The northern gardens are wide in area and scope; Because most of them are located in Baixian County, the buildings are magnificent. Limited by natural meteorological conditions
There are few rivers, lakes, boulders and evergreen trees. Therefore, beauty and charm are insufficient. Representatives of northern gardens are mostly concentrated in Beijing, Xi and Luoyang.
Kaifeng, especially represented by Beijing.
2. Jiangnan type
The population in the south is relatively dense, so the garden area is small; Because there are many rivers and lakes, garden stones and evergreen trees, the garden scenery is more delicate and exquisite. for above-mentioned reasons
Conditions, it is characterized by bright, elegant, tortuous and profound, but it is a bit cramped because of its small area. Representatives of southern gardens are mostly concentrated in Nanjing and Shanghai.
Shanghai, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and other places, especially Suzhou.
3. Lingnan type
Because it is located in the subtropical zone, with evergreen seasons and many rivers, the gardening conditions are better than those in the north and south. Its obvious characteristics are tropical scenery and tall and spacious buildings. The existing Lingnan gardens include the famous Qinghui Garden in Shunde, Guangdong and Keyuan Garden in Dongguan.
4. In addition to the three major theme styles, there are various forms such as Bashu Garden and Western Region Garden.
China classical gardens have their own ways to deal with some design concepts of eastern and western gardens; Moreover, after combining its own historical, cultural and geographical characteristics, it also presents some unique features.
1, the nature worship of the unity of man and nature
2. Landscape types that imitate the natural landscape pattern
3, poetic expression.
4. Comfortable and pleasant living environment
5. Be good at expanding the visual threshold of lending.
6. Stepwise spatial sequence
7. The visual effect is small in the middle and big in the middle.
8. Euphemistic and implicit emotional expression
Ancient Greece, West Asia and China are regarded as the three major garden systems.
The Influence of the Development of European Classical Gardens on Modern Landscape Design
The Development Course of European Classical Gardens
The tradition of European garden culture can be traced back to ancient Egypt. At that time, the gardens imitated the nature cultivated and transformed by human beings, not the geometric nature, so the western gardens began to develop along the geometric road. Among them, ancient Egyptian gardens, ancient Greek gardens and ancient Roman gardens are the representatives, among which water, evergreen plants and colonnade are all important gardening elements, which laid the foundation for the gardens of 15 and 16 century Italian Renaissance.
In the 8th century, the Arabs conquered Spain, brought Islamic garden culture, and combined it with Christian culture in continental Europe, forming a unique garden style in Spain. As the symbol of life and the source of meditation in Arabic culture, water often appears in the courtyard in the form of a cross canal, representing four rivers in the sky: water, wine, milk and honey. All kinds of decorations change delicately, and tiles and mosaics are the first choice for facing. This type of garden has greatly influenced American gardening and modern landscape design.
California Gardens, USA
In the Middle Ages, the glory of ancient culture disappeared and the society was in turmoil. People sought solace in religion one after another. Therefore, the basis of civilization in the Middle Ages was mainly Christian civilization. There are two different types of gardens: religious temple courtyard and castle courtyard. At first, these two kinds of gardens were mainly practical. With the stability of the current situation and the continuous development of productivity, there are more and more decorations and entertainments in gardens.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, the Italian Renaissance rose. The rapid progress of literature and art has caused a group of people to love nature and pursue pastoral interest. Gardens prevailed in the Renaissance and gradually changed from geometric figures to baroque artistic curves. In the late Renaissance, gardens even pursued subjective, novel and dreamy "technicalism" performance.
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, an outstanding figure in the history of gardens appeared-Andre Nott (16 13- 1700), who started French gardens. China called it a classical garden. Lenotre's gardens retained some elements of Italian Renaissance manors, and regrouped in France in a more cheerful, gorgeous, magnificent and symmetrical way, creating a more noble garden, pursuing the quiet, open, unified and changeable, magnificent and magnificent landscape effect of the whole garden. In the Yuanmingyuan in China, because of the curiosity of Emperor Qianlong, a western-style building imitating French gardens was also built.
