The formation of Beijing’s residential culture comes from the evolution of society, and politics and history have a significant impact on residential culture. People's lives change the form of residential buildings, and residential buildings have an impact on the lives of people who live in them later. Architecture, people and the environment are constantly interacting and influencing each other. The stable architectural structure of the courtyard is very similar to the traditional stable political system. Feng shui theory, folk customs, religious thoughts, etc. have a profound impact on the construction of Beijing's residential buildings. Among them, the courtyard house emphasizes the relationship between people and the environment and strives to create an environment suitable for human habitation. This is also the goal pursued by modern architectural ideas. The valuable experience in building folk houses left by our ancestors is very important, so we should respect history and have deep feelings for culture during the research process.
Feng Shui theory
The Chinese nation has a profound history, culture and living experience of five thousand years. In the process of its formation
the traditional living environment has He developed the Feng Shui theory, which was also called "Kanyu" in later generations. Feng Shui has unique Chinese culture. The ideas of Yin and Yang, Five Elements, Bagua and other traditional philosophy are the cultural soil for Feng Shui. As an environmental theory
and a practical tool, the practicality of Feng Shui is a summary of the ancient experience of scientific exploration to adapt to the living environment. (Li Hai,
2006), its essence is a kind of "phase geography" that studies the choice of location and residence. That is to say, the relevant natural environmental factors such as terrain, sunshine, airflow, water quality, monsoon wind, climate, temperature and humidity are used as the basis for site selection, comprehensive consideration is given, and then corresponding measures are taken. , thereby creating an artificial environment suitable for people to live in. The convergence between Feng Shui theory and modern ecology is mainly reflected in scientific building site selection and recycling of natural environment elements. Liu Xiaoming pointed out in "Feng Shui and Chinese Society": "Feng Shui is a reflection of the geographical environment when people start construction projects, such as building houses, building bridges, and building tombs.
A selection method and cognitive system."
The core of Chinese Feng Shui is the view of nature of "harmony between man and nature": that is, the relationship between man and nature. In ancient Chinese philosophy, the so-called "Heaven" refers to nature, and the so-called "Heavenly Way" refers to the laws of nature; while "Human" refers to human beings,
"Humanity" means The operating rules of human society. The concept of "harmony between man and nature" expresses the ancient Chinese idea of ??pursuing harmonious coexistence between man and nature. (Zhang Chao, 2004) In "Laozi", "Man follows the earth, the earth follows the sky, heaven follows the Tao, and the Tao follows nature"
It just shows that although the heaven, earth and humans have their own inherent meanings, they are ultimately unified. The natural law of endless life. This
view of nature was later applied to architecture, which means the harmony, integration and perfect
generation of the artificial built environment and the natural environment. It can be seen that the view of nature of "unity of man and nature" believes that the relationship between heaven, earth and man is an organic cycle and endless system. It expresses the ideal environment view of self-balance between man and nature. This idea that reflects the interrelationship between man and heaven and earth, man and environment coincides with many basic views in contemporary ecology. Both of them attach great importance to emphasizing man
Harmony with nature, man and the environment (Zhai Tingjin, 1998)0
From the perspective of modern ecology, people need to obtain various raw materials in their lives and production activities< /p>
It is used for this, and it is used for this, and this is an endless cycle. It can be said that within the scope of this introverted settlement space, the balance of the ecosystem is achieved. The simple ecological ideas contained in those excellent traditional architectural experiences and technologies are worthy of our further research, excavation and organization under new historical conditions and new technical conditions, in order to
To apply, improve, and meet the needs of modern life in modern architectural design and combine it with appropriate modern technology
The construction of residential houses in the suburbs of Beijing pays great attention to Feng Shui. From site selection and positioning to determining the specific scale of each building, everything must be carried out according to Feng Shui theory.
Courtyard layout
The characteristics of Beijing suburban residences that differ from other traditional Chinese residential buildings mainly come from the uniqueness of their courtyard layout
. Its layout embodies the essence of Chinese thought and culture of "harmony of yin and yang, and unity of all laws", and the layout of the courtyard is extremely cautious.
The center of the main house is where the central axis of the courtyard passes through. Based on this axis, one courtyard is one family, and the strictly symmetrical and fair layout naturally distinguishes the senior, the inferior, the senior and the young. The sequence is bound by ethical norms. The application of Chinese "Feng Shui" theory in Beijing's residential buildings is actually a cultural expression of living technology.
