Translated into ethics, music, archery, horse riding, calligraphy and mathematics.
Six basic abilities that six arts require students to master: etiquette, music (poetry), shooting, bending, calligraphy and mathematics. Interpretation of the Five Classics: "A few artists in the Six Arts may substitute poetry for music, and those who combine ancient poetry with music are real musicians." These six arts were all talents that the aristocratic class had to experience in their daily affairs. Therefore, noble and folk handsome, must first learn these six arts, in order to serve in the aristocratic circle.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were two schools: Chinese studies and rural studies, which were the places where Guo Zi received education. The former is located in the capital of Zhou Dynasty and the capital of princes, and the teaching object is big noble's children. The latter is located in various places and is a school for ordinary aristocratic children. At that time, no non-aristocrat had the opportunity to receive education. At that time, the main teaching content was six arts.
1, ceremony: ceremony. Five gifts: Meng Li, military commander Li,,.
2, music: it is six music. Six Music: It refers to six sets of music and dance, namely, Yunmen Dajuan, Xianchi, Dashao, Daxia, Daxie and Dawu. The earliest ritual dance in ancient times, Du Wanyun Gate. Yao has a "fairy pool". Shun dynasty has "less". Confucius claimed that he had heard Shao's music and praised it greatly, saying that its music and dance were perfect.
I have Summer. There was Da _ in Shang dynasty. There is a "great martial art" in the middle of the week. These are all famous ancient sacrificial music and dances. These six sets of music and dance have been preserved in Zhou Zhou and become six kinds of music, which are used in major sacrificial activities: "Yunmen Dajuan" is used to worship the gods; 《
Xianchi worships the god of the earth; Look at the sacrifice of "less"; "Heroes" sacrifice mountains and rivers; "Da _" is dedicated to Jiang _, the ancestor of Zhou Dynasty; Dawu is dedicated to the ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty. Six kinds of music spread to the Han Dynasty, only two kinds of music were Da Shao and Da Wu.
3, shooting: military archery technology five shots: white arrow, joint, brush note, ruler, well instrument. White arrow, the arrow penetrates the target and the arrow is white, indicating that the arrow is accurate and powerful; Join the company, put a vector in front, and the last three vectors go away one after another. If the beads are in the same position, the vectors belong to each other; Note that it is the disease of vector line; A ruler, I shoot with you, I stand side by side with you, and let you back a foot; Good instrument, four vectors are consistent, all hit the target.
4. Yu: The five skills of driving a carriage and chariot are: singing, chasing water songs, crossing the king's table, dancing, and chasing birds left. "Li Zhou manages Bao Shi": "It's teaching six arts, four theories and five controls."
Zheng Xuan's note: "Five controls: singing and falling in love, chasing water, crossing the princess table, dancing and crossing the street, chasing birds to the left." It means that when driving, the corresponding sound is Luan; The car galloped with a curved bank without falling into the water; After the son of heaven appeared, there was etiquette; Free driving through the waterway; When hunting, the chasing animals were shot from the left.
5. Books: six books of calligraphy (writing, literacy and writing) (Zhou Li didn't explain them, and later generations may guess): pictographs, fingering, knowing, pictophonetic characters, annotations and borrowing. (Note: seal script and borrowing are literacy methods, while pictographic characters, ideographic characters, knowing characters and pictophonetic characters are word-making methods, of which pictophonetic characters account for about 90%. )
6. Number: numerology, also known as magic number, is a technique of calculation and mathematics. Arithmetic has nine chapters.
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Six arts professors can be divided into primary schools and universities. Primary schools focus on books and numbers, while universities focus on etiquette, music, shooting and imperial education. In the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was highly respected, the central government set up imperial academy, and local governments began to set up county schools, state schools, official schools and county schools. In the second year of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty (AD 276), Guo Zi School was established alongside imperial academy. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were either Chinese studies or imperial examinations, or both.
Beiqi was renamed Guo Zi Temple. Emperor Wendi was in charge of Guo Zi Temple, Guo Zi, imperial academy and four schools. Emperor Yang Di changed Guo Zi Temple to imperial academy. Following the old system in the Tang Dynasty, there were six schools in imperial academy, namely, the Founding School, imperial academy, Four Schools, Fa, Shu and Shu.
