The Royal Tombs of the Qing Dynasty are detailed in the Eastern Tombs of the Qing Dynasty, located in Zunhua, Hebei Province. The tombs of Emperor Shunzhi, Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Qianlong, Emperor Xianfeng and Emperor Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty are all here. The mausoleum of Empress Xiaozhuangwen is located outside Dahongmen in the mausoleum area because she was higher in seniority than Emperor Shunzhi. There are also 3 empress tombs and 5 imperial concubine dormitories in the Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty. Xiaoling Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Emperor Shunzhi, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty. Emperor Kangxi's biological mother, Empress Xiaokangzhang, Tong Jia, and Empress Duanjing, Dong E, are buried. Xiaodong Mausoleum The Borjigit mausoleum of Emperor Shunzhi's empress Xiaohuizhang is located on the east side of Xiaoling Mausoleum. He also buried seventeen concubines including Concubine Shuhui, Concubine Gongjing and Concubine Ke. It is the first queen's mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty. Jingling Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Emperor Kangxi, the sage ancestor of the Qing Dynasty. Its special feature is that there are two steles of holy virtues and magical achievements, praising Kangxi's achievements during his lifetime. Empress Xiaochengren of the Hesheli family, Empress Xiaozhaoren of the Niu Hulu family, Empress Xiaoyiren of the Tongjia family, Emperor Yongzheng's biological mother Empress Xiaogongren of the Wuya family, and Emperor Jingmin's concubine Zhangjia were buried. It set a precedent for the emperor's nephew to be buried in the emperor's mausoleum. Jingling Concubine's Garden Bedroom The tombs of Emperor Xi's concubines. Located on the east side of Jingling. Internal burial: 48 concubines including Wenxi's concubine Niu Hulu and Hui concubine Nala and one prince (son of Shunyi's secret concubine Wang's Youshang). The Garden Bedroom of Imperial Concubine Jingling is located in the southeast of the Garden Bedroom of Imperial Concubine Jingling. It is the garden bedroom of two imperial concubines of Kangxi: Tong Jia and Guer Jia. The two imperial concubines were ordered to take care of the young Emperor Qianlong and lived in the palace during the Kangxi period. They were still alive during the Qianlong period. Emperor Qianlong, as a sign of filial piety, honored the two of them as imperial concubines and built a separate garden for them. Yuling Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Emperor Qianlong, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty. The scale is huge and the buildings are the most spectacular. Nephews buried in the mausoleum are: Empress Xiaoxian of the Fucha family, Emperor Jiaqing's biological mother Empress Xiaoyichun of the Wei Jia family, Emperor Zhemin's imperial concubine Fucha, Emperor Huixian's imperial concubine Gao Jia, and Emperor Shujia's imperial concubine Jin Jia. Yuling Concubine's Garden Bedroom is located on the west side of Yuling. Thirty-six concubines including the demoted Queen Nala and Qianlong's favored concubine Chunhui Emperor Sujia are buried here. Among the more famous ones are: the adoptive mother of Emperor Jiaqing, the Qinggong Imperial Concubine Lu, the 92-year-old Concubine Wan, the Concubine Chen, the biological mother of the fifth son of the emperor Yongqi, the Concubine Yu, the Concubine Yu, the Uighur Concubines Rong and Zhuo, and He Xiao The princess’ biological mother, Concubine Dun, Wang, etc. Dingling is the mausoleum of Emperor Wenzong and Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty. Empress Xiao Dexian's nephew Sakda was buried. Dingdong Tomb Puxiangyu is the tomb of Empress Xiaozhenxian (Ci’an). Located on the east side of Dingling. The Empress Dowager Ci'an, Niu Hulu, and Empress Dowager Cixi listened to politics behind the curtain during the Tongzhi and Guangxu years. Guangxu died in the seventh year of his reign at the age of 45. Dingdong Mausoleum Putuo Valley The mausoleum of Empress Xiaoqinxian (Cixi). Located on the east side of Puxiang Valley. Empress Dowager Cixi listened behind the curtain during the Tongzhi and Guangxu years and ruled the Qing Dynasty for nearly half a century. Her mausoleum is the most magnificent among the empress mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty. Dingling Concubine's Garden Bedroom is located in Shunshui Valley to the east of Dingling. Emperor Xianfeng's concubine's bedroom. Fifteen concubines including Emperor Zhuangjing's concubine Tartara (the biological mother of Princess Rongan Gulun), Emperor Duanke's concubine Tong Jia, Mei Guifei Xu Jia's (the biological mother of Emperor Zaoshang's second son), and Yunbin Wu Jia's family are buried in the here. Huiling is the mausoleum of Emperor Tongzhi, Muzong of the Qing Dynasty. Empress Xiaozheyi's nephew, Arut, was buried. The Huiling Concubine Garden housed