Tomb-Sweeping Day has always been the most important festival of sacrifice for China people, but it has been passed down in food customs and customs. In ancient times, what did people eat in Tomb-Sweeping Day? So what were the customs in ancient Tomb-Sweeping Day and what did Tomb-Sweeping Day eat? Next, I sorted out some customs of ancient Tomb-Sweeping Day and what Tomb-Sweeping Day ate. Welcome to reading.
What traditional foods were there in ancient Tomb-Sweeping Day?
In ancient Tomb-Sweeping Day, there were several traditional foods, such as syrup boiled with malt or rice buds, wheat porridge, glutinous rice cheese, wheat cheese, almond cheese, eggs and lettuce mixed with salt and vinegar.
Green jiaozi
Qing Tuan is a kind of green bread made of grass head juice. Its method is to put tender wormwood and hemp into a large pot, add lime to steam it, remove lime water, knead it into glutinous rice flour, and make it into bright green jiaozi. Eating dumplings is mainly a holiday food in Tomb-Sweeping Day, which is popular in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.
There is a saying: food is the most important thing for people. However, for people nowadays, the meaning of eating is not just? Alive Of course, it's not just about enjoyment, okay? What does luck eat? . What will be the reason now? Eat? Rise to? Culture? Because it contains rich national, historical and regional connotations.
Cold Food Festival
Cold food festival is also called. No-smoking Festival? 、? Delicious food festival? 、? Cold section? (/kloc-the winter solstice after 0/05, that is, one or two days before Tomb-Sweeping Day), it is said that it originated from the Jin State in the Spring and Autumn Period. On this day, people are forbidden to make fires and can only eat prepared cooked food and cold food, hence the name.
There are two versions of the origin of this custom:
One saying is to commemorate Jiexiu, the courtier of Jin Gong. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhong Er, the son of the State of Jin, went to other countries, and Jie Zhitui made great contributions to escorting his country. It is said that he once cut off the meat from his thigh to feed Zhong Er. Zhong Er returned to the throne and became the monarch, namely Jin Wengong. At this time, Jie Zhitui lived in seclusion with his mother in Mianshan (now Jiexiu County, Shanxi Province). Jin Wengong sent someone to invite him, but he refused to come out in the mountains. So Jin Wengong ordered the mountain to be burned and tried to push Jiezhi out. Unexpectedly, Jiezhi didn't want to go out of the mountain and was burned to death with his mother. Jin Wengong was very sad, so he buried Jiezhi in Mianshan, built a temple and renamed Mianshan Jieshan. In order to commemorate Jiexiu, Jin Wengong ordered Jiexiu to be burned to death as a cold food festival. Since then, it is forbidden to make a fire and eat cold meals every year in order to commemorate it.
Another view is that the Cold Food Festival originated from the old system of banning fire in Zhou Dynasty. At that time, there was a habit to change the fire every season. Before the fire in late spring, people were warned not to make a fire and eat cold food.
In the old Cold Food Festival, porridge was the main food. According to the Collection of History of Jingchu and Sui Dynasty:? One hundred and fifty days before the winter festival, the wind is high and the rain is continuous, which is called cold food. Three days without fire, make glutinous rice porridge. ? What else is there? Peach blossom porridge? This is the food of Han people's Cold Food Festival in Tang Dynasty, which is popular in Luoyang, Henan Province. "Guangfang Qunpu" said: During the Cold Food Festival, local people picked fresh peach blossoms and cooked porridge with good rice, which was delicious and nutritious. This custom remained popular until the late Ming Dynasty. Kong's Peach Blossom Fan in Qing Dynasty? There is such a lyric as soon as Fan Fang comes out. On March 3rd, Liu Lang arrived, went to the dressing room hand in hand, and drank a lot of peach blossom porridge. ?
What else is there? Green rice? . Also called green rice? Black rice? , mainly used for nourishing the body and offering sacrifices to ancestors, is said to have been created by Taoism. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica has this record:? This meal is a way for immortals to eat, and now Buddhists have made it to worship Buddha on April 8 or above. ? It turned out that the imperial court also gave ministers green rice. In the fourteenth year of Jiajing, the emperor thought it was indecent and gave it to officials at the noon gate instead? Wheat cake feast? .
