Noble jade can be regarded as "from beginning to end, from birth to death". From head to toe, it is to wear jade to decorate the whole body from the beginning, reaching the hands as far as possible; From birth to death, it means wearing jade all over your body before death, and still using jade buried with you after death.
Jade sets became popular within two weeks. The jade mask is sewn on the cloth with several pieces of jade similar to the facial features according to the size and shape of the human face. Some are specially made, and some seem to be modified or merged from other jade articles. The number of pieces in each set is different, each piece is flat, and there are holes in the corners. When in use, all the decorative parts are facing the face of the deceased. It can also be said that jade clothing is actually a custom driven by jade clothing, which expands step by step and finally reaches its peak. So these two things can be regarded as one, and they are the last glory and jade fate of your people.
The second part, Chapter 5, Precious of Baoyu, Section 2, Uses of Baoyu.
I. Standards for the use of precious jade
Of course, nobles are also divided into large, medium and small. Not all nobles can be covered in jade, but even the youngest nobles will inevitably have some jade. To sum up, the use of jade by noble people can be regarded as "from beginning to end, from birth to death". From head to toe, jade is worn and decorated all over the body from the beginning, reaching as far as the hands; From birth to death, it means wearing jade all over your body before death, and still using jade buried with you after death.
The above-mentioned changes in China's official system, you know, at any time in history, it is not a worry-free thing to blend into the ranks of the nobility. There are too many rules, and the doorways behind the rules are too deep. Here, let's talk about your rules of wearing jade first, and then start with the core of China's ideological system. "Book of Rites Jade Algae": "It's Metaphysics Group, Gong Hou Peishan is Metaphysics Group, Zhu Group, Doctor is Pure Learning Group, Stone is Jade Group, and it's Jade Group. This is the root of China's jade-wearing hierarchy, and the jade-using system of later generations is basically based on this, and its theoretical basis is "ceremony".
There are two interesting things about this grade: one is that it is not only jade, but also a rope for Yu Pei; The other is to slip Kong Old Master Q in quietly, but he is extremely unsociable. Ribbon is a ribbon used to tie jade, which is composed of many silk threads, which can be used to combine colors, that is, colored ropes. Wear white jade with a black belt; The princes wore mountain jade tied with red ribbons. Zheng Xuan noted that "the mountains are dark and the water is pale, and the mountains are dark and the water is pale". It seems that Shan Xuanyu is light black jade; Pure black hair is red and yellow, aquamarine is dark blue jade, so doctors wear dark blue jade with red ribbon in black places; Yu Yu has two explanations. One is that jade is red, so it is probably agate; First, the hole is sparse, saying it is beautiful jade. Judging from the color of jade at all levels above, we still believe a saying. Wan means cyan, that is, the prince wears a ruby with a cyan ribbon; Today, what archaeologists call "fake jade" are turquoise, crystal, chalcedony and so on. Literati are not as good as real nobles, so they can only wear "fake jade" tied with ribbons.
Tang Qingyu's flowers and flowers have jade stripes, which are called aquamarine.
Liao hollowed out the blue and white jade and danced in the sky, while white jade and light black hair were the so-called mountains.
After the reign of Yu Pei, we found very important cultural information:
Why should jade and jade belt be stipulated in complete sets? We know that there is a term called "the system of rites and music", and the ceremony collapses and the music is bad. Rites represent rules and order, and music is its external art form to people's hearts. Since Yu Pei is arranged according to the "ceremony" and is the performance of "ceremony", of course, there must be something representing "music" to cooperate. It is a colorful ribbon with a certain artistic impression. Therefore, jade and ribbon are stipulated at the same time, which corresponds to the "ritual and music" system. White jade is a black ribbon, black and white. This is Yang's metaphor, which is the core idea of China. Everything is self-cleaning. We should know that one of the most important functions is that ancient emperors always claimed to be "commanding mountains and rivers and assisting them" when offering sacrifices to heaven. The vassal is light ink jade with red ribbon, and the vassal is ruby with green ribbon, which are completely opposite to each other! It turns out that this is a father-son costume, and this is another set of yin-yang relations. "Fake jade" was assigned to the scholar, because the scholar's position was not a real aristocrat and jade was polite, so "fake jade" was arranged for him in order. But at the same time, the ribbon assigned to him is a higher position and the center of the five colors. The condescension of this jade ribbon is undoubtedly a group of yin and yang relations.
