In order to satisfy the emperor's desire to enjoy his thoughts and explore the world, Yuanmingyuan has collected all the scenic spots in the world. When Yongzheng was the Crown Prince, Kangxi gave him a villa abandoned in the Ming Dynasty to build a garden at 1709. After the initial completion, Kangxi was named Yuanmingyuan. From 1709 to 1860, it took 16 1 year.
When Qianlong, the son of Yongzheng, became emperor, he visited Jiangnan six times. Whenever I see my favorite exotic flowers and rocks, I move to Yuanmingyuan and copy them if I can't move them. For example, the "Furong" stone in the former site of Deshou Palace in the Southern Song Dynasty in Hangzhou is exquisite. Ganlong loved it after reading it. He wiped his hand and flattered the officials, so he quickly transported the hibiscus stone to Beijing for offering. Qianlong put it in the courtyard of Taixu Room in Ganyuan Garden of Changshou Garden, and named it Qinglian Dou. In Yuanmingyuan, the autumn moon in Pinghu, the late bell in Nanping and the sunset in Leifeng imitate the ten scenes of West Lake and even have the same name. 1737 (in the second year of Qianlong), Qianlong also ordered the Painting Academy Ran Zining, Tang Dai and Shen Yuan to draw the whole map of Yuanmingyuan.
Yuanmingyuan * * covers an area of 2,500 mu, which is a rare treasure in the history of garden art in China and a comprehensive masterpiece from the history of garden art in China to the Qing Dynasty. There are 48 scenic spots in the magnificent Yuanmingyuan, 20 in Wanchun Garden, 20 in Changchun Garden and 3 Yuan Garden 108. Each scene consists of pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, halls, corridors, pavilions and pavilions.
Yuanmingyuan can be roughly divided into five important scenic spots. The first area is the Palace District, where there is a judicial hall dealing with government affairs. The second area is Houhu District; In the third district, there are beautiful Xifeng, fairyland, stones sitting by the stream and so on. One of the scenes is called Sheji City. There are Buddhist temples in the city, and there is a trade street in front of the city. It is built like Suzhou Street, where emperors and queens buy things. Fuhai is fourth area, with Yaotai on Pengdao as the center. Around Fuhai, there are more than ten scenic spots, such as lakes and mountains in sight, blue sky and blue sea, Nanping midnight, Juedong and Pinghu autumn moon. The fifth area includes Guandi Temple, Qingguang Building and Zibishan Building.
During the Qianlong period, Yuanmingyuan imitated many scenic spots in Suzhou and Hangzhou. Out of the curiosity of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, inspired by western priests such as Lanzining and Michelle benoit, and modeled on European Rococo architecture, stone buildings with western European architectural styles, such as harmonious curiosity, water storage arms, flower houses, square appearances, Haiyan Hall, halls and linear mountains, appeared. Gorgeous carvings, numerous and exquisite. Among them, Yuan Yingguan is the most magnificent, and there is a fountain built by western water method before the view. The strange architecture in this area enriches the scenery of Yuanmingyuan.
Although the Yuanmingyuan building has introduced western architectural forms, it still does not lose the traditional garden architectural style of our country. It absorbs the advantages of palace architecture in past dynasties and makes innovations in architectural form. Contrary to the unchangeable habit of palace buildings in the past, each group of buildings in the park can be divided into many single buildings, including three or five, or out of the corridor, or wearing robes, or I-shaped, or B-shaped, with different styles and changes. Most of the wooden buildings in the park don't need bucket arches and glazed tiles, but mostly green tiles and rolled roofs, which are more elegant. The interior decoration is more exquisite than the palace. During the Jiaqing period, there was a bamboo garden in the park, and there were more than 200 purple decorations in the two Huai salt administrations, including the opening of the ancient philosophers, the birthday of Wan Daishou and the birthday of the magistrate. In the 22nd year of Jiaqing, Xiushan Building in the Garden was completed. More than 200 pieces of mahogany windows, shelves and floors were made by the salt administration of the two Huai Dynasties, all of which were made in Yangzhou Zhou Dynasty (this method was invented by Yangzhou Zhou craftsmen in the late Ming Dynasty, hence the name). It uses gold and silver, precious stones, pearls, jadeite, crystals, agate, lapis lazuli, ivory and other things to cast pavilions, flowers, birds, insects and fish on rosewood lacquerware. When Jiaqing was decorated so luxuriously, you can imagine when Ganlong was decorated. Winning by decoration is also an important aspect of Yuanmingyuan architecture.
In terms of landscape organization, Yuanmingyuan has three building areas, around Fuhai, north of Houhu and around Qianhu. These three building areas are cleverly laid out by combining topography and water system. Some are surrounded by water, just like water towns in the south of the Yangtze River; Some lakes and mountains face the scenery, bright and comfortable, such as Nanping night bell; Some face the water and win with water; Some of them are built on lowlands, which makes them surrounded by mountains. This combination of nature and labor makes nature more beautiful.
Yuanmingyuan attaches great importance to harmony with the environment. Among the red flowers and green trees, lakes, green ponds, streams, mountains, winding paths, white clouds and blue sky, pavilions and pavilions are scattered all over the place. The palace building with golden tiles and red walls is magnificent; Some buildings are light and beautiful, while the shopping streets in Germany are bustling; Beiyuan mountain village resembles the countryside; The opening of Serene is like a mirage; Li Pengdao Yaotai wins overseas fairyland; The golden wall of the glazed pagoda is brilliant; Nine-hole stone bridge is simple and generous. Because the overall layout of Yuanmingyuan is not hard to piece together, the garden architecture is in harmony with the environment and the scenery is harmonious, which conforms to the ideological requirements of the Qing emperor, such as "Ning Shen is blessed, less screen noise" and "Although the wind is fine, the garden wins".
Main features:
One of the features of Yuanmingyuan is its rich waterscape. It takes Fuhai and Houhu as the gardening centers. Fuhai alone, this water surface accounts for nearly one-third of the area. Along the shore of the water surface, the architectural landscape is built, which is born of water and forms an important water area with vast waves and beautiful scenery.
The second important feature is that there are many types of buildings. First, there are many palace-style buildings with symmetrical layout, such as Zheng Da Guangming Hall, Dadingmen, left and right palaces, Anyou Palace and Zhai Chunhua. , are more important buildings; Second, ancestral temple buildings, such as Guandi Temple, Zhengjue Temple and Sheji City.
Thirdly, the buildings that imitate the southern garden scenery are mostly arranged around mountains and rivers, which is relatively successful; Fourthly, Western architecture appeared in China classical gardens, which is a precedent in the imperial palace.