four concubines of Emperor Tongzhi: Emperor Shushen’s imperial concubine Fucha (the most respected among the four concubines of Tongzhi), Emperor Xianzhe’s imperial concubine Hesheli, and Emperor Gongsu’s imperial concubine Alute (Empress Xiaozheyi). The tombs of Xilinjueluo, the aunt of Emperor Dunhui, and the concubine of Emperor Dunhui. The Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty is located in Yixian County, Hebei Province. Here are buried the Yongzheng (Tailing), Jiaqing (Chanling), Daoguang (Muling), Guangxu (Chongling) of the Qing Dynasty, as well as the abdicated Emperor Xuantong, as well as their queens and concubines. , prince, princess. Princes, county kings, Baylor and other royal families are also buried around the Xiling. Tailing Mausoleum of Emperor Yongzheng, Shizong of the Qing Dynasty. The construction craftsmanship and specifications are among the best among the Qingxi mausoleums. Nephews are buried in the honor of Empress Xian's Nala family and Emperor Dunsu's noble concubine Nian family. Tailing Concubine Garden Bedroom: The tombs of Emperor Yongzheng’s concubines: the tombs of 21 concubines of the Chunqi Emperor, including the concubine Geng and the concubine Li of Qi. Taitung Tomb is the mausoleum of Niu Hulu, Emperor Yongzheng’s empress Xiaoshengxian, who was the biological mother of Emperor Qianlong. During the Yongzheng period, she was named a noble concubine. At the beginning of Qianlong's reign, she was granted the title of Empress Dowager and was highly respected. In the forty-second year of Qianlong's reign, he died at the age of eighty-six. The architectural complex of Taitung Tomb is of excellent craftsmanship, and it is the largest and most complete Queen's Tomb among the Xiling Tombs. Changling is the mausoleum of Emperor Renzong and Jiaqing of the Qing Dynasty. The specifications of the building are even larger than that of Tailing, and the building is more magnificent. Nephew and burial: Empress Xiao Shurui of Xitala clan, the first concubine of Emperor Jiaqing and the biological mother of Emperor Daoguang.
Changling Concubine Garden Bedroom Jiaqing Emperor's concubines: the tombs of seventeen people including the concubine Liu Jia of the Heyu Emperor, the Niu Hulu family of the Gongshun Emperor, the Wanyan family of the Shu Concubine, and the Chun concubine Dong Jia. Changxi Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Niu Hulu, the second queen of Emperor Jiaqing, Queen Xiaoherui. After the death of Queen Xiao Shurui, Queen Xiao Herui was promoted from a noble concubine to an imperial concubine, and was soon established as a queen. After Emperor Daoguang ascended the throne, he honored her as the empress dowager and enshrined her in Shoukang Palace. He has a distinguished status and has a certain influence in the palace. Daoguang died in the 29th year of his reign at the age of seventy-four. Muling Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Emperor Xuanzong and Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty. Its regulations are relatively simple and some main buildings have been eliminated, but it has its own characteristics. Nephews are buried: Empress Xiaomucheng of the Niu Hulu family, Empress Xiao Shencheng of the Tong Jia family, and Emperor Xianfeng's biological mother, Empress Xiao Quancheng of the Niu Hulu family. Mu Dongling was originally the dormitory of Concubine Mu Ling. Because Emperor Xianfeng's adoptive mother, Concubine Jinghuang, Borjigit, was promoted to empress on her deathbed, it was renamed the Queen's Mausoleum. The regulations are the same as those of Xiaodong Tomb: concubines and nephews are buried later. Empress Xiaojingcheng was buried in the middle, and her tomb (mound) was separated from other domes by a yellow tile ring wall. On the east side of the dome outside the ring wall, the highest-ranking concubine of Emperor Zhuang Shun, Wu Yashi (Guangxu), was buried. The emperor's grandmother), and the three rows of treasures at the back are the tombs of Tong Guifei Shumulu, the biological mother of the emperor's eldest son, and concubines such as Concubine Nala and Tianbi Fucha. Chongling is the mausoleum of Emperor Guangxu. Empress Xiao Dingjing's nephew Yehenala was buried. The Garden Bedroom of Concubine Chongling is the garden bedroom of Emperor Guangxu’s two concubines: Concubine Wenjing (first named Concubine Jin) Tatarashi, and Concubine Keshun (first named Concubine Zhen, sister of Concubine Jin). There are two crowns: on the east side is the imperial concubine Wen Jing, and on the west side is the imperial concubine Keshun. The imperial concubine Keshun was first named Zhenfei and was martyred in the Eight-Power Allied Forces Rebellion in the 26th year of Guangxu's reign. The following year, Empress Dowager Cixi promoted her to the title of precious concubine. First buried outside Xizhimen. During the Xuantong period, she was given the title of imperial concubine. Moved and buried the concubine Chongling in the garden.