Tang Crystal Eight-petal Fancy Lamp
Therefore, behind this set of principles guiding China's jade usage system in past dynasties are the core things of China's philosophy-"courtesy" and Yin and Yang. Namely Confucianism and Yi. It is the kinetic energy of China's 2,000-year history to take Yi as the foundation and Confucianism as the application.
Interestingly, Confucius is also included in this system. Everyone is in the prescribed rank or position, and only his old man is a famous person with a surname. It can be seen that this system was definitely determined after Dong Zhongshu in the Western Han Dynasty. To put it more clearly, this is another proof that The Book of Rites is a forgery of Han and Confucianism. In fact, according to Confucius' status as a prince of Lu, he should belong to the doctor's level and should be pure and flawless. But in this system, the first master wore an ivory ring with a blue ribbon, indicating that later Confucian masters all had their own selfishness. This selfishness is probably: they need to make Confucius a mortal, not a mortal; Confucius is required to have a transcendental position, both in the secular utilitarian system and higher than this system. Therefore, Confucius is unique in this noble jade hierarchy. He wears ivory that is equally precious but by no means jade. The color of ivory is ivory white, that is, some colors are white, while the ribbon tied on this ivory ring is cyan, that is, some colors are black. This is an ingenious arrangement that directly dominates Yin and Yang as well, but a little low-unused black and white. This is a metaphor for Confucius' position, which should be slightly shorter than one shoulder and much higher than others. In other words, it is to rule the world with kingship, while Confucianism, represented by Confucius, rules the world with thoughts-in fact, from the end of the Western Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, China did exist in such a pattern.
Second, jade.
Now let's take a look at how this set of principles guides future generations to use jade, for example, the Tang Dynasty, which attached importance to jade. Because in the great kingdom in China's history, the Han, Tang and Qing Dynasties controlled the western regions, and jade materials were the most abundant. However, the system of jade use in Han Dynasty was not yet mature, and jade use in Qing Dynasty had entered the secular period, so the Tang Dynasty was the most suitable standard. The jade-using system of each dynasty is generally in the clothing system. The costume system in Tang Dynasty includes coronation costume, court costume, official costume and official costume. Of course, the costumes of the emperor and the crown prince are self-contained. According to the comparison between Old Tang Shu and Yu Fu Zhi in Shu, there are the following regulations on the use of jade.
The first is the emperor and the crown prince:
The jade used by the emperor and his wife is white jade. All the crowns, collars and hairpins they wear are made of jade. The so-called guide is the big hairpin that passes through the crown and the crown of the bun. They hung two pairs of white Yu Pei, with a white jade belt around their waist. At the same time, there will be a jade sword at the waist-the jade inlaid on the hilt and scabbard is called jade sword ornament; A sword decorated with jade is called a jade sword. A complete jade sword consists of four jade ornaments, namely head, lattice, stone and sword.
Goujian Sword, the King of Yue, unearthed from Wangshan, Jiangling, Hubei, is the pinnacle of China's bronze sword.
Palace Museum Han Dynasty Jade Sword
Jade sword was originally associated with bronze sword, and its shape was completely designed according to the requirements of bronze sword: the head of jade sword is round with a hole in the middle for inserting and fixing the top of rod-shaped bronze hilt; Yu Zhangjian is actually a long pin, fixed on the scabbard, and pinned the whole bronze sword vertically to the belt. Therefore, the portraits of nobles before the Han Dynasty we saw, their swords all stood upright from the side of the ribs, rather than hanging horizontally under the waist like later generations. This is because bronze is soft and brittle and cannot be made into large-scale weapons. Therefore, the bronze sword is much shorter than the iron sword, and it is more convenient to use because it is pinned to the waist vertically. The rectangle of jade sword is wider, because bronze sword is wider and shorter than iron sword. Therefore, unlike the later iron sword case, the two ends of the bronze sword case are almost flush with the blade; Jade sword is square or trapezoidal, which is because bronze sword is much shorter and wider than iron sword, so its scabbard is also short and wide. If the tail is curved like the iron sheath of later generations, it will be unsightly, so the tail of bronze sheath is square or trapezoidal. Jade sword originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty, formed in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and prevailed from the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty. It is an important treasure to identify with princes and nobles. Especially in the Warring States and Han Dynasties, the jade swords are extremely exquisite and exquisite, and at the same time they reflect the majestic and luxurious charm.
