I. Site Selection
People regard the geomantic omen of ancestral temple as the key to the rise and fall of clan, so the choice of new ancestral temple is very particular. Generally, it is required to pay attention to Long Mai and the source of anger. The hall is spacious, square and well-collected, and there is no conflict or struggle. And the contrast between the left and right, the four are evenly matched. With the combination of yin and yang, the combination of reality and reality, the combination of rigidity and softness, the superiority of the square garden, and the connotation of seeing the big from the small. Its environmental model is best to have a series of surrounding peaks, with portals and left and right guards in front, and the mountains behind are close to the terrain. It pays attention to beautiful mountains and rivers, outstanding people and outstanding people, and requires literature prosperity and outstanding people. According to the law of geomantic omen: "If you hold the left ring and the right ring, you will be angry". This is anger, aura and good luck. When choosing a location, it usually turns from real to virtual, paying great attention to orientation. Generally speaking, people sit facing north or west to east, and some other directions are chosen according to special Long Mai conditions.
Second, scale.
The organization and layout of ancestral temple buildings are stipulated, but the scale is different, but the overall layout is similar, which can be roughly divided into front square, stage, gate, fence, patio, hall, worship hall, sleeping hall, auxiliary room and so on. It depends on the financial strength of his family. Generally, ancestral temples are dominated by "four cents" and "eight cents". The so-called "four cents" is the three-story courtyard and quadrangle. Three-story courtyards are usually hard hilltops with three bays in the main hall, wooden structures with beams and buckets, and two-story buildings with double slopes in the wing. "Siheyuan" usually has three main rooms and three seats, a wing on the left and a wing on the right, with a patio in the middle. The gate is located in the inverted warning room, and there is no courtyard in front of the gate. The plane of "Bajiantou" is basically the same as that of "Quarter Gold", except that the left and right compartments are not cloisters, but a compartment surrounded by lattice fans, and there are eight enclosed rooms in the upper and lower main rooms, commonly known as "Bajiantou". In addition, there is a "three vertical and three horizontal" layout, with hard mountains as the main architectural form and three bays in the middle and three depths. Due to the limitation of social environment and homestead, some newly-built ancestral halls generally have only the gate and the surrounding high walls to form a closed space, with one courtyard and one hall for enjoyment.
Third, style.
1, ceramic tile production: ceramic tile production is divided into two ways: large and small. Tile-roofed practices in sloping hills and hard hills belong to large-scale construction practices; The example of hanging a mountain on a hard mountain is a small-scale practice, and the size of the rules is determined by referring to the example of a column-shaped big wood in front of Wu' ao Mountain.
The roofs of ancient buildings in China include Ding Dian, inclined roof, suspended roof, hard roof, warehouse roof, Peng Juan roof and Ding Jie. In addition, there are different roof combinations and double eaves. Generally, ancestral temples are built by hard hanging mountains. So the ancestral hall has two gables. There are two construction methods for hard mountain and hanging mountain houses, namely, head wind construction and Wuhua construction; The hard gable roof has only two slopes, one big ridge and four vertical ridges, and the eaves at both ends are flush with the gables. There is no change in the bare mountain surface, which looks simple and hard, so it is called hard top.
First of all, the hanging mountain is a symmetrical wall with five flowers on the upper body or even before and after. The hanging mountain roof is close to the hard mountain roof, and it is also a big ridge with four vertical ridges. The difference is that the eaves on the upper part of the gable protrude from the wall and are suspended, so it is called hanging mountain. Secondly, there are mortises and mortises: the soul of wood structure, they are husband and wife, holding hands with children and growing old together. How eternal and firm. The greater the pressure, the stronger it will become.
2. Beams: There are two kinds of beams in ancient wooden buildings in China: the bucket-piercing type and the beam-lifting type. The essential difference is that the bucket-piercing type refers to the column that directly undertakes the purlin; The beam-lifting type means that the purlin is directly supported by the beam except the roof purlin. The shape of light beam can be divided into moon beam and straight beam. After processing, the moon beam is slightly arched and the straight beam is straight. In addition, there are some non-mainstream structures.
3. Corridor: a roofed passage for passage, sun protection, rain protection, rest and entertainment.
4. Doors, windows and others: all doors and windows of the house, such as partition boards, horizontal curtains, supporting windows, curtain racks, single or double chessboard doors, solid wood sofa doors, wooden top partitions, partitions, wallboard, partitions, wooden railings, etc. , are made of decorative wood.