The Mausoleum of the Qing Emperor
The Qing Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, all ten emperors, except the last emperor Puyi, did not have a mausoleum. The other nine emperors built large-scale cemeteries in Zunhua County and Yixian County, Hebei respectively. Since the two cemeteries are each one hundred miles east and west of downtown Beijing, they are called "Eastern Tombs of Qing Dynasty" and "Western Mausoleums of Qing Dynasty".
The regulations of the Eastern and Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty basically followed those of the Ming Dynasty. The difference is that a crescent city was added to the tomb. In addition, among the Thirteen Tombs of the Ming Dynasty, only the Changling Tomb has the "Stele of Holy Virtue and Divine Merits", while the Eastern and Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty have Shutong. The layout of the cemetery has also developed to a more mature stage compared with the Ming Dynasty. In order from south to north, they are composed of stone statues, large stele towers, large and small stone bridges, dragon and Phoenix gates, small stele pavilions, divine kitchens, east and west rooms, Long'en gate, east and west side halls, Long'en hall, glazed gates, etc. Composed of large and small buildings. Near each imperial mausoleum there are usually gardens and sleeping quarters for the queen and concubines.
The Eastern Tombs of the Qing Dynasty and the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty are the largest and best-preserved imperial tombs in China. Compared with the imperial cemeteries of previous dynasties, its age is relatively recent and its influence is greater. It occupies a prominent position in the history of the development of mausoleums. The Chinese working people are rich in the ingenious architectural art of the Eastern Qing Tombs and the Western Qing Tombs, which are precious historical and cultural heritage of the motherland.
The Three Tombs of the Early Qing Dynasty
Before the Qing Dynasty entered the Pass, the Fuling Tomb of Nurhaci, the Zhaoling Tomb of Huang Taiji and the Yongling Tomb of Yuanzu of the Qing Dynasty were collectively referred to as the "Three Tombs of the Early Qing Dynasty". The mausoleum buildings before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs not only carried forward the tradition of ancient Chinese architecture, but also had unique local styles. Different from the Eastern and Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty after entering the customs, it prominently combines the natural scenery of the mausoleum area with the feudal castle-style architectural layout. The mausoleum area is filled with a simple, solemn and mysterious atmosphere.
Yongling
Yongling is the cemetery of Nurhaci’s distant ancestors, great-grandfather, father, uncle and his wife. Nurhachi is located in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province. It is backed by Qiyun Mountain, faces Suzi River in front, and faces Chimney Mountain across the mountain. Yongling Cemetery is small, but has a wide depth of field and beautiful scenery, like a red leaf dotted among the green mountains.
