In 582, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty wrote a letter to build a new capital, which was planned, designed and organized by Yuwen Kai, the son of Zuo Shu, and was basically completed by the end of the year. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty named Daxing County Duke in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, so he named the new capital Daxing City, Miyagi Daxing Palace, the main hall of Miyagi Daxing Hall, the main entrance of Daxing Hall Daxing Gate and the newly forbidden garden Daxing Garden.
Daxing City has a regular layout, and the whole city consists of three parts: Outer Guo Cheng, Miyagi and Imperial City. The outer fruit is nearly square, and the width from east to west is slightly longer than that from north to south. Because the wall was too long and the construction time was hasty, the wall of Daxing City was low when it was first built, and then it was built many times in succession.
Outside Daxing City, three doors were opened in the south, east and west of the country, which remained unchanged during the Tang Dynasty. Mingde Gate is in the south, Qixia Gate is in the east and Anhua Gate is in the west. From north to south in the east, there are Tonghua Gate, Chunming Gate and Yanxingmen. From north to south in the west, there are Kaiyuan Gate, Jinguangmen and Yanping Gate in turn.
There are two doors in the north, both in the west of Miyagi, with Gwanghwamun in the west and Hualin Gate in the east. In the Tang Dynasty, Wu Zetian's ancestral taboo was changed to Fanglimen.
Miyagi is in the center of the city near the north wall, and the imperial city is in the south. The remaining * * * east-west streets 14 and north-south streets 1 1 divide outer Guo Cheng into square cities with regular arrangement. It is bounded by Zhuque Street, the north-south central axis of the city, and both sides are symmetrical.
There are 109 squares in the city, 55 squares in the west of Suzaku Street, and one square in the east of Suzaku Street is occupied by Qujiangchi in the southeast corner of the city, one less square than the west. In addition, on the east and west sides of Zhuque Street, a metropolis and a profit-making city were built by using two square areas.
The metropolis is on the east side of Zhuque Street, which was called the East City in the Tang Dynasty. Liren City is in the west of Suzaku Street, which was called Xishi in the Tang Dynasty. There is a wall around the square, which is a relatively closed residential area through fixed square doors. Dongxicheng is a business district with concentrated business.
Miyagi, or Daxing Palace, is the place where the emperor lived and handled state affairs. Miyagi is divided into three parts, and the middle part is the palace for the emperor to live in. To the east is the East Palace, where the Crown Prince lives. To the west is Yeting Palace, which is the residence of ordinary maids. There is a gate in the south of Miyagi, together with the imperial city, and a gate in the north of Miyagi goes out of the city and enters Daxing Garden.
The imperial city is in the south of Miyagi, which is the office area of various departments of the imperial court. Except for some special circumstances of some departments, almost all government agencies are concentrated here.
In addition, the ancestral temple and the social altar are also arranged on the east and west sides of the imperial city according to the saying of "Zuo Zu You She" in Kao Gong Ji.
In order to solve the domestic water consumption of the Palace and the residents in the city, as well as the water consumption for landscaping, Yong 'an Canal, Qingming Canal, Longshou Canal and Qujiang Pond Water are also designed in Daxing City, which flows through Guo Cheng, Huangcheng, Miyagi and Daxing Garden.
Qujiang Lake was originally a natural Shui Bo, which was chiseled in Qin and Han Dynasties and later became a tourist attraction. Yuwenkai is further dredging and rebuilding, making it occupy the highest square in the southeast corner of the whole city. On the one hand, it serves as a reservoir to regulate the city's water supply, on the other hand, it also opens up a scenic spot for the city, and a detached palace pavilion is built here for the emperor and dignitaries to enjoy.
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was afraid of the word "Qu" in Qujiang Pool, so he renamed it Furong Pool according to the number of hibiscus in Qujiang Pool, and named the garden beside Qujiang Pool as Furong Garden.
Daxing Garden is located in the north of the city, starting from the ancient city of Chang 'an in the Han Dynasty in the west, to the shore of Bashui and Sushui in the east, to Weishui in the north and to Daxing City in the south. The setting of Daxing Garden is mainly for the emperor to play, but it also plays an important role in ensuring the safety of Daxing City, especially Miyagi.
The north wall of Gongcheng in Daxing City is also the north wall of Guo Cheng. There is no other support outside the wall, and the faucet in the north is the commanding height, which is easy to pose a threat to Miyagi. Turning the north side of the city wall into a garden can make full use of the Weihe River in the north, the Chan River and the Chan River in the east, and the surrounding garden walls to protect the palace.
Daxing City, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was renamed Chang 'an. At the same time, Daxing Palace, Daxing Hall and Daxing Gate were renamed Taiji Palace, Taiji Hall and Taiji Gate respectively, and Daxing Garden was renamed Forbidden Park. Some changes have taken place in Chang 'an since the reign of Emperor Taizong.