There is also a famous dish in the Han dynasty called? Five Hou mackerel? . Han You's poem "Cold Food" in the Tang Dynasty: In the late spring, Chang 'an City is full of songs and dances, and countless flowers fall. The east wind of the Cold Food Festival blows on the willow trees in the royal garden. As night fell, the palace was busy lighting candles, and smoke drifted to the house of the prince and the marquis. ? These five Hou are Han Chengdi's uncles Wang Tan, Wang Gen, Wang Li, Wang Shang and Wang Feng. Miscellanies of Xijing said that these five people were not harmonious with each other, and their guests were not allowed to communicate with each other. There is only one person named Lou Hu, who is very talkative. Wuhou people liked him very much and gave him novel food in succession. Louhu mixed the food given to him by Wuhou, and the result was a rare delicacy. People call it? Five Hou mackerel? . Actually, this so-called ... Mackerel? Just a hodgepodge of fish. Because it is made of delicious food, it is naturally very delicious.
Tomb-Sweeping Day eats twelve traditional foods.
Qingtuanzi
The custom of eating green jiaozi in Jiangnan area during Qingming Festival. Green jiaozi is made up of something called. Straw? Mashing the wild plants, squeezing out the juice, then mixing and kneading the juice with dry pure glutinous rice flour, and then starting to wrap jiaozi. Jiaozi's stuffing is exquisite sugar bean paste, and a small piece of sugar lard is added when filling. Jiaozi cooked it and steamed it in a cage. When they come out, brush the cooked vegetable oil evenly on the surface of jiaozi, and you're done.
Aizan
There is an old saying in Hakka, called? Eating mugwort leaves before and after Tomb-Sweeping Day won't make you sick all year round? . Aizan is a traditional snack of Tomb-Sweeping Day Hakkas. First, wash the fresh and tender wormwood, put it in a pot and cook it, then take it out and drain it. The water for boiling wormwood should be reserved for later use. Then chop the cooked wormwood into grass mud, and the finer the grass mud, the worse the better. After cutting the wormwood mud, mix it with boiled wormwood water and glutinous rice flour. Then, the prepared fillings such as sesame seeds, plum beans and peanuts are wrapped in dough, sealed and kneaded into a round shape and a long shape, and then steamed in a pot for 15-20 minutes, and then taken out.
Warm mushroom bag
Warm mushroom bag is a traditional snack in Taining. The scientific name of the raw material of warm mushroom is Daqu grass, also called Fuer grass, and the local people call it warm mushroom grass. Every year on the eve of Tomb-Sweeping Day, the fields are covered with moustaches, which are hairy, fresh and tender, and it is a good season to pick and make warm mushroom packages. In Taining, the production of warm mushroom buns is somewhat different. The southern piece is made of freshly picked warm mushroom grass, which looks like a full moon, similar to steamed stuffed bun; The northern piece is made of warm mushroom powder, which is shaped like a crescent moon and more like jiaozi. Southern films are usually eaten on the eve of Tomb-Sweeping Day, and there are not many rules for the sake of fresh taste.
Xiang (south four north) character
Tomb-Sweeping Day has the custom of eating prickly heat in both north and south of China. ? Xunzi? For a fried food, crisp and delicate, what was it called in ancient times? Cold gear? . The custom of forbidding fire and cold in the Cold Food Festival is not popular in most parts of China, but the prickly heat related to this festival is deeply loved by the world. The prickly heat that is popular in Han areas is different from the north and the south: the prickly heat in the north is generous and free, with wheat flour as the main material; The southern prickly heat is exquisitely made, mainly rice and flour.
Eggs (of hens)
According to folk custom, Tomb-Sweeping Day has good health all year round after eating an egg. Tomb-Sweeping Day's eating eggs originated from the custom of forbidding fire in some areas in the pre-Qin period, and forbidding eating cold food for many days. Hard-boiled eggs are the best food reserves to survive this period. Tomb-Sweeping Day can eat eggs to play on this day, which can be roughly divided into two types. One is? Painting eggs? And the other one? Carving eggs? . Painted eggs can be eaten; And then what? Carving eggs? This is just for fun.