The cemetery is surrounded by red walls. There are four stele pavilions lined up inside the south gate. The stele # stands with thousands of words of inscriptions, all of which are beautiful words to praise the ancestors. To the north of the stele pavilion is the Qiyun Hall. Qiyun Hall is a place for worshiping ancestors and is also the main building of the cemetery. It has a yellow glazed tile roof, and the four walls of the hall are decorated with colorful glazed dragons. The hall is equipped with a warm pavilion, a treasure bed and a shrine. There is also a burning tower in front of the hall. To the north of the Qiyun Hall is the Baocheng. The city is surrounded by mausoleums, all of which are sealed from the ground. Under the tombs is the underground palace, where most of the bones were removed and buried, and there may also be burials of clothes and crowns. There was originally an old elm tree in Yongling Cemetery. Emperor Qianlong once visited Yongling in the East and wrote "Ode to the Sacred Tree" for it. He wrote it personally and carved a stele in the side hall.
Yongling is the smallest among the three tombs in the early Qing Dynasty, because the buried people were not emperors during their lifetimes, nor were they called Khans, but only showed their ancestors as sons.
Fuling
Fuling is the mausoleum of Nurhaci, the founder of the Qing Dynasty, and Queen Gao, also known as "Donngling". It is located on the hilly land in the eastern suburbs of Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, facing the Hun River in the front and Tianzhu Mountain in the back. Thousands of pines are towering in green, the main hall is in the clouds, the mountains and the natural scenery are integrated into one, unique style.
Fuling covers an area of ??more than 190,000 square meters. On both sides of the cemetery are dismounted horse stele, stone lions, Huabiao and stone stele squares. There are many pines inside the door. Entering the mausoleum gate, the terrain gradually rises. A stone staircase with more than 100 steps twists and turns among the pines, winding up the mountain. It has the feeling of "the mountain is steep and steep, the steps are folded, deep and towering, and unpredictable" . Climb the steps, cross the stone bridge, and face the stele tower. In the stele building, there is a "Stele of Holy Virtue of Fuling of the Qing Dynasty" written by Kangxi himself. Behind the stele tower is an ancient castle-style square city, which is a place for worship and sacrifice and the main building of the cemetery.
Emperors of the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to ancestor worship, and there were as many as 30 sacrifices held every year. There are four types of sacrifices: big sacrifices, side sacrifices, small sacrifices and special sacrifices. The festival is held every year during the Qingming Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Winter Solstice and Beginning of Spring. The side ceremony was held on the death anniversary of Nurhaci and Queen Gao. Small sacrifices are held on the first and fifteenth day of each lunar month. Special sacrifices are temporary sacrifices held during national ceremonies. The items used in sacrifices all have certain specifications and quantities. During the Shunzhi period, it was stipulated that one cow, one sheep, and one pig each should be used for the big sacrifice. Fruit wine, incense and candles were offered, # was burned, a speech was given, and a grand ceremony was performed. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, refugee uprisings continued. In order to seek help from the "spirits in heaven" of their ancestors and protect the stability of the Qing Dynasty, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty further expanded the scale of sacrifices. The sacrifices for the high sacrifice were increased to two oxen, four sheep, 800 jins of flour, and 400 jins of oil. Every year, 50,000 taels of silver are spent just to worship Fuling.
The Fuling River is surrounded by water, the mountains are like arches, and it is quiet and solemn. The mausoleum buildings with red walls and yellow tiles are nestled among the lush pine sea, blue sky and white clouds. The mausoleum buildings are cleverly integrated into the mountains and waters, making it extremely beautiful and harmonious. After liberation, Fuling was renovated and renovated, becoming a tourist attraction for people visiting ancient times.
Zhaoling
Zhaoling is the largest and best-preserved imperial mausoleum among the three mausoleums in the early Qing Dynasty. It is the mausoleum of Huang Taiji in the Qing Dynasty. Zhaolingling Mountain is artificially built and is known as Longye Mountain, covering an area of ??180,000 square meters.
The entire mausoleum can be divided into two parts. One part is from the Xiama Stele to Dahongmen. The Xiama Stele is at the front of the mausoleum area. The inscriptions are engraved in five languages: Manchu, Han, Mongolian, Tibetan and Hui. It says "Officials of all levels below the prince will dismount here" to show the sanctity and solemnity of the mausoleum area.
The second part of the mausoleum area is from Dahongmen to Fangcheng. There is a colorful glazed dragon inlaid on the big red door. There are stone carved Chinese watches and six pairs of stone animals inside the door. The carvings are very exquisite and have high artistic value. Among them, the stone horses "Dabai" and "Xiaobai" are said to be modeled after Huang Taiji's two beloved mounts during his lifetime. Their heroic appearance can be compared with the Six Horses of Zhaoling, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.