Baroque garden
17 and 18 centuries, the tendency of painting and literature to be keen on nature influenced British gardening, and with the influence of China's garden culture, natural landscape gardens appeared in Britain. A new garden consists of undulating open grasslands, naturally winding lakeshore and naturally growing trees. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/8th century, as an improvement, some scenic spots were built in the garden, such as pavilions, small bridges, rockeries and other exotic buildings in China or the remains of ancient Rome. People call this kind of garden sentimental garden or English-Chinese garden.
Landscape architecture in continental Europe began with imitating Chinese and English gardens. Although they were often imitated blindly at first, they brought fundamental changes to the garden. The development of landscape architecture in continental Europe is a process of purification. The proportion of natural landscape is increasing, and there are fewer and fewer scenic spots. 1800 years later, the pure natural landscape garden finally appeared.
/kloc-the garden design in the first half of the 0/9th century is often a combination of geometric gardens and regular gardens. At the end of 19, more designs adopted regular gardens to coordinate the relationship between architecture and environment. Art and architecture are developing in the direction of simplicity, and gardens are influenced by new thoughts, moving towards purification and gradually turning to functional and humanized design.
/kloc-in the 0/9th century, the gardening style stagnated in the design style of blending natural and geometric styles, and even gradually degenerated into imitation and patchwork of historical styles, until the arts and crafts movement and the Art Nouveau movement led to the birth of new gardening styles.
Influenced by the arts and crafts movement, the garden style is more concise, romantic and elegant. The garden consists of small-scale spaces with different functions, emphasizing the use of natural materials. This style influenced the later landscape design in continental Europe, and it still has some influence today.
The purpose of Art Nouveau movement is to create a new design by means of decoration, which is mainly manifested in the pursuit of natural curve and straight line geometry. Another feature of the Art Nouveau movement is that it emphasizes the artistic connection between gardens and buildings, and holds that the concepts of gardens and buildings should be unified, and the ideal gardens should reproduce the "outdoor" inside buildings as much as possible.
Although the Art Nouveau movement rebelled against the tradition of classicism, its works were not "modern" in the strict sense, but beneficial exploration and preparation before modernism. It can be said that this art movement at the turn of the century is a design movement connecting the preceding with the following, which indicates the end of the old era and the arrival of a new era.
British Gardens In Time
A school that has a great influence on modern landscape planning and design
Tracing back to the development and changes in the field of landscape design for a century, no matter which style has a wide impact on modern gardens. On the basis of the development of garden landscape in the last century, many design styles and some very influential schools appeared in various countries in the 20th century.
1. The original expression of French modern garden style was 1925 "International Exhibition of Modern Arts and Crafts" held in Paris. In the exhibition, people saw some gardens with modern characteristics, representing four identical red "trees" designed by architect Stevens and "GardenofWaterandLight and Water" designed by Rician in ancient Egypt. The exhibition opened a new phase of modern landscape design.
French modern landscape design broke the shackles of traditional rules or natural styles, and adopted a new dynamic balance composition at that time, which has strong geometry, but it is not static balance under abstract rules, but the embodiment of irregular geometry.
2. The modern baroque style is characterized by the extensive use of curves in landscape design works. The representative of this style is Brazilian landscape architect roberto burle marx. His works expanded the form of ancient flower beds. His curved flower bed, like a brush filled with water, draws bright strokes on the earth. The use of flower beds limits the growth range of large plants, but plants are never trimmed, which is essentially different from the patterned flower beds in Baroque gardens. He uses the contrast of color and texture of plant leaves to create beautiful patterns, rather than relying mainly on flowers; Extend this contrast to other materials, such as gravel, pebbles, water, pavement and so on. His various design languages are widely circulated all over the world.
3. Barra dry landscape design combines modernism with Mexican tradition and opens up a new way of modernism. He often designs buildings, gardens and furniture together to form a unified and harmonious whole with a distinctive personal style. The colorful gardens with bright walls are in sharp contrast with water, plants and the sky, creating a quiet and poetic shelter for the soul. Some elements in his works, such as colored walls, elevated water tanks and waterfalls at the estuary, have become symbols of Mexican style.