Zituimo
? Pushing buns? , also known as the old steamed bread, similar to the helmet of ancient military commanders, weighing about 250? 500 grams. Eggs or red dates are wrapped inside and have a top on them. The top is covered with flowers. Hua Mian is a dough-shaped steamed stuffed bun with the shape of swallow, worm, snake, rabbit or Four Treasures of the Study. Round? Pushing buns? It's only open to men. Married women eat one? Shuttle buns? , unmarried girls eat? Grab the bread? . Children have flowers such as swallows, snakes, rabbits and tigers. ? Big tiger? Specially for boys, and they like it best.
pancake
Are there any clouds in Xiamen folk proverbs? Qingming eats pancakes? Tomb-Sweeping Day's family will get together to make pancakes after sweeping the grave. Today, most parts of southern Fujian still retain such customs and habits. When old Xiamen people roll pancakes, they usually like to put some crispy seaweed, scrambled eggs or a little spicy sauce in the pancake skin, which is more delicious when it is hot. Among them, all kinds of vegetables are packed, which indicates that farmers are prosperous and six livestock are prosperous. In some areas, people also believe that eating pancakes wrapped in celery and leeks will make people work harder, live longer (leeks) and prosper their family business.
Onions and omelets
Many families in Tomb-Sweeping Day and Qingdao eat green onions and egg rolls, which means cleverness. This custom has continued to this day. In addition, in the old society, there were people in Qingdao who wanted to knead noodles. What was it called? Steamed Xiaoyan? Eat white flour chicken and eggs. It means that the swallow has come and the real spring has come. On a clear morning, the whole family must eat eggs and white-flour chicken, so as not to get sick because of bright eyes. Many students will bring eggs to their teachers to show their admiration.
Guziguo
When making cakes, the leaves and fruits (kernels) of the cakes are first mashed, then mashed with rice into powder, fermented and mixed with sugar, and finally steamed in a pottery model or a plum blossom model. Generally, there are two kinds of common seeds: plum blossom type and peach type, and there are also bowls of fermented peaches. The steamed seeds are grass green, and everyone smiles, which always gives people a beautiful feeling of spring. It is light green and very sweet. It is said that eating it can relieve accumulated heat and cure diseases.
Mustard rice
During the Qingming Festival, most places in eastern Fujian, both urban and rural, have the custom of eating pickled mustard tuber. It is said that I eat a mixture of mustard and rice on February 2nd every year? Mustard rice? You can't get scabies all year round. There is also the custom of cooking loach noodles for ancestors on March 3.
Jujube paste cake
Jujube cake is also called? Pushing a cake? In some places in the north, fermented grains are used to make dough and steamed with dates. They are also used to making jujube cakes into swallows, stringing them with wicker and hanging them on the door, and eating them cold to commemorate the noble quality of mesons in promoting fame and fortune. Cake is a grain, and adding dates to the grain conforms to the purpose of preserving health and sweetening in spring, which can increase the function of spleen and limit the excessive publicity of liver qi.
Qingming rice
On the eve of Tomb-Sweeping Day, every family should collect all kinds of edible herbs from the wild and make Tomb-Sweeping Day Rebellion. Commonly used herbs are wormwood and wormwood. Hemp leaves, Paederia, Chinese cabbage (white male), shepherd's purse, wolfberry leaves, etc. Cleaning the required medicinal materials, removing stems, cooking, mixing with pre-soaked and filtered glutinous rice (adding appropriate amount of rice), fan into rice balls with a clay pot, add brown sugar, rub evenly, and steam. (feng shui www.azg 168.cn)
What other customs are there in Tomb-Sweeping Day?
Worship of tomb ancestors
In the history of China, it has long been a custom to eat cold food, forbid fire and pay homage to ancestors. After the Tang Dynasty, the Cold Food Festival gradually declined, so it became a continuous festival tradition for Tomb-Sweeping Day to sweep graves to worship ancestors. Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in his poem "Cold Food and Wild Hope": "Who cries when birds are singing? The wind blows the paper money in the wilderness, and the ancient tomb is full of spring grass. Li Tanghua reflects poplar trees, full of life and death parting places. " Mysterious desert and heavy spring are crying, but people who are raining at dusk and dusk go home. "Song Dynasty poet Koguryo once wrote in the poem Qingming:" There are many tombs in the north and south, and Qingming is different. Paper ashes fly into white butterflies, and tears are dyed into red azaleas. When the sun goes down, the fox sleeps in front of the grave, and the children smile at the lights when the night returns. If there is wine in life, there must be drunkenness. Not a drop reached Jiuquan. "Even in today's society, before and after Tomb-Sweeping Day, people still have the custom of paying homage to their ancestors: uprooting weeds, placing offerings, burning incense and praying at the grave, burning paper money and gold ingots, or simply offering a bunch of flowers to express their memory of their ancestors.
spring outing
At the time of Qingming, it is spring that returns to the earth. People took advantage of the opportunity of sweeping graves, and the whole family, old and young, enjoyed themselves in Shan Ye. When they got home, they broke some branches and put them on their heads. They were very happy. During their stay in Tomb-Sweeping Day, some people go hiking in the suburbs to express their stagnant mood since the severe winter, and go to nature to enjoy and appreciate the vibrant spring scenery. This kind of outing is also called spring outing, which was called spring exploration and spring hunting in ancient times. It means stepping on the grass, playing in the country and watching the spring.