The third part of the mausoleum area is the huge square city and the Baocheng behind it, which are the main body of all the buildings in the cemetery. The Long'en Hall in Fangcheng is a solemn and solemn place where divine tablets and sacrifices are enshrined. On the Ming Tower there is a stone tablet "The Mausoleum of Emperor Taizong Wen". There are turrets built in the four corners of the square city, which integrate the castle-style architectural art of the early Qing Dynasty and the traditional Chinese cemetery architectural style and complement each other. In the middle of the Baocheng is the half-moon-shaped Baoding, which is the underground palace where Huang Taiji and the Queen are buried. It is surrounded by Longye Mountain in the north and is magnificent.
Qingdong Tomb
Qingdong Tomb is located at the foot of Changrui Mountain in Zunhua County, Hebei Province. It is the largest mausoleum area built after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. The entire mausoleum area is divided into two parts: the front circle and the back dragon. The front circle is the cemetery construction area, and the back dragon is the northern corner that sets off the mountain mausoleum architecture. The scope is very wide.
Donngling is backed by Changrui Mountain. According to historical records, this place was personally selected by Emperor Shunzhi. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Emperor Shunzhi once went hunting and came to the foot of Changrui Mountain by chance. He stopped and looked around, and exclaimed: "This mountain is lush and lush, and it can be my longevity palace." After saying this, he took out the pendant and walked away to the distance, saying to the courtiers Said: "The place where it falls is designated as a cave." This opened up the first mausoleum area after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. The layout of the cemetery of the Eastern Tombs of the Qing Dynasty is centered on the Xiaoling Tomb. To the east are the Jingling Tomb of Emperor Kangxi and the Huiling Mausoleum of Emperor Tongzhi. To the west are the Yuling Tomb of Emperor Qianlong and the Dingling Tomb of Emperor Xianfeng.
There are more than 150 people buried in the cemetery at one time, including five emperors, fifteen queens, and many imperial concubines, nobles, Chang Zai, Yaosheng, Gege, elder brother, etc.
Xiaoling Mausoleum
Xiaoling Mausoleum is located under the main peak of Changrui Mountain and is the tomb of Emperor Shunzhi.
The Xiaoling Tomb is the main building of the Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty. In front of the cemetery stands a stone archway, all made of white marble. It is embossed with "Yunlong Playing with Pearls", "Double Lions Rolling Ball" and various rotors with large golden painted decorations. The knife skills are exquisite and the momentum is majestic. It has become the most representative work of stone carving art in the Qing Dynasty. Next to the stone archway is the Dahongmen. The Dahongmen is the gateway to the Xiaoling Tomb and the entire Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty. The red walls are solemn and elegant with its graceful figures. There is a stone tablet in front of the door that says "Officials will wait here to dismount".
After passing through the Dahongmen, you are facing the stele tower. There are two tall "Steles of Holy Virtue and Divine Merits" in the middle of the stele tower. The achievements of Emperor Shunzhi's life are engraved on the stele in Manchu and Chinese respectively. It is an aspect of politics and military affairs in the early Qing Dynasty. It reflects from different angles the strategies and strategies of the Manchu rulers after they entered the customs.
The Dragon and Phoenix Gate is located in the middle of the Shinto. It has three doors and six pillars on the third floor. It is covered with colorful glazed tiles and decorated with auspicious patterns of dragons and phoenixes. It is rich and colorful. It shows the distance of Shinto and the beauty of scenery. Across the Dragon and Phoenix Gate is the Seven-hole Bridge. It is the largest and most interesting of the nearly 100 stone bridges in Dongling. The bridge body is entirely made of white marble arches, and the materials are unique. If you knock along the railings, you will hear the golden and jade-like sounds of five musical scales, which is called the "Five-tone Bridge".
At the northern end of the Shinto is the majestic Longen Hall, which is the main place for holding sacrificial activities and the main building of the cemetery. In order to respect the imperial power, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty spared no effort to decorate the Long'en Hall, surrounded by golden dragons, making it magnificent.
