1, the world view of harmony between man and nature
2. The concept of yin and yang orderly environment.
3. Social psychological structure of introversion, ancestor worship and moderation.
Second, Taoism.
The origin of Taoist culture and Confucian culture is the same, and it is also developed and founded on the basis of Zhouyi, and it is also based on the world outlook of harmony between man and nature. The influence of Taoist culture on ancient architecture in China is mainly manifested in the following aspects.
2. 1' s view of nature.
The view of nature is people's understanding of nature. In the ancient civilization of China, the original meaning was nature. Laozi's Tao Te Ching talked about "Taoism is natural", and Zhuangzi's "Theory of Everything" also talked about "the ears of nature are based on heaven, so it is natural". Taoist culture regards nature as a concept that contains human beings' own things and me, and thinks that people, landscapes, flowers, plants, fish and insects are all subordinate to the material world system, and that the origin of the world is Tao. This thought laid the ideological foundation for establishing a harmonious relationship between man and nature.
In the field of architecture, this idea is embodied in garden architecture, and "although it is made by people, it seems natural" in the garden has become the artistic pursuit of China's ancient artificial environment.
Secondly, various elements of the environment are endowed with interdependent and orderly attributes. Taoism developed the theory of five elements on the basis of Zhouyi, and connected it with Confucian etiquette culture in later generations, making orientation and color subordinate and superior.
Thirdly, Taoism originated from Taoist culture and enriched the ancient architecture in China. However, because Taoist culture does not advocate complete seclusion, there is not much difference in essence and form between Taoist architecture and secular architecture.
2.2 the philosophy of taking the virtual as the big one
In the Taoist cultural concept, emptiness is big, but it is second, and emptiness is in the middle, but it is all around. Typically, as Laozi said in the Tao Te Ching, "Thirty spokes * * * is a car." Think of it as a device. When it is useless, it will be useful. Carve the family into a room, and when it has nothing, it has a room. Therefore, it is beneficial and useless. Another example is "be empty and be quiet." "Often static, static is bright, bright is empty. "This idea has a great influence on the architecture of China.
First of all, it shows that the purpose of architecture is empty space, and we only use materials as a means. This concept has a great influence on the ancient buildings in China. The individual ancient buildings in China are gradually stylized, and it can be said that it is not unrelated to this understanding to pursue a kind of space creation of architecture, architecture and even the city.
Another example is the classical gardens in China. A considerable number of gardens take water as the center, and think that gardens have no life without water, and water is just empty. This kind of combination of reality and reality is also reflected in other buildings, such as our common building facade, which has a roof above and a ground below, gables on the left and right, and virtual doors and windows in the middle.
2.3 Contradictory view of unity of opposites
Taoism believes that everything has a side of unity of opposites, "one yin and one yang is the Tao." Everything must be combined, and ... everything has yin and yang. "Everything in heaven and earth has its right" and "Everything has its right". "Whether they are born together, the difficulty is complementary, the length is in phase, the height is oblique, the sound is in harmony, and they follow each other" and so on.
And this concept has a great influence on architecture. China's ancient architecture emphasizes contrast and unity. For example, the artistic conception and space atmosphere of courtyard space in China are the embodiment of the unity of opposites between buildings. A typical example is the Forbidden City in Beijing. Courtyards of all sizes are arranged in an orderly way along a longitudinal axis, and the royal majesty is set off by the comparison of courtyard space and building size. For another example, in the garden, first restrain and then promote, with small lining and so on. , are the concrete application of the unity of opposites.
2.4 the pursuit of artistic conception mentality
Taoist culture pursues a kind of artistic conception, and its external performance is mainly static, which is considered to be the biggest, supplemented by dynamic and static, followed by dynamic and static. This is integrated with the introversion of the whole culture of China, which has a great influence on the architecture of China.
For example, the ancient residential buildings in China and the restrained courtyard space are just conducive to the formation of a quiet residence and the peace and tranquility of people's mentality.
Another example is why China gardens are called landscape gardens. China classical gardens emphasize artistic conception and embrace infinite nature in a limited space.
Many thoughts of Taoist culture, especially on the relationship between man and nature, still have valuable value until today.