Natural reserve (natural reserve)
In order to protect precious and endangered animals, plants and various typical ecosystems, nature reserves protect precious geological sections and carry out natural conservation. A general term for special areas delineated to provide venues for education, scientific research and publicity activities, and to carry out tourism and production activities in designated areas. Also known as "sanctuary", nature protected area, etc. Nature reserves are often concentrated distribution areas for some precious and rare species of animals and plants, resting places for breeding, overwintering or migrating migratory birds, and concentrated production areas for wild relatives of some farmed animals and cultivated plants. They are typical or special. It is a unique ecosystem; it is also often a beautiful natural scenic spot, a geological section with special protection value, a fossil origin or a glacial relic, a karst, a waterfall, a hot spring, a volcanic crater, and the location of meteorites.
Evolution
Countries around the world have set aside certain areas to protect precious animals, plants and their habitats with a long history, but the international community generally regards the 1872 Yellowstone Park, the first national park approved by the U.S. government, is regarded as the earliest nature reserve in the world. The cause of nature reserves has developed rapidly since the 20th century; especially after the Second World War, many international organizations were established around the world to engage in the publicity, coordination and scientific research of nature reserves, such as the "International Nature and Natural Resources Conservation Alliance”, UNESCO’s “Man and the Biosphere Program”, etc. At present, the number and area of ??nature reserves around the world are constantly increasing, and they have become one of the symbols of a country's civilization and progress. In ancient China, there were simple thoughts on nature protection. For example, "Yi Zhou Shu·Da Ju Pian" states: "In the third month of spring, the mountains and forests are not covered with axes, so that the grass and trees can grow. In the third month of summer, the rivers and lakes are not covered with nets. "As long as a fish or a turtle is grown." Officials have taken measures to close off mountains and forests, and the private sector has often voluntarily delineated areas where firewood harvesting is not allowed, and formulated a number of township rules and regulations to manage them. In addition, the so-called "sacred trees", "fengshui forests", sacred mountains", "dragon mountains", etc., although they have feudal superstitions, objectively play a role in protecting nature, and some have already taken the form of nature reserves. Chinese People* After the founding of the People's Republic of China, development has been made in the establishment of nature reserves. By the end of 1988, 460 nature reserves at all levels had been established, accounting for approximately 2.4% of the country's land area, including Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in Jilin Province and Guangdong Province. The Provincial Dinghu Mountain Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province Wolong Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve, Fujian Province Wuyishan Nature Reserve and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Xilingol Nature Reserve have been listed in UNESCO's "Man and the Biosphere Plan" It is an international biosphere reserve.
The role of nature reserves
①Provides a place for humans to study natural ecosystems
②Provides a natural environment for ecosystems. "Background". It provides evaluation criteria for the consequences of human activities.
③ It is a natural laboratory for various ecological research, which facilitates continuous and systematic long-term observation and research on the reproduction and domestication of rare species. etc.
④ It is a living natural museum for publicity and education
⑤ Tourism activities can be carried out in some areas of the reserve
⑥ It can conserve water resources.
Types of nature reserves in China
It can be divided into 6 types according to the protection objects and purposes:
p>
① Nature reserves with the purpose of protecting complete comprehensive natural ecosystems. For example, the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve mainly protects temperate mountain ecosystems and natural landscapes, and the Wuyi Mountain Nature Reserve mainly protects subtropical ecosystems. Yunnan Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve that protects tropical natural ecosystems, etc.
②Natural reserves that mainly protect certain precious animal resources.
For example, nature reserves such as Wolong and Wanglang in Sichuan mainly protect giant pandas, nature reserves such as Zhalong in Heilongjiang and Xianghai in Jilin mainly protect red-crowned cranes, and Tiebu Nature Reserve in Sichuan mainly protects sika deer.
③A nature reserve with the purpose of protecting rare relic plants and unique vegetation types. For example, Guangxi Huaping Nature Reserve mainly protects silver fir and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests; Heilongjiang Fenglin Nature Reserve and Liangshui Nature Reserve mainly protect Korean pine forests; Fujian Wanmulin Nature Reserve mainly protects subtropical forests. Green broad-leaved forest, etc.
④ Nature reserves and national parks that mainly protect natural scenery. Such as Sichuan Jiuzhaigou, Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Lushan Nature Reserve, Yushan National Park in Taiwan Province, etc.
⑤A nature reserve that mainly protects unique geological sections and special landform types. For example, Heilongjiang Wudalianchi Nature Reserve focuses on protecting recent volcanic relics and natural landscapes; Tianjin Jixian Geological Section Nature Reserve protects precious geological sections; Shandong Linqushan Wangwanjuan Biological Fossil Reserve protects important fossil origins, etc.
⑥A nature reserve whose main purpose is to protect the coastal natural environment and natural resources. Mainly include the Tamsui River Estuary Reserve in Taiwan Province, coastal reserves such as Lanyang and Suhua Coast; the Dongzhaigang Reserve and Qinglangang Reserve in Hainan Province (which protect the unique mangroves on the tidal flats), etc.