In 634, Emperor Taizong ordered the construction of Yong 'an Palace on the Longshouyuan outside the Beiguo wall on the east side of Miyagi as the summer resort of Emperor Tang Liyuan. In 635, it was renamed Daming Palace. In 662, due to wind arthralgia, Tang Gaozong suspected that Taiji Palace was low-lying and humid, and all its houses were sheltered. Daming Palace was expanded on a large scale and renamed Penglai Palace. In 670, it was renamed Hanyuan Palace, but it was soon renamed Daming Palace.
After the expansion of Tang Gaozong, the scale of Daming Palace is comparable to that of Taiji Palace, but the grandeur and grandeur of the building often surpass it. In the Tang Dynasty, except for Emperor Gaozong and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, other emperors took Daming Palace as their main palace. Only when some special and important ceremonies are held, do you follow the ritual system and go to Taiji Palace.
With the migration of the monarch's residence, all the ancillary facilities in Taiji Palace have been transferred to Daming Palace, such as Shaoyang Courtyard in Daming Palace, which is equivalent to the prince's bedroom in the East Palace of Taiji Palace.
Because Daming Palace is in the east of the former Miyagi Taiji Palace, these two palaces are also called Dongnei and Xinei respectively.
Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, once lived in Qin Long Square under the East Wall of Chang 'an. After he acceded to the throne, he was forbidden to change to Xingqing Square. In July14, this square was converted into Xingqing Palace. By 726, Xingqing Palace was expanded, occupying half of Yongjiafang in the north and part of Shengyefang in the west. In 753, the wall of Xingqing Palace was built on a large scale. After 728, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty basically lived in Xingqing Palace, so Xingqing Palace was also called Nannei.
In Xingqing Palace, there is Longchi, which is second only to Qujiang Pool in Chang 'an.
With the construction of Daming Palace, Xingqing Palace and other practical conditions, some changes have taken place in the form of urban street squares in Sui Dynasty.
Feng Dan Gate, the main entrance of Daming Palace, opens on the north wall of Waiguo City, and the south side of the gate faces Yishan Square, like a screen covering the palace gate. Therefore, Yishan Square and Yongchang Square in the south of Yishan Square have to be divided into two parts, and a passage has to be opened to connect the east-west main road between Yanximen in the east of Imperial City and Tonghua Gate in the east of Outer Guo Cheng.
After the expansion of Xingqing Palace, it occupied a part of Yongjia Square and Ye Sheng Square. In 732, Hualei Xianghui Building and Qinzheng Building were built in the southwest corner of Xingqing Palace, and the square was opened for ground expansion downstairs. The northeast corner of Southwest Dongshi and the northwest corner of Nandaozheng Square were demolished.
Yongfu Square, located in the northeast corner of the city, was built into a garden during Xuanzong's reign. As a house where the prince and grandson lived, it was named Sixteen Wangfu. This blocked Shuncheng Street, which extends along the east wall and the north wall to the northeast corner of the city.
When we arrived in Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, in order to facilitate the journey from Qujiangchi to Qingliu Temple in Xinchang Square, we divided the four squares of Shengdao, Guangde, Lizheng and Dunhua between Qujiangchi and Xinchang Square into two and opened up a new road.
In addition, in the Tang Dynasty, a new Jing Yao Gate was opened between Fanglin and Guanghuamen in the north of Waiguo, which was a great change in the wall of Waiguo.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the population density in Chang 'an was very uneven. The four rows of squares near the south wall of Waiguo City are rarely inhabited except Qujiang Pool near the southeast corner of the city, which is prosperous because it has been turned into a scenic spot.
The population of Chang 'an is mainly concentrated in the northern part of the city, especially in the eastern and western surrounding areas.
Outside Chang 'an, all the gates of Guo Beiyuan lead to the Forbidden Park, and nine gates in the east, west and south are used for daily access.
Nine gates are all three doorways except the Mingde Gate in the middle of the south, and the doorway in the middle is rarely used, which may only be used by the emperor. Generally, they go in and out through doorways on both sides, "left in and right out".
The width of the street is divided into several grades according to the traffic needs. The first floor is a street with several gates. Except for Yanxing and Yanping, which are located in the south of the city, these two gates are sparsely populated, far away from the east-west avenue outside the city, and there are few pedestrians, so the street width is general, and the width of the streets opposite other gates in the east, west and south is above 100 meter.
The road between Zhuquemen in Imperial City and Mingdemen in Waiguo is the widest, about150m. This street extends northward to the main hall of Miyagi Palace. The design of this width not only highlights the role of Suzaku Street as the central axis of the city, but also shows the intention of strengthening the core position of imperial power.