5. Bucket arch: Bucket arch consists of horizontally placed buckets, vertical and rectangular arches and inclined arches. Bucket arch is a square block of wood supporting the bucket arch, named after the old bucket arch was measured in meters. Bucket arch is a unique component in China wood structure building, and it is the transition between the roof and the house facade.
6. Roof kiss: Roof kiss is a decorative object at both ends of the main ridge on the roof, which is often used in ancient palace-style buildings. It has different names and styles in different dynasties.
7. Gate: An ancient gate. There are upper and lower purlins between columns, and there are fence-like hollow wooden doors between purlins, which is convenient for ventilation. There is a bucket arch on the forehead, a short eaves, and stone pillars soaring into the sky.
Fourth, decoration.
Colored paintings and sculptures are the main architectural decorations in ancient China, both of which have a long history and national characteristics. Color painting plays a dual role in protecting wood and beautifying buildings, while sculpture gives buildings vivid shapes. The architectural color began in Weiyang Palace built in the early Han Dynasty, and the red and white appearance color of the Han Dynasty remained until the Tang Dynasty. Great progress was made in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. By the Ming Dynasty, the colors of ancient buildings in China had been completely processed and institutionalized. Due to climate, customs, local habits and other reasons, there are also differences between the north and the south. Evergreen in the south, beautiful mountains and rivers, pleasant scenery, full of green. Houses generally use gray, black and other colors, with white walls and gray tiles, chestnut, black and ink beams and columns, which are in harmony or contrast with the surrounding environment, beautiful and elegant, with far-reaching implications and indirect feelings. There are three main types of color paintings in Qing Dynasty, namely, seal color painting, whirlpool color painting and Soviet color painting. Colorful paintings are colorful and dazzling, each with its own merits.
Architectural carving technology started from the clay sculpture in the middle and late primitive society, and developed to an epoch-making depth in the Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, a complete set of traditional crafts had been formed, which made brick carving, wood carving and stone carving have their own characteristics. Stone carving and brick carving are mainly used as external decoration, concentrated in abutment, gate or hall, hill, roof and so on. Wood carving is mainly used as the inner eaves decoration, and also has special architectural decoration. Sculpture has always played an important role in traditional architecture. It combines sculpture, stories and legends, literary themes and other artistic techniques, and skillfully combines symbolic images of different time and space on wood, stone and brick, which makes Philip Burkart think deeply. One vivid folk story reflects the essence and spiritual connotation of China culture and the trend of folk customs. Has a unique aesthetic taste.
Architectural features of ancestral temple;
Ancestral temple architecture has the characteristics of large scale, solemn shape, exquisite architecture and geomantic omen. The ancestral hall pays attention to the facade modeling, and its style is different from that of ordinary residential buildings. Let people know it's a ancestral temple at first sight.
There are two common forms of ancestral temple: memorial archway and ancestral temple:
1. The archway was originally given by the rulers to show aristocratic families, loyal men and chaste women. It stands in front of the home of the honoree and is an independent building. Later, some outstanding bureaucrats applied this architectural style to their own residential buildings.
2. Temple-style architectural modeling, because the ancestral temple evolved from the ancestral temple and the family temple, and its nature is also a kind of "temple", except that the ordinary temple worships the God of Buddhism and Taoism, and the ancestral temple worships the God of ancestors. At present, the ancestral halls in Shihuipu Town are mostly temple-style buildings.
In the old society, before building a ancestral temple, please ask Mr. Feng Shui or the elders in the village who know geography and astronomy to look at the terrain first, observe the trend of mountains, rivers, dragons, bureaus and waters, judge the connection between Yin and Yang and the north-south direction, carefully select a "land of Feng Shui" and choose the auspicious day of the ecliptic to start building the ancestral temple. There is a half moon pool in front of the gate of the ancestral hall, and a patio between the upper and lower halls of the ancestral hall, which is related to the concept of geomantic omen. The purpose of building the ancestral temple is to pay attention to geomantic omen, so as to better obtain the blessing of ancestors, and make the clan have long-term luck and both people and money are empty. The concept of geomantic omen is a complicated problem, which has certain connection with ancestor worship culture.