Shigao tomb in Leling, it is likely to be judged in the Han tomb near the ruins of Weiwangcheng, the old city of Leling. Therefore, in the absence of conclusive evidence, this can only be regarded as a good wish.
Among the three Shi brothers, Shi Gao is the most prosperous. It can be inferred from the location of Shigao that Leling has developed into a big county with population and economic strength at that time. However, there is a big discrepancy between Historical Records and Hanshu. There are 3,500 Historical Records, and Hanshu is less than Historical Records 10.
What needs to be clear here is that the knighthood system in the Han Dynasty inherited the system of the Qin Dynasty, especially the twenty-grade military service system implemented by the Qin Dynasty. In the 20-level military title system, the highest rank is "Chehou", which was later changed to "Tonghou", also known as "Liehou", in order to avoid Liu Che's taboo. Princes in the Western Han Dynasty are divided into three types: heroes, princes and consorts. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, military exploits were encouraged to seal the marquis, and almost all of them were abolished in the later period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took the throne, Prince Hou appeared in large numbers. Since Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty, the power of heroic princes has gradually weakened, and the number of consorts has expanded day by day. When Emperor Han Ping arrived, Wang Mang, a consort, usurped the throne, seized the surname Liu and defeated all the princes.
Liehou was often divided by land (especially later consorts), so its fief was also called Houguo, and they had the privilege of eating cities in their fief. In the Western Han Dynasty, * * * enfeoffed Liehou as 8 1 1. It can be said that while consolidating the Western Han regime, the Liehou system declined one after another (especially consorts) because of too many enfeoffments, which finally caused a rebound to the Western Han regime.
When it comes to fiefs in the later countries, if we look up the geographical records in Hanshu, there are Leling (one belongs to Pingyuan County, one belongs to Linhuai County) and Platforms (one belongs to Changshan County), but there are no ordinary tombs. This should be related to Shi Zeng's childlessness, and Linghou State will die with Shi Zeng's death. Because of its short existence, it is not recorded in the chronicle. For example, in Hanshu, "Stone is everywhere (including the marquis of Wuyang, and the son of stone is high) ... all of them were defeated by Wang Mang, but only childless and lost in the clouds." However, according to later research, Shi Zeng's food city is located in Decheng District, Dezhou, Shandong Province, which has a lot to do with the origin of Dezhou Lingcheng District.
According to Han Shu's concubine Enze Hou Table, after Shi Gao's death, the title of Leling Hou was successively inherited by his son Shi Shu and his grandson Shi Chong. In the second year of Emperor Han Cheng (3 1 BC), with the death and death of Shi Chong, Hou Guoli in Leling should have been abolished, but in the second year of Emperor Han Cheng's extension (3 1 1 BC), that is, 20 years later, the Hou surname in Leling was restored by Shi Chong's younger brother Shi Shu. The so-called Shao Feng, that is, after the descendants of the Western Han Dynasty were cut off, the emperor's favor and other nationalities continued to inherit their titles and titles, which shows that the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty paid special attention to the disco family. But after Shi Shu's death, she was never seen again, so in the fourth year of Emperor Ping of Han Dynasty (4 years), the Houguo of Leling was sealed by Shi Cen, the great-grandson of Shigao, and the following year Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, so that the Houguo of Leling was completely abolished.
What is particularly debatable here is that there are two "Leling Counties" in the geography of Hanshu, one belongs to Pingyuan County (near Shandong Pingyuan County), and the word "Duwei System" is noted, that is, the place where senior and middle-level generals who assist the counties and are in charge of the county's military are stationed; The other belongs to Linhuai County (near Sihong County, Jiangsu Province) and is marked with the word "Houguo". Therefore, some historians later thought that the post-Leling country was in Linhuai Leling County, not in the plain Leling County. This view is represented by Ye Gui Shouxu's Archaeological Records of Shandong in the Light Years of the Qing Dynasty and Yang Shoujing's usurpation of Water Mirror Notes in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. Yang Shoujing, for example, said, "According to Han Zhi, Leling in Linhuai County is under Yunzhou, but this Leling (Leling County and Pingyuan County) is not under Yunzhou, and it was sealed by Shigao in Linhuai, but not here (Leling County and Pingyuan County)".
Is that really the case?
In fact, Leling County is not the only county with the same name in the history of Han geography. According to the statistics of Hanshu Geography, there were 56 groups of counties with the same name 1 14 in the Western Han Dynasty, accounting for about 7% of the counties 1587 in the Western Han Dynasty, including 54 groups in two counties 108 and 6 groups in three counties. Among 56 groups of counties with the same name, there are as many as 47 groups of counties with the same name as Hou Guo. In addition, Hou Guo and Hou Guo were not found to have the same name. This shows that the reason why the counties with the same name appeared in the Western Han Dynasty was mostly due to the seal of marquis. For example, Hua, a famous toponymist in China, believes that after the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, due to the implementation of the "favor decree" and the wanton rampage of heroes and consorts, the number of countries at the same level as the county suddenly increased, and the number of duplicate names at the county level increased a lot.
Because Liehou was often sealed off, it can be inferred sooner or later whether the plaster statue began to be sealed off in Pingyuan County or Linhuai County, and the geographical records of historical books in past dynasties were searched. Linhuai County only existed in the Western Han Dynasty, which was not mentioned before and never appeared again. On the contrary, Leling County, a plain county, has been circulating since there was a county in the Qin Dynasty, and then Scofield's initial fief was in Leling County, a plain county, rather than Leling County, Linhuai County.
Like this phenomenon, there are many examples in Geography of Hanshu that the houdi changed for some reason, and the original fief remained as a county after the migration. For example, Fuping County, Beidi County (Wuzhong, Ningxia) and Fuping County, Pingyuan County (Huimin County, Lingcheng County, Shandong Province), Zhao Hanxian named Zhang Shi 'an Fuping Hou (Beidi County), and his son Zhang Yanshou requested to reduce the number of households, so he changed the name of Yuci County and Pingyuan County to Fuping Hou State, but Fuping County in Beidi County continued to be preserved, so the Western Han Dynasty was born. Therefore, the emergence of Leling County in Linhuai County should be caused by the migration of the Hou State of Leling in the later period, and it is suspected that it happened when Shi Shushao sealed the country.
Shi Gao, Hou of Leling County, Pingyuan. In addition to the records in Li Jifu's "Yuanhe County in Cangzhou" in the Tang Dynasty, Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty also made a clear comment in "Notes on the Water Classics and Rivers", "Shanghe (river name, not county name) ... is the east and south of Leling County. In the fourth year of Emperor Xuandi's Land Festival (66 BC), Shi Zichang (that is, Shi Gao) was named Hou Guo. " In the Qing Dynasty, it was arbitrary to directly deny the fact that Leling County, a plain county, was a vassal state on the grounds that it was not regarded as important. It is said that Geography of Hanshu reflects the administrative divisions at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and at this time, the fief of Leling was moved to Leling County, Linhuai County.
After Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, he not only cut off a large number of vassal states, but also made drastic changes to the names of counties and counties. Geography of Hanshu recorded this change with the word "Mangyue". Laoling County in Pingyuan County was renamed "Yangmei County" by Wang Mang. After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu brought order out of chaos, restored the county names of the Western Han Dynasty, and consciously abolished the county with the same name by saving one county and abolishing one county. Among them, in 38 groups of counties with the same name, if Houguo and counties have the same name, then almost all the counties that used to be Houguo in the Eastern Han Dynasty were abolished, which is probably the reason why Leling County in Linhuai County never appeared again.
On the other hand, in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, the word "Dewey" was added to Leling County in Pingyuan County, which reflected the rise of Leling's administrative status and regional influence. According to Yang Shoujing's textual research on the county table of the Three Kingdoms in the late Qing Dynasty, Leling County was first established in the 18th year of Jian 'an in the late Eastern Han Dynasty (2 13), and it was renamed Leling State in the Jin Dynasty (county level, country title, county administration) and lasted until the early Sui Dynasty (583).
This 300-year period can be described as the most chaotic and darkest period in the history of China, but it is the brightest moment in the administrative history of Leling, which also confirms the important military strategic position played by Leling in wartime. For example, during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Leling was the center of 24 counties in two provinces in Hebei, Shandong and Henan border areas.
Later, with the implementation of the state-county two-level system in the early years of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty, Leling County was revoked and reduced to one county, which meant that the first half of Leling's history came to an end temporarily. With the opening of the Grand Canal in Ming and Qing Dynasties and the establishment of Wuding House, the regional focus of northern Shandong shifted to Dezhou and Huimin respectively, but Leling was somewhat lost between left and right. Leling, as an ancient town and a big town, has been forgotten for a long time, and entered a new historical development cycle after 1988 withdrew its county and set up a city.
In short, Leling follows the ancient Yellow River, which originated in the Qi Dynasty and flourished in history for 2300 years. Although the organizational system, administrative subordination, topography, and city site management have all changed, place names have continued, containing a long and profound meaning, which is also a rare reputation in the country.