Tomb-Sweeping Day is a good time to go for an outing, so it has become an important part of Tomb-Sweeping Day customs. In ancient times, women couldn't go out casually on weekdays. It was a rare opportunity to go hiking in Tomb-Sweeping Day, so women had more fun than men in Tomb-Sweeping Day. Women's Qingming, men's year? Said.
Chuanliuzhi
Tomb-Sweeping Day is the time when willows sprout and smoke is green. There are folk customs of folding willow, piercing willow and inserting willow. When people go out for an outing, they break off some wicker branches, which can be played with in their hands, woven into hats and worn on their heads, or taken home and inserted on the lintels and eaves. What proverbs are there? Qingming does not wear willow, beauty becomes the head? Qingming does not wear willow, but turns yellow after death? It shows that it is a common custom in the old society to fold willows at Qingming Festival. It is said that willow branches can ward off evil spirits, so it is not only a fashionable decoration, but also has the effect of praying for evil spirits. It may also be related to the custom of using willow branches to beg for new fire in the past cold food festival. Today, it seems that breaking willow branches at will is a kind of damage to trees and should not be advocated.
The custom of planting trees by inserting willows in Tomb-Sweeping Day is said to commemorate Shennong who invented various agricultural production tools and tasted all kinds of herbs. On the other hand, it is said that the willow tree that meson held when he died came back to life. Jin Wengong named it Qingming Willow and folded it into a circle to wear on her head. This custom was later introduced to people. Although the sources of allusions are different, these customs are still inseparable from the joy of people returning to the earth in spring.
please oneself
In addition to the above-mentioned custom of sweeping graves to worship ancestors and stepping on grass to insert willows, Tomb-Sweeping Day has many entertainment habits that have been loved by people for thousands of years, such as crocheting, flying kites, swinging, and shooting willows and cuju (sound: c? Jū).
towing hook
? Hook? This is an ancient name, but it is actually a modern tug-of-war movement. According to legend, in the Spring and Autumn Period, in order to attack the State of Wu, the State of Chu used the hook movement to enhance people's physique. It is mainly based on a hemp rope, and its two ends are divided into many small ropes. In the competition, a big flag is the boundary. At the command, the two sides pulled the rope hard, and the drums sounded with the music. The two sides cheered and shouted, which was very lively.
fly a kite
Flying kites is one of people's favorite activities in Tomb-Sweeping Day. The ancients believed that if someone was sick, they could write down or draw their illness on the kite, tie the kite in the air with a string, let it fly to the sky, cut the cable, and the disease disaster would fly away with the kite. Later, kites gradually developed into a popular outing entertainment. Pan Rongbi, a writer of the Qing Dynasty, was published in Ji Sheng Jing Nian: Tomb-Sweeping Day was sweeping the grave, and men and women from all over the city poured out of the suburbs, carrying boxes and facing each other on the wheel hub. Everyone takes a kite spool, and after the sacrifice, it is best to throw it in front of the grave. ? The ancients also thought that the Qingming wind was very suitable for flying kites. Lu said: The wind in spring is from bottom to top, and kites rise because of it, so there is? Qingming let go? Proverbs In ancient times, flying kites was not only a recreational activity, but also an act of witchcraft: they thought flying kites could release their bad breath. Therefore, when flying kites in Tomb-Sweeping Day, many people will write all the disasters they know on paper kites. When the kite flies high, they cut the kite string and let the kite float away with the wind, symbolizing that their illness and dirty air have been taken away by the kite.
play on the swing
Swing was originally called "Qian Qiu". According to legend, the swing was introduced by Qi Huangong, a native of Shanrong, a northern ethnic group in the Spring and Autumn Period, and became a folk game in Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival and Cold Food Festival after the Han Dynasty. At first, the swing was made of rope and swung by hand. Later, it developed into a wooden frame with two ropes hanging on it and a cross board tied under it. Swing plays were popular in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. "Jingchu Sui History Collection" records:? In spring, a long rope hangs on a big tree, and a scholar and a woman wearing colorful clothes sit on it and push it, which is called swinging. ? Swing was a very common game in the Tang Dynasty, and it became an important part of Tomb-Sweeping Day customs. Because swings can be seen everywhere in Tomb-Sweeping Day, Tomb-Sweeping Day was designated as a swing festival in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and swings were also installed in palaces for queens, concubines and maids to play with. Today's parks and playgrounds still have swings for children to play with.