4. The typical characteristics of California school are: simple form, direct connection between indoor and outdoor, hard surface close to the house, garden furniture, irregular grass, mahogany platform, wooden stool, swimming pool, barbecue grill and other entertainment facilities. Fences, walls and obstacles create privacy, and existing trees and newly built trees provide shade for outdoor space. Some also learn from some characteristics of Japanese gardens, such as low bryophytes, ferns, evergreen trees, natural decorative stones and so on. It is a composition of art, function and society, and every part has been carefully considered and integrated into the climate, landscape and lifestyle. It is a local, contemporary and humanized design, which meets the needs of comfortable outdoor life and is very easy to maintain.
California School has changed the history of American gardens, from the revival and plagiarism of European styles to the development of American social, cultural and geographical diversity.
In the garden of China. The dignity of the royal status is unshakable, and it can be said that it is overbearing in the way of garden construction, so it is vividly displayed in the garden and pursues infinity.
In the garden of China. The dignity of the royal status is unshakable, and it can be said that it is overbearing in the way of garden construction, so it is vividly displayed in the garden and pursues infinity.
On the site selection of geomantic omen, China Royal Garden occupies all the geomantic omen treasures. For example, the summer resort in Chengde. The water in the northeast. Water in the southeast flows to the mountains in the southeast and northwest. Mountain is the representative of Kunlun, the symbol of Xuanwu, and water is the symbol of Qinglong and Suzaku. The interior of the garden is also modeled after the pattern of Feng Shui. Go east and south. There are mountains in the west and north. The former is a mountain. Behind it is a mountain. East is right, and west is right. The mountains are surrounded by low-lying basins. Therefore, in saline-alkali land, water is a pool, like suzaku. In terms of landscape pattern, China Royal Garden adopts landscape garden style. Give priority to mountains, supplemented by water. Pay attention to the combination of wisdom water and benevolence mountain. Benevolence, supplemented by wisdom, is also the moral concept of China people. So there must be heaped mountains in the garden. The mountain is high, with the main building on the mountain as the visual center and the island in the water as the composition center, and the two hearts are integrated.
On the axis, symmetry and center, the royal garden firmly walks on the axis and symmetry road. For example, the Summer Palace, from the North Palace Gate in the back hill to the Buddha Pavilion in the scenic center, and even the Phoenix Pier in Kunming Lake, is an obvious axis. At the same time, axis and symmetry are used in the imperial garden, Cining Palace Garden and Ningshou Palace Garden behind Kunning Palace.
The China Royal Garden adopts the forms of solid wall, thick landscape and high wall in landscape division and enclosure. For example, the gardens in Beijing Imperial City are surrounded by high walls, and so is chengde mountain resort. This enclosure was designed with the city wall as a safety wall, which reflected the sacred and inviolable sovereignty of the emperor at that time.
Frames, antithesis and ellipsis are widely used in China Royal Gardens. Frame view is generally realized through window frames: the opposite view is generally realized through the separation of mountains and rivers; Scenery leakage is generally realized through cloisters or verandahs.
On the road, most of the royal gardens in China are inlaid with bricks, tiles, stones and other materials. Mainly made of artificial ceramic tiles and stones, supplemented by natural rocks. Use the method of composition. In plant planting, the amount of body used is relatively small, and the green coverage rate is relatively low, mainly to show the effect of seeing nature in artificial life. As far as plant species are concerned. I like to use plants with four seasons and flowering plants. Like three friends in a cold year, four gentlemen in a flower. Zhi Tao in spring, lotus in summer, maple tree in autumn and pine tree in winter all have the same preference, which is the expression of Confucian golden mean.
In plant pruning, the beauty of natural form is always above everything else.
The architectural performance is as follows: first, the type, mainly the hall. Pavilions and pavilions are supplemented. The religious buildings in the royal gardens of China occupy a large part, which is related to the royal virtue and longevity. The second is that the architectural layout is mainly symmetrical with the regular central axis. The third is the dense number of buildings. The building density is relatively high. The fourth is that the building is relatively large. Fifth, bridges are mostly stone arch bridges.
1. Humble Administrator's Garden (Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province)
2. Summer Palace (Haidian District, Beijing)
3. Summer Resort (Chengde City, Hebei Province)
4. Stay in the Garden (Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province