Yuling Tomb
Among the underground palaces in the Eastern Tombs of the Qing Dynasty, the Yuling Tomb of Qianlong is the most representative.
The Yuling Underground Palace is an arch-type structure, all made of carved or processed stones. It is full of various scriptures and decorative carvings related to Buddhism. It is like an underground Buddhist art stone carving museum. . Although there are many pictures and texts in the underground palace, they do not appear cluttered. On the contrary, they give people a sense of mutual contrast and integration, which fully reflects the high level of stone carving technology in the Qing Dynasty.
Dingtung Mausoleum in Putuoyu
Cixi’s Dingtung Tomb is an existing queen’s mausoleum complex with luxurious regulations and a relatively complete system in my country.
Ding Dong Tomb has been under construction for ten years. But Cixi always felt dissatisfied and did not hesitate to waste people and money on demolishing and rebuilding. The rebuilt Long'en Hall is extraordinary and magnificent, making people feel as if they have entered a golden world. There are sixty-four golden dragon and jade pillars in the hall, which are made of extremely precious yellow flower plow wood. The golden dragon is controlled by springs, and its head and whiskers can sway with the wind. The golden light shines like a real dragon soaring in the sky. There are dragon and phoenix colorful stones in front of Long'en Hall. Cixi ordered craftsmen to use protruding carving techniques to make the phoenix on top and the dragon on the bottom, forming a scene of a golden phoenix playing with a dragon, which fully reflects the unique intentions of this political careerist.
The underground palace of Cixi Ding Dong Tomb is more luxurious than that of Qianlong. There are countless treasures in the underground palace. Among them, a luminous pearl in Cixi's mouth can be opened and closed. It is transparent and dull when opened. When closed, a green cold light shines through, and hair can be seen within a hundred steps at night. Until the eve of the closure of the underground palace, all kinds of rare treasures were continuously placed inside, which was extremely luxurious and shocking.
The Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty
The Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty is located at the foot of Yongning Mountain in Yi County, Hebei Province, more than 120 kilometers east of Beijing. It was built after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. It is another large-scale mausoleum area, and it is also the one with relatively complete preservation of the imperial mausoleum buildings of the past dynasties. The mausoleum territory starts from Qifengling in the north, ends at Dayanqiao in the south, starts from Lianggezhuang in the east, and ends at Zijingguan in the west, covering an area of ??800 square kilometers.
There are four imperial mausoleums in the mausoleum area: Tailing Mausoleum of Emperor Yongzheng, Changling Mausoleum of Emperor Jiaqing, Muling Mausoleum of Emperor Daoguang, and Chongling Mausoleum of Emperor Guangxu. There are also many empress mausoleums, concubine mausoleums, princess tombs, etc. The opening of the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty began with Emperor Yongzheng.
There is also an unfinished imperial mausoleum in the Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, which is the mausoleum of Fu Yi, the last emperor of China. After Fu Yi's death, his ashes were buried in Babaoshan Cemetery; according to reports, in 1994, Fu Yi's ashes were buried in the Qingxi Mausoleum.
Tailing
According to the system of "sons are buried with their fathers, and their ancestors inherit them", Yongzheng should have been buried with his fathers, but Yongzheng made a different plan Tailing was built in Yixian County, hundreds of miles away from Dongling.
The reason is that it is said that he tampered with Kangxi's imperial edict and gained the throne unfairly. He felt guilty and did not want to be buried next to his father.
The construction of Tailing took eight years. Tailing is the largest mausoleum among the Western Mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty and is also the core part of the Western Mausoleum. There are three tall and exquisite stone archways in the front and back and a Shinto Road more than ten meters wide and five kilometers long, running through the north and south of the mausoleum area. The stone statues on both sides of the Shinto include three pairs of stone beasts, a pair of civil servants, and a pair of military ministers. The Tailing stone statues were made using a freehand technique, using thick and thick lines to outline the images of people and animals, and then using fine embroidery lines to express details and patterns. It embodies the unique carving techniques of stone carving art in the Qing Dynasty.