Look at the product officer again:
1, crown on the head
Ministers in the Tang Dynasty can also put on the corresponding coronation clothes according to the "Zhou Li" in the ceremony, so coronation is a higher-level crown, but the crown of courtiers can't be guided by hostesses, but by horns.
Under the crown, the crown ranks higher. The book says that "more than five crowns of double jade guide gold ornaments." Officers and health officials wear a flat towel on their heads when they wear official uniforms. The book says: "A flat towel is decorated with gold, and more than five kinds of jade can be used at the same time."
The Crown of Nie Chongyi's "Three Rites" in Song Dynasty
The brick tomb in Deng County, Henan Province (Southern Dynasties) is a flat towel worn by warriors leading horses.
2. Body group Yu Pei.
According to the Book of Old Tang Dynasty, "Zhu Pei, one product is Pei Shan and Xuan Yu, below the second product, above the fifth product is Pei Shui Cang Yu". From this point of view, it completely follows the principle of jade algae in the Book of Rites. Wearing white jade, one product corresponds to the ancient warlord Pei Shan Xuan Yu, and two to five products correspond to the doctor Pei Shuicang Jade.
3, the belt around the waist
According to the Book, the system of "Yuliang Jewelry is above Grade 3 and Jinliang Jewelry is above Grade 5" is adopted. The beam here is the belt, and the jade belt can be used in the above three grades, that is, the jade belt in the Tang Dynasty can be used in the above three grades.
4. Secret Service
According to the book, "The Prince, the Sanpin and the Second Empress wear Lingling, Luo, purple and jade". The two kings here refer to the descendants of the royal family in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty, that is, the princes in the Tang Dynasty, the direct descendants of Yu and Yang, and those who have more than three products in the current dynasty. Jade can be used as an ornament on a uniform.
From the system of the Tang Dynasty, we can see that under the principle of the Book of Rites, a dynasty with sufficient jade materials still cautiously issued jade cards, with five grades as the first line, and jade cards below five grades were not qualified. So what kind of official was Wupin of the Tang Dynasty? According to the Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty, the magistrate of Jingxian County is on the right five products. Compared with us today, he is the head of the subordinate districts and can wear Yu Pei; And the county magistrate of Jixian County has become six products, which is equivalent to the county magistrate of subordinate counties today, and he is no longer qualified to wear Yu Pei. It can be seen that Yu Pei is a strict identity definition for ancient nobles.
Of course, there are also some jade courts that don't care too much, just giving children some free space. Such as crowns and hats on the head, rings and fingers on the hands. The crowns here are different from those in Jade Fu Zhi of various dynasties, such as those who traveled far and entered Germany. They are not referring to the crown as a part of formal and court clothes, but as a part of casual clothes, that is, the crown of hair. This kind of crown is not big, usually only enough to buckle the bun, and a gauze cap is often worn outside (such as wearing a gauze cap or square towel on the crown of hair in the Ming Dynasty). It can be seen that it is only the outer packaging of a steamed stuffed bun with money and status, and the court will not interfere. As soon as the imperial court did not intervene, it showed great artistry and appeared various styles with great creativity and aesthetic value. Its materials are gold, silver, jade and rhinoceros horn. It is very common to have jade hairband, and at the same time, the hairpin used to run through the bun in hairband is naturally popular.
The White Jade Crown of Song Dynasty Unearthed in Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province
Ming Qing Yu Shu fa Guan
Since Shantou hat, a kind of hat evolved from headscarf, appeared in the late Northern and Southern Dynasties, it has evolved all the way, from soft to hard, from splicing to fusion, and finally formed a gauze hat, and a new jade headdress, Mao Zheng, was born. It is the square or oval jade that must be in the middle of the front of the black hat in traditional clothing. This thing is used on black hats, gauze hats at home, square towels of the scribes, and finally the daily melon hats of the Qing Dynasty. It has become the most vital male jade headdress.
