1974, a pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors was found in xiyang village, Lintong County, Xi, which is rare in the world. After careful exploration and research, it is determined that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit are buried together with the tomb of Qin Shihuang. These life-size Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit were the brave troops who followed Qin Shihuang to unify the six countries in all directions. However, a man named Chen Jingyuan disagreed with this view, and he raised various questions about whether the Terracotta Warriors belonged to Qin Shihuang.
So, in his mind, who is the real owner of the Terracotta Warriors?
Questioning that a pit is so far away from the Qin Mausoleum, is it Qin Shihuang's?
At the beginning of1974165438+10, Chen Jingyuan went to Nanjing Museum on business, and the comrades in the museum told Chen Jingyuan about the discovery of Terracotta Warriors. Chen Jingyuan, who has always been interested in the Qin Mausoleum, went to Xi 'an for an inspection.
Chen Jingyuan is an ordinary architect. Before retiring, I worked in Jiangsu Land and Resources Bureau. In the archaeologists' tent at the site of the Terracotta Warriors' excavation, Chen Jingyuan was fortunate to meet Professor Yuan, the captain of the Terracotta Warriors' Archaeological Team and the former director of the Terracotta Warriors Museum. However, the differences in academic views between Chen Jingyuan and Yuan started from this meeting.
When Chen Jingyuan visited Xi 'an, he found a major doubt: the shortest distance from the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor to the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is 1.5km. If the width of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit itself is added, the distance will be even longer. Generally speaking, who would put the burial pit in such a far position? Mount Li is a treasure trove of geomantic omen. Besides the Qin Mausoleum, other mausoleums are often found around. Since the density of tombs in this area is relatively high, how can we be sure that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses were buried with Qin Shihuang?
He wrote down these questions and forwarded them to the archaeological team, hoping for a convincing explanation, but he didn't get a reply.
So, why didn't Yuan write back? In fact, in Yuan's view, he and Chen Jingyuan had already answered Chen Jingyuan's question when they first met. Yuan said that the Qin Mausoleum covers a vast area, surrounded by inner cities and outer cities in addition to the underground palace. Although the Terracotta Warriors and Horses are outside the outer city, they seem to be far away from the Qin Mausoleum, but in terms of area, their distance is proportional. For this explanation, Chen Jingyuan is still unwilling. Finally, he found several strong evidences.
Why did Qin Shihuang choose backward bronze weapons to be buried with him instead of iron weapons?
In pits 1 and 2 of the Terracotta Warriors, a large number of soldiers lined up neatly around the chariot, from which Chen Jingyuan concluded that the chariot was the main force of this army.
However, from the Yin Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, with the continuous expansion of the scale of the war, the weakness of the car war was gradually exposed, and it was often neglected. Then, will Qin Shihuang use a large number of backward chariots in the war?
Chen Jingyuan pointed out that after Qin Shihuang came to power, successive years of war forced him to optimize and adjust the military structure, using a large number of cavalry and infantry to make it lighter and easier to fight. From this point of view, the army in the Terracotta Warriors pit should not be the army of Qin Shihuang, and its age must be earlier.
In this regard, Yuan believes that it cannot be denied that it belongs to Qin Shihuang just because there is a chariot in the pit. At present, there is no clear written record that Qin banned chariots. Although the chariot has its limitations, when the two armies are at war, its advantages in speed and impact are incomparable to infantry and cavalry. The array of terracotta warriors and horses pits is a model of organic combination of chariots, cavalry and infantry.
Chen Jingyuan obviously disagreed with this explanation. He pointed out another doubt: many heavy bronze weapons were found in the pit. Will Qin Shihuang, the monarch who is good at using troops and unifying the six countries, choose backward and bulky bronze weapons instead of advanced iron weapons? This obviously goes against common sense.
For this point of view, Yuan believes that there is a process for iron weapons to replace copper weapons, because the popularization of smelting technology will take some time. Therefore, from the current archaeological data, the weapons unearthed in the Qin Dynasty are basically bronze weapons, and there are few iron weapons. Only two or three pieces have been unearthed in the whole Qin Mausoleum, so it is inconsistent with the actual situation that iron weapons replace bronze weapons.
Questioning the third Qin Shihuang's strong teacher, not even wearing a helmet?
Chen Jingyuan's doubts are still not over: since Qin Shihuang's army is a strong division that can unify the six countries, it should also be first-class in equipment. However, these soldiers in the pit have no helmet protection. It is hard to imagine that such a crude armed force can win on the battlefield of close combat.
Indeed, archaeologists have discovered a Shijiakeng near the Qin Mausoleum. From the assembled helmet armor, we seem to see Qin Jun's mighty and heroic posture. Strangely, since Qin Jun was equipped with a helmet, why didn't anyone wear it?
Yuan believed that Qin people were born among barbarians in the northwest, used to martial arts and lived together with nomadic people. Moreover, at that time, Shang Yang formulated a set of strict laws for Qin, which other countries could not bear: as long as Qin captured the enemy's head alive, he could get a title, a farmhouse and several servants. Perhaps it was driven by this interest that soldier Qin Jun simply took off his heavy helmet and heavy armor and rushed to the battlefield to kill him. Qin Jun's behavior is also described in historical records: Qin Jun even went topless on the battlefield, only taking off his only armor.
Chen Jingyuan's doubts about the Terracotta Warriors did not end there.
Questioning the strange characters on the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, suggesting that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses belonged to the Emperor Qin?