The Shinto extends to the north and is the Tailing Shinto Stele Pavilion. Inside the stele pavilion stands a stone tablet with the posthumous title of Emperor Yongzheng engraved in Manchu, Han and Mongolian languages. To the north of the stele pavilion are the east and west rooms, which are kitchens for making and storing vegetables, fruits, and snacks. Facing the north of the house in the east and west, passing the Long'en Gate is the main building of the Tailing Mausoleum - Long'en Hall. Longen Hall is composed of east and west side halls and the main hall. The east hall is where the blessing boards are placed, and the west hall is where the lamas chant sutras. The main hall is on the platform in the middle, majestic and tall. The bright pillars in the hall are wrapped in gold, with scroll paintings on the top, and the beams are decorated with gold lines and gold dots, making them magnificent.
Muling
Muling is the mausoleum of Emperor Daoguang. It is the westernmost imperial mausoleum among the mausoleums of the Western Qing Dynasty and has a unique shape.
According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, the names of imperial mausoleums are generally determined by later emperors, but the name of Muling's mausoleum is said to have been drawn up by Emperor Daoguang himself. Before he died, he said: "Look to the northeast with endless admiration. The clouds and mountains are so close, wow! I admire them so much." Then he stored the edict in the Dongnuan Pavilion of the main hall. After the death of Emperor Daoguang, Xianfeng came to the throne. He re-read the imperial edict and saw the sentence "Qi Mu and Mu Ye". He understood it and named it Muling.
Among the imperial mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty, Muling Mausoleum has the simplest regulations. It does not have a square city, a bright tower, an underground palace, a stele of divine virtues, ornate watches, or stone statues, but the quality of the work is solid and fine. The Long'en Hall is made of golden nanmu. It is not painted and is painted with wax. It is extremely exquisite. On the entire ceiling, fragrant nanmu is used to carve a dragon head looking down in high relief. The spray of dragons swallowing clouds is so lifelike that when people walk into the hall, they feel like they are in the artistic realm of "a gathering of ten thousand dragons and the fragrance from their mouths".
The walls of Muling are not hung with gray or painted red. The bricks are ground to the seams and grouted dry. The top of the wall is also covered with yellow glazed tiles, which contrasts the gray and yellow. Following the ups and downs of the mountain, the palace pavilions and treasured roofs are surrounded by the mausoleum wall, making it appear clear and solemn. In particular, the two welcoming pines with lush foliage and unique shapes in front of the Longfeng Gate add a poetic charm to Muling. The trunk of one tree is slightly slanted, the branches and leaves are upward and rounded, and the edges are rolled up, shaped like a colorful plate, like a maid holding a plate to offer sacrifices. The other tree bends down and nods politely, as if it is respectfully welcoming visitors.
Chongling Mausoleum
Chongling Mausoleum was built after the death of Guangxu. It was not completed when the Qing Dynasty fell. Later, minister Liang Dingfen donated it to the elderly of Xunqing Dynasty. The money was raised to continue the construction and was completed.
Although the regulations of the Chongling Underground Palace are not grand, the quality of work materials and the amount of silver consumed are considerable. There are four stone doors in the tomb passage, each of which is composed of two pure white jade doors. There is a relief sculpture of a Bodhisattva on the top. The Bodhisattva wears a Buddha crown on his head, wears cassocks, and sits on a lotus seat. He stands respectfully on the stone door with a kind heart and a kind face, guarding the door and chanting sutras.
The bed in the underground palace is a Xumizuo carved from bluestone, with the coffins of Emperor Guangxu and Empress Longyu placed side by side on it. There are Tibetan and Sanskrit mantras engraved around the coffin. There is an exquisite stone carving line on the top of Longyu's coffin lid. The entire picture has a compact layout, vivid shapes, fine knife skills, and gold-plated lines.
The Chongling Underground Palace was once robbed, and the remnants left by the tomb robbery are still there. The four stone doors were opened, and a large hole was cut into the coffin of Emperor Guangxu with knives and axes. The lid of Queen Longyu's coffin was also pried open, the jewelry from Queen Longyu's mouth was taken out by thieves, and the funerary items in the underground palace were looted. In order to discover the "Golden Well" under Emperor Guangxu's coffin, Chinese archaeologists unearthed more than 200 precious cultural relics such as pearls, emeralds, jade, and iron balls.
After being organized and decorated, the Chongling Underground Palace has been officially opened to domestic and foreign tourists.