Among the six schools, Guo Zi has the highest status, attracting the children of officials above the third grade, Imperial College attracts the children of officials above the fifth grade, others absorb the children of junior officials, and a certain number of children of ordinary people, as well as international students from Japan and the Korean Peninsula to study abroad.
Selecting people with books began in the Han Dynasty, setting up doctors with calligraphy began in the Jin Dynasty, and setting up calligraphy exclusively began in the Tang Dynasty. The textbooks of imperial academy Calligraphy Museum in Tang Dynasty include The Book of Songs, Shuowen, Zilin, etc., which are dedicated to teaching calligraphy.
The teaching materials of the Mathematical Science Museum include Nine Chapters, Island, Sun Tzu, Cao Wu, Zhang Qiujian, Xiahou Yang, Zhou Xie, and seal script. Imperial academy couldn't help playing the piano and learning to shoot. Because music and shooting belong to the category of "six arts" of Confucianism, they should not be banned, but should also be vigorously promoted. In the Tang Dynasty, imperial academy was once changed to Sicheng Pavilion and Sungkyunkwan Pavilion, and then its original name was restored.
The educational system in the early Song Dynasty still followed the old system of the Tang Dynasty and inherited the spirit of the temple educational system. But in imperial academy, there are only Guo Zi School and imperial academy. In the early years of Hongwu, it was stipulated that once students specialized in teaching, they should teach in different subjects, such as etiquette, music, shooting, imperial examination, calligraphy and mathematics. In the second year of Hongwu, it was also stipulated that four subjects, such as ceremony, shooting, calligraphy and mathematics, were awarded books such as classics, history and ceremony, which students were familiar with. Wang Shuo must learn shooting in the nursery, learn 500 words every day, and pass nine chapters of arithmetic in mathematics.
In the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang instructed that "students in Guo Zi and counties should learn archery, and ordered imperial academy to shoot a bow and arrow for them". In the twenty-third year of Hongwu, imperial academy built an archery garden and distributed bows and arrows to Guo Jian-zi-jian diploma for practicing martial arts and archery. There is a clearing on the west side of Confucius Temple and imperial academy, which is used as a shooting nursery to assess the shooting level of students. In addition, official schools and county schools have also built shooting ranges.
In the Ming Dynasty, there was a shooting range in the east of Hangzhou Confucian Temple, which was used to teach students to practice archery and martial arts. There are civil and military students in the Confucian temple, and the shooting garden is the place where martial arts students practice martial arts. Martial arts students are managed by instructors. In addition to riding and shooting, they are also taught the Five Classics, Seven Books and Four Books of Filial Piety in the morning to know righteousness. At the shooting range, prepare a bow and arrow, and the instructor will lead the martial arts students to shoot more.
Wushu in Ming Dynasty was founded in Hongwu period. At first, only martial arts subjects were set up in Confucianism such as Daning to teach the children of military officers. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, martial arts in Beijing and Beijing were formally established, with/kloc-0 professors and 6 instructors respectively. Those who teach young officials and their children are reserved for appointment.
Bishop Hu Yuan of Fu Xue, Suzhou, founded by Fan Zhongyan in the Northern Song Dynasty, advocated that all students learn shooting and travel, and once held rural shooting. Hu Yuan, a Confucian scholar in the Song Dynasty, and Yan Yuan, a Confucian scholar in the Ming Dynasty, carried out six arts education in their respective academies and achieved remarkable results. Yan Yuan advocated "Six Arts" in view of Zhu Cheng's educational method that Neo-Confucianism was divorced from reality.
As the foundation of the whole education, education is committed to cultivating all-rounders with real talents and practical learning. He advocated the restoration of "Kong Zhou orthodoxy" and that "Liu De, Liu Xiang, Liu Yi, soldiers, peasants, Qian Gu, fire and water workers, etc." should be taught to his disciples, with special emphasis on the study of the Six Arts.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Liu Yi