1, tripartite confrontation among the three countries
In 220, Cao Pi, the son of Cao Cao, abolished the Han Emperor and proclaimed himself emperor in Luoyang, with the title of Wei. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, which was known in history. In 222, Sun Quan said that in 229, he became emperor in Jianye, with the title of Wu.
In 230, Sun Quan sent Wei Wen, a general, to lead a fleet of ten thousand people to Yizhou, which strengthened the ties between Taiwan Province Province and the mainland. Under the governance of Prime Minister Zhuge Liang, Shu Han developed economy, improved ethnic relations and accelerated the development of southwest China.
2. The brief unification of the Western Jin Dynasty and the inward migration of the northern nationalities.
Establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty: In 266, Sima Yan, the grandson of Sima Yi, proclaimed himself emperor, changed his country name to Jin and made Luoyang his capital, which was called the Western Jin Dynasty in history. He is the Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu and unified the whole country.
During the reign of Emperor Jinhui, eight armed kings fought for the central government in Luoyang for 16 years, which was called "Eight Kings Rebellion _". Since then, the Western Jin Dynasty has declined. Survivors of the Central Plains fled to the south in succession, forming the first large-scale migration climax in the ancient history of China.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin Dynasties, nomadic people in northern China migrated inward. The Di and Qiang nationalities who originally lived in the northwest moved from west to east to Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province. Xiongnu and Jiezu, who are distributed in Mongolian grasslands, migrated to Shanxi from north to south.
Xianbei people migrated to Liaoning, Shaanxi and Hetao areas. After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, from the beginning of the 4th century to the beginning of the 5th century, the rulers of all ethnic groups in the north successively established many political powers. In history, the main 15 regime in the north, together with Cheng Han in the southwest, was called "Sixteen Countries".
In the late 4th century, the pre-Qin Dynasty established by the Yi people became stronger and unified the Yellow River basin. Emperor Fu Jian appointed Wang Meng, a Han Chinese, as prime minister, determined to reform, strengthen centralization, recruit refugees, set up schools and advocate Confucianism, which eased the opposition and contradiction between Hu and Han in the pre-Qin period.
3. The Rise and Fall of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
Establishment and rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: In 365,438+06, Si Marui, the royal family guarding the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, rebuilt the Jin Dynasty in 365,438+07, making its capital Jiankang, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. When Si Marui became emperor, he benefited from the support of North and South big noble headed by Wang Dao, and was called "King and Horse, * * * the world". The Eastern Jin Dynasty defeated the former Qin Dynasty in the battle of Feishui, and relieved the threat from the north. Jiangnan has the scene of "Jingyang Yan 'an, good household registration".
The demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: At the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the regime fell into the hands of military commanders. In 420, the Eastern Jin Dynasty perished.
4. Politics in Southern Dynasties
During the period from 420 to 589 170, the regime in southern China changed frequently, and four dynasties, namely Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, appeared successively. These dynasties all took Jiankang as their capital, and they were collectively called "Southern Dynasties" in history.
Song was the biggest dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. During the 30-year rule of Song Wendi and Song Wudi, the people in the south of the Yangtze River were rich and the society was relatively stable. After Liang Wudi Xiao Yan ascended the throne, a large-scale rebellion took place, and the richest areas in Jiangdong were burned and looted, resulting in thousands of miles of smoke and few people.
Extended data
Science, Technology and Culture in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
1, and Qi Yao Minshu
The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties is the earliest complete agricultural book in China.
2. Scientist Zu Chongzhi
Zu Chongzhi was an outstanding scientist in the Southern Dynasties. He used Liu Hui's method to make pi accurate to the seventh decimal place, that is, between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. This achievement is nearly a thousand years ahead of the world. He formulated the most advanced calendar at that time, Daming Calendar.
3. Calligraphy, painting and sculpture
Calligraphy: Zhong You created regular script calligraphy, which was later called peerless. Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty called his running script and regular script the best in ancient and modern times, and his brushwork was "floating like a cloud and agile as a dragon". His masterpiece "Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Collection" reached a free and natural state, and was praised as a "book saint" by later generations.
Painting: painting in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Due to the prevalence of Buddhism, religious paintings occupy a major position. Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was the most famous painter at that time. His figure paintings are beautiful and vivid, lifelike and full of personality. Handed down from ancient times, there are manuscripts such as "A picture of a female history treasure" and "A picture of a goddess of Luo".
Sculpture: During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, in order to promote Buddhism, rulers dug mountains and cliffs in some places and dug many grottoes. The most famous are Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province.
Baidu encyclopedia-Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties