What English dictionary do you use to write English academic papers?

At present, * * * has more than 120 words related to China, including geomantic omen, dim sum, kowtow, hutong, hukou, relationship, wolfberry and martial arts. "Local tyrants" and "aunts" have no income. Recently, some China media are complacent about the news that China's words may be included in the Oxford English Dictionary. For example, (local tyrant: "The English words contributed by China are being unconsciously integrated into all aspects of international life ... from a deeper perspective ... it reflects that China is being integrated into the globalization process." Nowadays, transliterated Chinese words with China characteristics such as "relationship" and "chengguan" often appear in English reading materials. These words originated in China. Yes, but they are not necessarily proud. "Relationship": The most famous Chinese transliteration words in the Oxford Dictionary are included in the Chinese transliteration words in the Oxford Dictionary, and the most famous one is "relationship". The Oxford English Dictionary defines this as: "Mandarin from China literally means the same thing as' contact', especially the social networking system and influential interpersonal relationships that are conducive to business activities and other transactions in China." An article in the 20th13rd issue of Atlantic Monthly, JPMorgan Chase in China: Why it's getting harder and harder to do business as usual, makes a clearer interpretation of the meaning of the word "relationship" in the English context: "Every foreigner who goes to China will learn a magical word" relationship "soon after arriving in China. This is a must in this country with a population of 65.438+0.3 billion. With "relationship", it can mean finding a job, entering a good school, or helping a new enterprise avoid unnecessary government attention. Lala' relationship' can solve problems quickly and effortlessly. " "Urban Management": The word "urban management" originated from the media reports on the "China Municipal Quasi-police Force" and the English media could not find the corresponding English words when reporting the urban management of China, so it had to be transliterated. On July 20 13, Atlantic Monthly introduced the "urban management" system in China with the title of "Urban Management: the hated and tyrannical local police in China", in which the introduction was: "As the most widely hated municipal police in China, the" urban management "separated from the regular police department is responsible for managing urban life. On August 20 13, the wall street journal introduced the "urban management" system with the article "the opportunity of quasi-police in China city": "urban management" is an auxiliary quasi-police force organized and employed by the China municipal government, responsible for managing various municipal affairs. The law on "urban management" is so vague and broad that the de facto power of "urban management" is almost unlimited. Although the public has a lot of resentment against the barbaric mob behavior of' urban management', the employers of' urban management' have hardly made any substantive actions to restrain them. " "double regulations": the word "double regulations" is a common normative English vocabulary in the fields of law and politics, and it does not need free translation. The introductory English monograph on China's legal system gives a straightforward definition of this system: "Apart from the literal disguise,' double regulations' is a secret detention mechanism in China, without any judicial supervision and legal provisions". The political papers studying this system also clearly stated in the abstract that "the research object of this paper is China's' (system of extra-legal detention')". 20 12 September, The Economist magazine mentioned another important meaning of this word: "This is the behavior of the inner-party police: the ruling party in China has another set of laws against guilty inner members. ""Laogai ""was included in the Oxford Dictionary of Phrases in 2003, earlier than the recent "Tuhao" and "Hugo", while "Laogai" was included in the English Dictionary ten years ago. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary (1994) contains the word "reform through labor", which means "disciplinary punishment system" derived from "reform through labor". The Oxford Dictionary of English Phrases and Fables in 2003 further explained the term "reeducation through labor": "China's reeducation through labor system". Macmillan English Dictionary also includes the word "reeducation through labor": "It was first used in English as 1983, which refers to the disciplinary system formed by the network of reeducation through labor in China." Red envelopes ":It is difficult for the English world to understand the puns of" red envelopes with money gifts at social and family gatherings "and" bribes ". In the "China Custom" category of various encyclopedia websites, the folk custom of "sending red envelopes" is generally introduced: red envelopes/envelopes with paper money or similar monetary gifts presented by relatives and friends in social occasions such as weddings, family gatherings and festivals. However, since ancient times, China has a tradition of washing white bribes in the form of "three festivals" (Spring Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Dragon Boat Festival), which is difficult for people in English-speaking countries to understand. In an interview with the Wall Street Journal, the chairman of Trace International, an American non-governmental organization dedicated to anti-commercial bribery, explained this difference: "The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of the United States clearly stipulates that enterprises' cannot directly or indirectly provide, promise or pay any valuable items to government officials to obtain commercial benefits'. However, it is difficult for the company accused of bribery to explain to the American jury who has never been to China why it is appropriate to give cash in red sealed envelopes to government officials in China, and "this is an ancient tradition, which may have been in China for thousands of years. If you don't do this, local officials are likely to think that they have been humiliated. " Hukou: The household registration system that controls the society by differentiation and exclusion, which is transliterated directly as Hugo in English, rather than translated freely as Hugo, because residents in the English-speaking world can't understand the household registration system in China. The gap in reality, just like the preface of the academic monograph "Controlling Society by Differentiation and Exclusion: China Hukou System" published by Stanford University Press in 2005, pointed out the "China characteristics" to American readers: "Imagine that you, as a national citizen, want to move to a more prosperous city in China. As a result, you are not allowed to work in more than half of your destination or study in more than half of your local public schools, and because your visa expires, you will be accepted by your municipal authorities at any time.