1975, a picture in the briefing 1 about the trial excavation of Qin Yong pit in Lintong county caught Chen Jingyuan's attention. This picture is a part of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses with a strange word engraved on it. Although Chen Jingyuan is no stranger to Shaanxi opera characters, it is the first time to see such a strange character.
In the "Trial Excavation Briefing" written by the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Archaeological Team, experts interpret this word as "spleen". Chen Jingyuan disagreed. He leafed through the Jin Wen Bian and the Compilation of Ancient Books, and found that there were many ways to write the word "Bei" which constituted the right half of the word "spleen". But among many glyphs, none matches the characters in the girl's pit.
It is this word that led to Chen Jingyuan's amazing discovery of the owner of the Terracotta Warriors.
1976, Chen Jingyuan ran to Xi 'an after learning that Xi 'an had discovered the Terracotta Warriors. In the office of Xi 'an Cultural Management Committee, the person in charge carefully showed Chen Jingyuan a bucket of the Qin Dynasty. There is also a strange word engraved on this tile. Chen Jingyuan doesn't know the words on the left, but the words on the right are still easy to recognize. Chen Jingyuan returned to his residence in Nanjing with developed characters, but in the next two years, he was at a loss in the face of the vast amount of ancient characters.
By chance, Chen Jingyuan met Professor Duan Xizhong, an expert on ancient Chinese characters at Nanjing Normal University, in the library. After careful textual research, Professor Duan thinks that the word on the left side of Douwa in Qin Dynasty is a variant of "Bi". This should be two single characters, pronounced "Mi Yue". This dispelled the long-standing confusion in Chen Jingyuan's heart. The word "Mi" is no stranger to him. After Qin Shihuang's grandmother, Qin Huiwen's princess, her surname is Mi. Therefore, Chen Jingyuan concluded that the owner of the Terracotta Warriors was not Qin Shihuang, but his grandmother, Qin Xu Antai. Yuan believes that words can't be split like this. When a word is split, its meaning is very different.
Question 5
Qin people are still black. Why are the clothes of soldiers and figures all colorful?
The expert's explanation seems to disappoint Chen Jingyuan, but he also presented an unexpected evidence-Qin people value black, while soldiers' clothes are colorful.
At the time of excavation, many figurines still had some pigments on their bodies. Judging from the position and color of the pigments, their clothes were colorful. In the era when Qin Shihuang lived, Jin Mu's theory of fire, water, soil and five elements was very popular. At that time, the Zhou Dynasty advocated fire morality. After Qin Shihuang died, he thought that his water had conquered Zhou's fire, so he regarded Shuide as the object of worship. In the Qin dynasty, the corresponding color of water in the five elements was black. Qin Shihuang also promulgated "Shanghei" as a law. In this case, it is difficult to explain the colorful soldiers unearthed in these pits if they were placed in the Qin Shihuang era, but it is reasonable to explain them if they are placed in the Xuan Di era.
Yuan Ze believed that the Qin Dynasty was still black, which only showed that Qin people attached importance to black and demanded to wear black on important occasions, instead of asking the people of the whole country not to wear clothes of other colors. Chen Jingyuan felt that Yuan lacked direct and powerful evidence. Then, in the face of Chen Jingyuan's repeated doubts, what is Yuan thinking?
Questioning six
Why was Ge buried with him found in the silt layer?
Yuan said that many weapons of the Qin Dynasty were unearthed in pit 1, and the surface of one weapon named "Ge" was clearly engraved with the inscription "Five Years of State Ge".
Lv Buwei was the prime minister of Qin Shihuang, and one of his duties was to be responsible for weapons production. Chen Jingyuan pointed out that in the archaeological report of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, five Ge with the words "Lv Buwei with a neck stick" were mentioned, but other weapons were not clearly marked. For example, some Qin weapons named beryllium have been unearthed in the pit of terracotta warriors and horses. These weapons are only marked with "seventeen years" and "eighteen years", so it is difficult to judge which historical period they belong to. Lv Buwei reigned for only 10 years and died at the age of Qin Shihuang 12. Therefore, the copper beryllium marked "Sixteen years" definitely does not mean "Sixteen years in Lv Buwei". From this, it can be inferred that, except for the five Ge inscribed with the inscription "Xiangbang Lv Buwei", other weapons of unknown age should not have been made in Qin Shihuang's time.
Yuan pointed out that many weapons were inscribed with the words "Temple Worker". Temple workers are the national institutions established by Qin Shihuang to make weapons and chariots and horses, which clearly shows that the Terracotta Warriors were built during the Qin Shihuang period and their owners were Qin Shihuang.
Chen Jingyuan took out a photo to prove his point of view. This photo reveals a little secret when Ge was unearthed-it was not unearthed on the floor tile of the figurine pit, but was found on the silt layer at a certain distance from the floor tile. If "Ge" and the figurine pit are in the same era, why didn't they appear on the floor tile of the figurine pit, but on the silt layer 29 cm to 250 cm away from the floor tile?
In this regard, terracotta warriors and horses experts said that children's songs were originally controlled by soldiers and figures and were in a state of suspension. In recent 2000 years, due to natural reasons such as ground seepage and flood, a large amount of water has flowed into the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, forming a silt layer. One day, the suspended children's song lost its carrier and fell into the silt layer. Experts have given a nearly perfect explanation to this question, and the discussion about who owns the Terracotta Warriors seems to have a clear result.
Although the archaeological work of the figurine pit is not over yet, with the continuous advancement of the process, the fog hanging over the Qin Mausoleum will gradually disperse, and a magnificent underground kingdom will be presented to everyone.