For example, the local governor set up in the Qing Dynasty was also the minister of the Ministry of War or the censor of the right capital, and was in charge of the military and political power of one or two or three provinces. Its level is generally second-class, and it is awarded to the Minister of War. The person who holds the title of Imperial History in Duchayuan is a subordinate, and the person who holds the title of University is a genuine product.
At its peak, there were eleven governors in the three northeastern provinces, Zhili, Liangjiang, Guangdong and Guangxi, Fujian and Zhejiang, Huguang, Shaanxi and Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Caoyun and Hedao.
The demise of the Qing Dynasty was accompanied by the last emperor Puyi, and naturally there were many last governors who were still governors at that time. Although Zhang has only been in office for ten days, he is also honored to be one of them.
In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), the Qing court issued an imperial decree: "Governors shall be set up in all provinces of Zhili and stationed in provincial capitals." Therefore, the post of Governor of Zhili was established, and the stationed place was Baoding House. Because Zhili is located in the capital city, it is the most important position in the government. Since the second year of Yongzheng, it has been awarded the title of Ministry of War's suggestion and right capital's inspection institute. From the first year of Yongzheng to the third year of Xuantong, 187. There are 74 governors in Zhili, 99 appointed, including 38 appointed, 30 acting as agents and 6 nursing staff.
What is the origin of Zhang, the last governor of Zhili who took office only ten days ago?
According to historical records, in the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), the royal family of the Qing Dynasty incited some imperial advisers and impeached Yuan Shikai many times. The Qing court adopted the strategy of Ming Sheng Yuan Shikai as minister of military aircraft and foreign affairs and secretly deprived him of his military power.
Yuan Shikai vacated the post of Governor of Zhili, and was first replaced by Governor Chen of Huguang. Chen was ill for two years and two months, and was represented by Zhang Yusan (19 1 1) appointed by Hunan, so he became the last governor of Zhili in the Qing Dynasty.
Fang Zhen's career is not good. 1February 25th, just ten days after he ascended the throne (i.e.19 12 February 12), Emperor Xuan Tong, the descendant of Lady Yulong of the Qing Dynasty, abdicated and the Qing Dynasty was ended.
Speaking of Zhang, he was born in 1863. He is not only a fellow villager of Yuan Shikai in Xiangcheng, Henan Province, but also the younger brother of his sister-in-law. They are close relatives.
Born in a scholarly family, Zhang was smart and eager to learn. In the 10th year of Guangxu (1884), he was admitted to Mangsheng, and paid tribute the following year, ranking first after having obtained the provincial examination in Qiu Wei. Eight years later, at the age of 29, he passed the imperial examination. At first, he was assigned to the Ministry of Housing. As a six-product Beijing official, he has been working for eight years.
It's been eight years, and it's still six products, and it's not yet successful. In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Beijing. Like other officials in the imperial court, Zhang fled for his life the night before the allied forces entered Beijing. However, instead of fleeing back to his hometown, he caught up with Empress Dowager Cixi and took Emperor Guangxu to the west. He was immediately appointed as Shaanxi Sizou to serve the two palaces and became one of the officials who fled to the west to protect drivers.
After the court made peace and signed the "Xin Chou Treaty", Zhang returned to Beijing with Empress Dowager Cixi, met Yuan Shikai, and later accepted him as an apprentice. At this time, Yuan Shikai has been the governor of Shandong since the second grade.
As mentioned above, Zhang is the younger brother of Yuan Shikai's sister-in-law. In order to cultivate influence and gain political capital, Yuan Shikai decided to look for opportunities to promote Zhang, who can be trusted.
In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), after Li Hongzhang's death, Yuan Shikai succeeded Li Hongzhang as the governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang, and Zhang was also outstanding. He has been promoted to important positions related to financial management, such as the office of Yinyuan Bureau, the general office of Zhili Commission, and the ambassador of Lu Chang transporting salt.
It should be said that Zhang's personality is still good. During his tenure as a local official, he has been loyal to his duties, played his talents and served the Qing court. After several years as an official in the local government, he helped the court increase the national treasury income by millions of silver.
Although there were many good officials loyal to the Qing court like Zhang in the late Qing Dynasty, even if they tried hard, it was difficult to save the dying Qing Dynasty.
Fortunately, although Zhang became "unemployed" after only ten days as governor of Zhili, Yuan Shikai became the interim president of the Republic of China in March of 19 12 after being "idle" for less than a month. After the regime change, Zhang's official career has not been affected at all, and his luck has changed.
Trusted by President Yuan Shikai, the government of the Republic of China appointed Zhang Suiyuan to return to Henan as governor and director of civil affairs.
As a result, the Zhang family was brilliant, and his mansion in Kaifeng, the provincial capital, became the "Zhang Shuaifu" where the flagpole stood tall, the lion closed the door, the civilian got off the sedan chair and the military attache dismounted.
Zhang acted according to Yuan Shikai's will, fully restored the old feudal order in Henan and banned the revolutionary Kuomintang. After the assassination of Song, Henan Revolutionary Party held a memorial service for Song. The editor of the People's Daily, a revolutionary party newspaper, wrote a deputy elegiac couplet saying: "If there is no Napoleon in the eyes, it is appropriate for the public to die first; If you meet Zhang Zhenwu underground, just say I will come. " (Note: Zhang Zhenwu was the main organizer and leader of Wuchang Uprising).
In order to suppress the second revolution, Zhang set up a military and police federation in the provincial capital. Immediately surrounded the radical tendency of People's Daily and killed four people, including editorial director Luo Ruiqing. For a time, Kaifeng city was shrouded in white terror, and innocent citizens also suffered greatly. The most resentful and unforgivable thing for Xiangcheng people in Henan Province is that he killed Dani, a fellow villager, a student who was selected by himself to attend a higher normal school, a member of the old League and a provincial councillor.
Danibi once organized Huai Shang army to fight against Qing army in southeast Henan, and made outstanding achievements as Yan Zigu martyr in the struggle to overthrow the imperial system and defend peace. Under the white terror of Kaifeng, Dani intends to blow up the powder magazine in Kaifeng and then sneak back to Xiangcheng. Unexpectedly, his whereabouts were exposed. Zhang ordered the gendarmerie Federation to send more than 20 cavalry to hunt him down. 19 13 On August 21st of the lunar calendar, Dani was killed in Xiguan school yard in Laoxiangcheng.
In order to quell people's grievances, in February of the third year of the Republic of China (19 14), Yuan Shikai was dismissed in the name of "killing young people indiscriminately" and Duan was appointed as the governor of Henan.
Since then, Zhang has left his official position and presided over the Salt Bank, a joint venture between the government and business to resist foreign investment.
Along the way from the officialdom in the late Qing Dynasty, Zhang has always loved the feudal monarchy in his bones. In the second year after he was transferred back to Beijing (19 15), he strongly supported Yuan Shikai's restoration of the monarchy, becoming one of Yuan Shikai's "Thirteen Guarantees of the Pacific Ocean" and one of the "Seven Fierces" to restore the monarchy. Be cast aside by the world.
In the fifth year of the Republic of China (19 16), Yuan Shikai died of illness, and the commander-in-chief of Jiangsu Province and the governor of the Yangtze River appointed by him made Zhang Xun reluctant to give up the monarchy. His troops continue to have the braid of the Qing Dynasty, the so-called "braid army", and he calls himself "braid handsome".
Zhang Xun not only established the warlord faction, but also established the "Thirteen Provinces Alliance" in Xuzhou, known as Dujuntuan in history, and actively planned to restore the Manchu monarchy through charity.
During this period, the Beiyang government was fighting among itself. 19 17 spring, Duan was removed from the post of prime minister by Li, and wanted to use the power of Zhang Xun to expel Li. So Zhang Xun, in the name of mediation, took 5,000 braid troops to Beijing and forced Li to leave. Various restoration forces also flocked to Beijing and Tianjin.
I don't know. The main purpose of Zhang Xun's sending troops to Beijing is to support the restoration of the Qing emperor Puyi, who was still in the Forbidden City. On July 1 day of that year, the restoration farce supported by Zhang Xun was staged, and Puyi announced the restoration and officially appointed it. Among them, Zhang, who supported Zhang Xun's actions, was appointed Minister of State and Minister of State Support.
The restoration farce only lasted for twelve days, and it was a complete failure under Duan's heavy siege. Zhang was arrested for civil strife and was sentenced to life imprisonment by the government of the Republic of China.
However, Zhang has a wide range of contacts and magical powers. Duan, the commander of Beiyang East Road Army, and others were accommodating, and the Zhang family donated 400,000 yuan in the name of Fang. After serving his sentence for two days, he was released on medical parole on the grounds of illness and was sent back to Tianjin. He was released after serving his sentence for three months.
Zhang lived in Tianjin after he was released from prison. He served as the chairman of North Bank and Salt Bank, and sometimes went back to his hometown Xiangcheng to stay temporarily, and never set foot in politics again. Until 1933, he died at the age of 70.
As a historical figure in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, Zhang has his own conclusions about his merits and demerits. He did some good things for the country and the people, and people still remember:
For example, he first donated money to establish an excellent normal school in Baoding, Zhili, and opened a new tertiary school for modern China, which played a leading role; In the spring of Guangxu's thirty-third year, he donated 62,000 yuan to his hometown Xiangcheng to start Baizuipu Normal School, which was more than six years earlier than Henan University. Xuantongyuannian (1909), Henan was affected. His hometown Xiangcheng is low-lying, prone to waterlogging, and the drought continues. This year, the famine is more serious. Zhang specially donated 4000 yuan for disaster relief, half to Xiangcheng and half to other disaster areas in the province; During the Republic of China, Zhang also donated 400,000 yuan to build the general office building of Xiangshan Kindergarten in Beijing (now the archive room of Xiangshan Park Management Office), which is still called "Fang Zhenlou".
There is an anecdote among the people in Henan: When Zhang went to Henan, his first teacher, Xia Yun V, was called "Xia Laoxuan". Because he couldn't raise enough money to build a bridge on the Caohe River in his hometown, he went north to Kaifeng and asked Zhang to raise money. Xia Laoxuan walked for three days and found the Doudufu. Seeing that he was covered in dust and disheveled, the doorman was neither allowed in nor informed. Xia Laoxuan had no choice but to identify himself and said, "I am the mentor of Governor Zhang." The guard had just left, and then the instrument door was wide open, and Zhang personally welcomed the teacher into the Shuaifu. After the greeting, I found out the purpose of teacher Zhang and ignored it. Xia Lao chose to stay for a few days, and the food was served. He couldn't stay any longer, so he said to Zhang, "The villagers want me to help them build a slab bridge. You are neither long nor round. You missed it. Now you must make it clear that I can go back ... "
Zhang smiled apologetically and told the teacher that the money for repairing the Banqiao was returned the day you came. I want the teacher to stay for a few more days, but I have never made it clear. After Xia Laoxuan returned to Xiangcheng, he heard that the money had been delivered in advance. So he praised Zhang for meeting his teacher, and Zhang's opening the door to welcome guests and Lao Xuan became a much-talked-about story among the neighbors.
There is Zhang's son, who is one of the four famous sons of the Republic of China during the Republic of China (the other three are Zhang Xueliang, Yuan Shikai's son, and Aisingiorro Pudong, the Manchu imperial clan).