Liu She
Shooting willow is a game to practice archery. According to the records of the Ming Dynasty, pigeons were placed in gourds, then the gourds were hung high on willow trees, and the gourds and pigeons flew out with bows, and the victory or defeat was judged by the height of the flying pigeons.
play football
Besides ancestor worship and grave sweeping, there are various outdoor activities in Tomb-Sweeping Day, such as hiking, outing and swinging. While paying homage to the sorrow of remembering, it also blends the atmosphere of enjoying spring with joy. In these activities? Cuju? This is a very interesting activity. Cuju, the predecessor of football, is made of leather and stuffed with wool. According to legend, Cuju existed before the Shang Dynasty, and it flowed into the people during the Warring States Period. In the Han Dynasty, it was even used to practice martial arts in the military and was included in art books.
? Cuju? Kicking with feet originated in Linzi, the ancient capital of Qi during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and flourished frequently in the Tang and Song Dynasties? Don't drop the ball all day? ,? The ball never leaves the foot, and the foot never leaves the ball. Huating saw it, and thousands of people saw it. Scene, "Song Taizu Cuju Map" depicts the scene at that time. Du Fu wrote in the poem Qingming. 10 Cuju will be far away. Is the custom of swinging in Wan Li the same? It also shows the popularity of cuju activities at that time. Are you stressed? Mean? Under the background of traditional culture, Cuju gradually evolved from antagonistic competition to performance competition. There are few records about Cuju activities in Qing history books. Cuju fever has resurfaced in Zibo, the birthplace of Cuju. Many citizens participated, which not only exercised their bodies, but also passed on the folk customs for more than two thousand years.
gamecock
In ancient times, cockfighting competitions prevailed in Qingming, which began in Qingming and lasted until the summer solstice. The earliest record of cockfighting in China can be found in Zuo Zhuan. In the Tang dynasty, cockfighting became a common practice, not only among the people, but also the emperor. For example, Tang Xuanzong likes cockfighting best.
Canhuahui
Silkworm flower meeting? Silkworm flower meeting? It is a unique folk culture in sericulture. During the past period in Tomb-Sweeping Day, this folk activity was held in Wu Tong, Wuzhen, Chongfu and Zhouquan. Among them, A?vagho?a Temple in Zhouquan and Double Temple in Qingshi are particularly spectacular. A?vagho?a Temple is located in the west of Zhouquan Town. The king of the temple? It is said that the annual Silkworm Flower Festival is crowded with people, and there are many activities, such as welcoming the silkworm god, rocking the clippers, making noise in the pavilions, worshipping incense benches, boxing, dragon lanterns, lifting poles and singing operas. Some of these activities are carried out on shore, and most of them are carried out on ships, which is very characteristic of water towns. In recent years, in the activities of Shixiang in Wuzhen, only a few projects, such as meeting silkworm gods, stepping on white boats and lifting poles, have great potential to be tapped.
plant trees
Before and after planting trees in Tomb-Sweeping Day, the spring is bright and the spring rain is falling, and the planted saplings have high survival rate and fast growth. Therefore, China has the habit of planting trees in Qingming since ancient times. Some people are also called Tomb-Sweeping Day? Arbor Day? . The custom of planting trees has been passed down to this day. The custom of planting trees in Tomb-Sweeping Day originated from Tomb-Sweeping Day. There are three legends about Tomb-Sweeping Day. The oldest legend is said to commemorate the founder of farming? Shennong later developed the meaning of praying for longevity. Later legends are all related to meson push. It is said that when Jin Wengong led the minister to climb a mountain to pay homage to Jiexiu, he found that the old willow tree that Jiexiu once relied on came back from the dead and gave it to the old willow tree as a memorial? Qingming willow? . Later, it was said that Emperor Taizong gave a wicker ring to the minister as a blessing to drive away the epidemic.
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