Ming Shuanglong Pan Shou Maozheng
Ming Shuanglong Shouzi Mao Zheng
The ring originated very early and was unearthed in Liangzhu culture. It has never left the ranks of jewelry for thousands of years and can be said to be the longest-lived jade jewelry. But for the jade ornaments on the hand, the ring or Yuhuan is not the king, and the jade plate refers to. The predecessor of Banzhi is dysprosium, and Shuo Wen Jie Zi says "dysprosium can shoot", which shows that this instrument is a tool for riding and shooting. It is a hand protection tool, which is worn on the finger of the hook string to buckle the bowstring. At the same time, when releasing the arrow, it can also prevent the bowstring pulled back quickly from scratching your fingers. The ancients also called "machine", which is similar to "",indicating that the function of pulling fingers is equivalent to. Dy was first seen in Shang Dynasty, and it was very popular to use Banzhi during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. For thousands of years, there have been various styles of finger-pulling. The most important ones are sloping fingers and barrel fingers. Slope-shaped jade plate refers to a kind of jade, namely "Jade Guest House", commonly known as "Jixinpei", which moved from finger to waist and became a very famous Yu Pei. Barrel-shaped plate refers to the peak in the hands of the Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty. After the Manchu entered the customs, a large number of aristocratic children stopped practicing martial arts and still wore wooden shoes. Due to the need to show off wealth, the texture of Banzhi has also developed from the initial antlers to precious raw materials such as rhinoceros horn, ivory, crystal, jade, porcelain, jadeite and tourmaline. Most of the banzhi worn by the flag bearer is made of white jade, so banzhi has become a big collection of jade.
Jade articles unearthed from the tomb of the rich in Anyang in the late Shang Dynasty
Dysprosium-shaped Yu Pei (commonly known as chicken heart match)
Dysprosium-shaped Yu Pei (commonly known as chicken heart match)
In the middle of Qing dynasty, white jade carving and double-jun fingering
Third, the spirit of jade defense.
These are the Yu Pei worn by your people when they were alive. When they face death, jade is still with them. This is a big category of ancient jade-buried jade. As a system and culture, jade buried with the dead has its origin and background, which we will introduce in detail in the fourth part of this book. Here, I will briefly talk about two kinds of large-scale buried jade, jade clothes and jade covers, which are the most important and the last to protect the nobles and finally show their identity.
Jade clothes are burial clothes worn by emperors and nobles after death, also known as jade pestle or jade box. They are made of many pieces of jade, and there are small holes in the four corners of the pieces of jade, which are connected by gold, silver or copper wires. They are called golden thread jade clothes, silver thread jade clothes and copper thread jade clothes. The origin of jade clothes can be traced back to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, with "curtains decorated with jade" and "clothes decorated with jade". From 1954 to 1955, in the tombs of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period unearthed in Zhongzhou, Luoyang, there are jade pieces with holes on the surface, arranged according to the five senses, and there are also jade pieces on the ground, which may be the predecessor of jade clothes.
Silk jade clothes in the tomb of Nanyue king in Guangzhou
Jade clothes were not officially recorded until the Han Dynasty: "When Emperor Wu died, they were all wrapped in jade boxes, shaped like armor and connected by gold thread." In the Han dynasty, jade clothes were worn by emperors, princes, kings and senior nobles after their death, and generally appeared in the period of King Kawachinoayanofumi. However, there was no strict hierarchy in the Western Han Dynasty, so the jade clothes of princes in the Western Han Dynasty were always found, including gold, silver and silk. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, a strict grading system of jade clothes was implemented. Only the emperor is qualified to wear gold and jade clothes when he dies, the prince can only wear silver and jade clothes when he dies, and ordinary nobles and princess royal can only wear copper and jade clothes. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Pi, the son of Cao Cao, became the emperor of Wei. He thought the use of jade clothes was a "foolish and vulgar move" and ordered the abolition of the jade clothes burial system in 222 AD. At this point, from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the heyday of the Han Dynasty, the jade burial system withdrew from history.
The ancients once thought that jade could ensure that it would not rot. It is precisely because of this statement that a special kind of funeral jade-jade bag appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty. It is made of various jade materials corresponding to people's five senses and other five senses, decorated on textiles, and used to cover the face of the dead when buried. Of course, this luxurious funeral product only appears in aristocratic tombs. Jade sets became popular within two weeks. The jade mask is sewn on the cloth with several pieces of jade similar to the facial features according to the size and shape of the human face. Some are specially made, and some seem to be modified or merged from other jade articles. The number of pieces in each set is different, each piece is flat, and there are holes in the corners. When in use, all the decorative parts are facing the face of the deceased. It can also be said that jade clothing is actually a custom driven by jade clothing, which expands step by step and finally reaches its peak. So these two things can be regarded as one, and they are the last glory and jade fate of your people.
The above is about Dai Yugui's concern, and it is about Confucius' sharing. After reading what Jade Pendant said, I hope this will help everyone!