In addition, there is the Temple of Heaven outside the gate of Mingde in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the ritual ceremony of the emperor going to the altar to worship Tiande is huge, and the street with ordinary width is unbearable, so such a wide road is needed.
The second floor is most of the roads in the city, with widths ranging from 40 meters to 70 meters. The third floor is along the road under the four walls, with a width of less than 2.5 meters.
Most of the streets in Chang 'an City are dug with ditches on both sides to eliminate road water. But because the ground is fine-grained loess, it will be muddy when it rains, and the drainage ditch will not help. On sunny days, cars and horses pass through the dust.
In order to keep the road surface dry and clean, 744 years later, some main streets were paved with river sand transported from the river bank. In order to prevent the spread of road sand, low earth walls were built on both sides of the road, which was called "sand embankment" at that time.
The Sui and Tang Dynasties witnessed the prosperity of Buddhism and Taoism, and there were more than 100 temples and Taoist temples in Chang 'an. Most of these temples are scattered in the squares of the city. In addition, there are special Buddhist temples and Dojo in the palace; Dongxicheng has a special pool for believers to release, called "release pool", and there is a Buddhist temple dedicated to Buddha statues next to the pool; There are also some famous temples located outside the city walls.
Qinglong Temple is a famous temple in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty, located in the north of Tielumiao Village, Xi City, Shaanxi Province. Originally named Suiling Temple, the temple is the fundamental Dojo of Tantric Buddhism. 7 1 1 renamed Seiryuji. There are two groups of courtyard relics in the northwest of the temple site.
Lingguang Temple in Sui Dynasty was partially destroyed when the Buddha was destroyed in Huichang, Tang Wuzong. It was rebuilt in the late Xuanzong period of the Tang Dynasty and was used until the Northern Song Dynasty. There were three middle doors in the early West Courtyard, with a tower in the door, a Buddhist temple in the north of the tower, and cloisters or courtyard walls around it.
There is also a hall in the center of Chengdong Hospital. In the late West Courtyard, Galand abandoned the middle three doors, rebuilt the temple and tower on the old foundation in the early stage, restored the cloister and set up a new north gate. The East Courtyard also rebuilt the temple. The scale of temples and towers in the later period is not as grand as that in the earlier period.
Qingliang Temple plays an important role in the history of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. After Tianbao, Japanese and Silla monks came to China to study Tantric Buddhism, and most of them went to Qinglong Temple to seek dharma. The excavation of the temple site provides important information for studying the layout of temples in Tang Dynasty.
Although there are many temples in Chang 'an, they have little influence on the urban architectural landscape. At that time, the architectural form and plane layout of temples were not much different from those of wealthy families. Many temples in Chang 'an were converted from official residences.
The main building that embodies the characteristics of the temple is the tower. The most famous pagodas in Chang 'an should be the Great Zhuang Yan Pagoda and the General Pagoda in Heping and Yongyang Square in the southwest corner of the city.
The two towers are exactly the same in appearance and have wooden structures, both of which were planned and built by Yu Wenkai. Yu Wenkai intends to use these two towers to make up for the low terrain in the southwest corner of the city.
The preserved Jionji Pagoda and Jianfu Temple Pagoda, commonly known as Big Wild Goose Pagoda and Little Wild Goose Pagoda, were also famous pagodas at that time.
In the Tang Dynasty, many bureaucrats not only occupied luxurious houses in the city, but also built villas in beautiful places outside the city. The most concentrated place of villas is south of the city along the Fanchuan line, followed by Dongba, near Mian and Wangchuan near Lantian.
The economy and culture of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty developed very rapidly during the Kaiyuan period of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, it was the largest and most prosperous international metropolis in the world at that time. After the Anshi Rebellion, it went into decline.
In 763, Chang 'an City was occupied by Tubo in Tang Dynasty 15 days. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao invaded Chang 'an. In the battle between Huang Chao's army and Tang Jun, the city suffered serious damage. In 904, Zhu Quanzhong took Tang Zhaozong hostage and moved the capital to Luoyang. The palace was demolished and the wood of the house was taken away. Later, Han Jian thought that the city was sparsely populated, which was not conducive to defense, so he rebuilt the city and reduced it to a "new city", that is, Chang 'an, the capital of the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty and the Jin and Yuan Dynasties.
At this point, Daxing City in Sui Dynasty or Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty with a history of 306 years was declared abandoned.
The planning and architecture of Chang 'an City in Sui and Tang Dynasties not only had a far-reaching impact on later generations, but also was imitated by some local governments and neighboring countries outside Sui and Tang Dynasties. For example, the capital of Bohai State, Japanese cities such as Pingcheng and Ping 'an are all deeply influenced by Chang 'an City.