The so-called Sihe, "four" refers to the east, west, south and north sides, and "he" means that the houses on the four sides are surrounded together to form a "kou"-shaped structure. "Chinese Civil Architectural Encyclopedia Dictionary·Architecture" defines a courtyard house as "a northern Chinese residence with a courtyard as the center and surrounded by houses." After hundreds of years of construction, Beijing courtyard houses From the floor plan to the internal structure and detailed decoration, Beijing's unique Beijing style is formed. There are many types of Beijing courtyards depending on their size and grade. Taking the north-facing courtyard as an example, the following are the most common ones. Type L: one-entry courtyard (basic type), two-entry courtyard, three-entry courtyard, four-entry and above courtyard (vertical compound type). One-entry courtyard is also called a basic courtyard, which is a kind of house with four or three sides. The enclosed quadrangle or triple courtyard, the main courtyard with a garden, etc. The second courtyard is formed by extending longitudinally on the basis of the first courtyard, usually by adding a partition wall between the south gables of the east and west wings. The courtyard is divided into two parts, the inner and outer. There are three doors at the closing part of the partition wall for entry and exit. The second-entry courtyard is a small quadrangle. The third-entry courtyard is usually formed on the basis of the second-entry courtyard and further developed in depth. A narrow backyard is formed between the back room and the main house. The backyard and the middle courtyard are communicated through the passage at the end of the east and west wing rooms of the main house. Residents can enter the backyard through this passage. The layout of a row of back houses is considered an ideal layout of a three-entry courtyard, and is known as a "typical" or "standard" courtyard. See Figure 3-3. The general practice of a four-entry courtyard is in a three-entry courtyard. A row of back houses are added behind. The buildings on the central axis of the four-entry courtyard are in order from south to north: sitting upside down - first entrance - hanging flower door - second entrance - main room or hall - third entrance - main entrance. Room 11 is the fourth entrance to the courtyard - the back room.
The gates of the courtyards are all on the crying position, that is, the gates of the residences on the north side of the road open at the southeast corner; the gates of the residences on the south side of the road open
In the northwest corner. It is said that according to the Bagua directions, the northwest and southeast are the most auspicious directions, so the gate is located here. See Figure 3-4 for the south room facing the street. There are five rooms, one is the doorway and the other is the concierge. There is a screen wall when you enter the door. To the west is the outer courtyard. The three south rooms are guest rooms or private rooms. The south door is facing the second door. , the second door is a hanging flower door, and the door is connected with a polished brick wall. There are two ways to go to the east, west and north rooms through the hanging flower door.
There are three main rooms in the front, which are tall and spacious, with one wing on each side, so-called "three main rooms and two wings" on the east and west sides.
The rooms are relatively symmetrical behind the main room. There are five back rooms, which is the standard courtyard house in Beijing.
But not all houses and courtyards in Beijing are such standard courtyard houses.
The courtyard is the center of the courtyard layout. The courtyard is spacious, with trees and flowers planted, birds and fish raised, and stones stacked to create landscaping. It is also a place for people to walk, get light, ventilate, enjoy the cool, rest, and do housework. The courtyard is a closed residence.
There is only one street gate to the outside world. When you close the door, you can see the sky and the earth. It has strong privacy and is very suitable for exclusive living. In the courtyard, all the houses on all sides open their doors to the courtyard, and the family is harmonious and happy inside. Residents not only enjoy comfortable housing, but also share a beautiful world given by nature.
Folk customs
Folk customs penetrate into all aspects of life and also affect the residences of various ethnic groups, sometimes even under the same natural geographical conditions
, the residential characteristics of different ethnic groups are also completely different, which is the influence of national culture. Folk customs are embodied in all aspects. Clothing, food, housing and transportation are all imprinted with folk culture. Folk culture is inheritable and fluid. With the passage of time and the development of architecture, the architectural cultural content of each region is always becoming more and more abundant.
Folk customs are reflected in all aspects of architecture, from housing allocation, roof form, door position, door and window forms, etc.
To the unique public space formed by customs and habits. *Interaction activities, etc., have a profound impact on the settlement form and the overall spatial environment of the building.
Beijing is one of the four ancient capitals of China. There are many local folk customs and customs in the suburbs of Beijing that are integrated into the lives of farmers.
Life wisdom and life interest: Peking opera, cross talk, stage drama , iron plate express book, cloisonné, ivory carving, woolly monkey, lacquer carving,
marriage cage, sugar blower, dough kneader and so on. Beijing's snacks have a long history, a wide variety of varieties, exquisite materials and exquisite production. They are well-known. "Dumen Bamboo Branch Ci" of the Qing Dynasty says: "You can sell good flowers for three big bucks, and your ghost legs will make noise after cutting cakes
Chattering. In the morning, you will have a bowl of sweet syrup porridge, tea soup and noodles; fried cakes with cold fruits." "Sweet ears, hanging stove pancakes, Aiwowo, fork fire
The roasts have just been sold, and the hard noodles are called out again; the plates are full of Shaomai wontons, and the glutinous rice dumplings with rice noodles are newly added." These snacks are sold at temple fairs or street markets, and are vividly called "meeting food" in old Beijing. Representatives of Beijing-style snacks include douzhier,
bean flour crisp candy, sour plum soup, steamed buns, Huoquan cakes, candied fruit, candied haws, aiwowo, pea yellow, donkey
rolling, Enema, fried belly, fried liver and so on.
Religious Thoughts
Religion is born in a specific nation or among several nations. It is born and nurtured by a specific national spirit.
long. Folk houses reflect some of the nation's inner cultural psychology, aesthetic concepts and ways of thinking, as well as the nation's external environment, cultural traditions, lifestyles, customs and social forms, etc. situation. Regarding housing, religion has been accompanied by people's construction behavior from the beginning. When people build houses and villages, they always choose a certain time and hold relevant ceremonies. In other words, "religious concepts have already played a role in society as an important factor
(The influence of religious culture on residential buildings is mainly reflected in roof ridge decoration and architectural decorative patterns
< p>And decorations used to ward off ghosts and evil spirits