Thanks to the establishment of a series of nature reserves, some rare wild animals such as giant pandas, golden monkeys, Eld's deer, and alligators in China have been initially protected, and some populations have been gradually developed. For example, the Alligator Reserve Reproduction Research Center in Anhui has made breakthroughs in studying the wild habits, artificial breeding and artificial hatching of alligators, allowing the number of artificially bred alligators to grow to more than 1,600 in a few years. Another example is the elk, a rare animal that was once lost from its hometown. It has returned to its homeland and established protected areas in Dafeng County, Jiangsu and Nanyuan, Beijing, so that it can be domesticated and bred. Now the elk group in the Dafeng County Elk Reserve is the largest in the world. third place. In addition, primitive Philodendron trees were found in the virgin forests of Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve. Some rare tree species and plants have been propagated and promoted in different nature reserves.
1. What is a nature reserve?
A nature reserve is an area set aside to protect natural resources within a certain spatial range.
Nature reserves are a general term. In fact, there are many types due to different purposes, requirements and conditions of establishment. According to the main objects of protection, nature reserves can be divided into three categories: ecosystem type reserves, biological species reserves and natural relic reserves; according to the nature of the reserves, nature reserves can be divided into scientific research reserves, There are 4 categories: national parks (i.e. scenic spots), management areas and resource management reserves.
Regardless of the type of protected area, its overall requirement is to focus on protection, and organically combine scientific research, education, production, tourism and other activities without affecting protection, so as to make it more effective. Ecological, social and economic benefits are fully developed.
2. The significance of establishing nature reserves
●Protect the natural background
Nature reserves retain various types of ecosystems in a certain area, which can Leave a natural "foundation" for future generations. This natural "background" is the path that should be followed when utilizing and transforming nature in the future, providing people with evaluation criteria and the expected consequences of human activities.
●Reserve species
Protected areas are reserves of biological species and can also be called reserves. It is also a sanctuary to save endangered biological species.
●Open up scientific research and education bases
Nature reserves are an important base for studying the basic laws of natural processes of various ecosystems and studying the ecological characteristics of species. They are also important bases for observation in environmental protection work. A place where ecosystems are dynamically balanced and monitoring benchmarks are obtained. Of course it's also a great place for educational experiments.
● Preserve the aesthetic value of nature
The beauty of nature can make people feel refreshed, and a good mood can refresh people's spirits and ignite their passion for life and creation. Therefore, the beauty of nature is the source of human health, inspiration and creation.
3. Categories of my country’s nature reserves
my country’s nature reserves can be divided into three major categories:
The first category is the ecosystem category, which protects is a typical zone ecosystem. For example, Guangdong Dinghushan Nature Reserve protects subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests; Gansu Lian Gucheng Nature Reserve protects psoma plant communities; and Jilin Chagan Lake Nature Reserve protects lake ecosystems.
The second category is wildlife, which protects rare wild animals and plants. For example, Heilongjiang Zhalong Nature Reserve protects rare waterfowl, mainly red-crowned cranes; Fujian Amphioxus Nature Reserve protects amphioxus; Guangxi Shangyue Nature Reserve protects golden camellia.
The third category is natural relics, which mainly protect fossil and pollen origins, volcanic craters, karst landforms, geological sections, etc. that have scientific research, educational or tourism value. For example, the Shanwang Nature Reserve in Shandong protects the origin of biological fossils; the Zhangjiajie Forest Park in Hunan protects the sandstone peak forest scenic area; and the Wudalianchi Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang protects volcanic geological landforms.
4. Protection methods of nature reserves in my country
my country has a large population and little natural vegetation. Protected areas cannot adopt a pure protection method that remains intact and allow natural development like some countries. Instead, they should adopt a method that combines protection, scientific research, education, and production, and without affecting the natural environment and protected objects of the protected area, It can also be combined with tourism. Therefore, most nature reserves in my country are divided into three parts: core area, buffer zone and peripheral area.
The core area is a natural ecosystem within a protected area that has not or rarely been disturbed by humans, or an area that has been damaged but has the potential to gradually recover into a natural ecosystem. This area mainly protects provenance, and it is also the place where natural background information is obtained, and it is also the source of evaluation for environmental protection and monitoring. All interference is strictly prohibited in the core area.
The buffer zone refers to the surrounding area surrounding the core area. It is an experimental and productive scientific research base, such as raising, breeding and developing local endemic organisms; it is an area for research on material circulation and energy flow in various ecosystems; it is also the main facility base and education base of the reserve.
The Perimeter Zone is a multi-use area located around the buffer zone. In addition to carrying out similar work as the buffer zone, it also includes a certain range of production activities, and may also have a small number of residential settlements and tourist facilities.
The above-mentioned zoning practice in protected areas not only protects biological resources, but also becomes a place that combines education, scientific research, production, tourism and other purposes to create wealth for society.
5. The system of nature reserves in my country
In 1956, my country established the first nature reserve with modern significance - Dinghushan Nature Reserve. By 1993, my country had established more than 700 protected areas, including more than 80 national nature reserves.
The characteristics of my country’s nature reserve system are that there are many protected areas with small areas, with less than 50 reserves exceeding 100,000 hectares; the management of protected areas is diversified; the management level of most protected areas is low, at the county or city level The number of protected areas accounts for 46, and the area accounts for 50.3.