The Qinling Mountains in a broad sense are a huge mountain range running east-west across central China. It starts from Baishi Mountain in the north of Lintan County, Gansu Province in the west, and is separated from the Kunlun Mountains by Dieshan Mountain. It enters Shaanxi eastward through Maiji Mountain in the south of Tianshui. It is divided into three branches at the junction of Shaanxi and Henan. The northern branch is Xiaoshan, and the remaining branch extends eastward along the south bank of the Yellow River, commonly known as Mangshan; the middle branch is Xiong'er Mountain; and the southern branch is Funiu Mountain. A small southern part of the mountain range extends from Shaanxi to Yun County, Hubei. The Qinling Mountains are 1,600 kilometers long and range from tens to two to three hundred kilometers wide from north to south. They are vast, majestic and spectacular.
The Qinling Mountains in the narrow sense are the middle section of the Qinling Mountains and are located in the central part of Shaanxi Province. In the Han Dynasty, it was named "Qinling Mountains", and because it was located south of Guanzhong, it was also named "Nanshan".
The altitude is 2,000 to 3,000 meters. The fault on the north side collapsed. The mountain is majestic and powerful like a wall. "Historical Records" says: "The Qinling Mountains are the greatest obstacle in the world." Therefore, it is known as the "Danger of Nine Provinces".
The Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi are distributed in a wasp-waist shape, with several mountain ranges branching out from the east and west wings. The three branches on the west wing are Dashanling (elevation 2819 meters), Fengling (elevation 2000 meters) and Zibai Mountain (elevation 2538 meters). The east wing branches from north to south are Huashan (elevation 1997 meters), Mangling Mountain, Liuling and Xinkailing. Mountains and basins are alternately arranged, and there are many rivers that cut deep into the mountains. The main bodies of the middle section of the Qinling Mountains are Taibai Mountain (elevation 3767 meters), Aoshan Mountain (elevation 3476 meters), Shouyang Mountain (elevation 2720 meters), Zhongnan Mountain (elevation 2604 meters), and Caolian Ridge (elevation 2646 meters). The mountain range stretches across the country and has a clear barrier effect on the East Asian monsoon. It is the dividing line in climate and the watershed between the Wei River, a tributary of the Yellow River, and the Jialing River and Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze River.
The natural landscapes on the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains are obviously different. The northern slope of the Yellow River Basin is a zone of warm temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest. Due to long-term agricultural development, it is mostly secondary forest. The flora and animal species in the Qinling Mountains are obviously transitional, mixed and complex. Among the wild animals there are rare species such as giant pandas, golden monkeys, and antelopes. Among the birds are the crested ibis and black stork, which are national first-class protected objects. The Qinling Mountains now have national-level Taibai Mountain Nature Reserve and Foping Nature Reserve.
The cultural landscapes in the north and south of the Qinling Mountains also have their own characteristics. The Guanzhong Plain in the north is historically known as the "Eight Hundred Miles of Qinchuan". Human farming and settlement have occurred since the Neolithic Age. It is a famous gathering place of cultural relics and historic sites in China. The deep north-south valleys between the Qinling Mountains have been north-south transportation routes since ancient times. The famous ones include the Chencang Road that passes through the Jinbao (Chicken) Chengdu (Ji) Railway, the Ziwu Road from Xi'an to Ningshan, and the Baoxie Road next to Baoshui and Xieshui. , as well as Tangluo Road and Zhou Yangdao. There are many cultural relics and rich historical stories on the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains and the southern edge of the Guanzhong Plain. There are the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin and many imperial tombs, the Fenghao site of the Zhou Dynasty, the Afang Palace site of the Qin Dynasty, Louguantai, Zhang Liang's tomb, Cai Lun's tomb and other historic sites. Zhongnan Mountain, located more than 40 kilometers south of Xi'an City, has beautiful scenery since ancient times. "The Book of Songs·Qin Feng" has the poem "Where is the end of the south, where there are plum blossoms". Officials and gentry of the Tang Dynasty built villas here, among which Wang Wei's Wangchuan Villa is the most famous. Most of the beautiful landscape poems written by Wang Wei describe the scenery here. "Looking at the Remaining Snow at the End of the South" written by Zu Yong, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, has the poem "The Yin ridge in the end of the South is beautiful, the snow is floating on the clouds, the forest shows the color of the sky, and the city is getting colder at dusk". There are also beautiful peaks such as Cuihua Mountain, Nanwutai Mountain and Lishan Mountain nearby. There are more than 40 large and small temples such as Taiyi Palace and Laojun Temple built since the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the mountains. It is a good place to visit and escape the summer heat in Guanzhong.
In the western section of the Qinling Mountains, there is the Maijishan Grottoes. The mountain cliffs stand like a pile of wheat. Carving began in the Later Qin Dynasty, and there are 194 carved caves, more than 7,000 Buddha statues, and more than 1,300 square meters of murals. It is a treasure house of ancient sculpture art.
In the dense forests of the Qinling Mountains, there are also countless mammals such as serows, gorals, wild boars, black bears, forest musk deer, muntjacs, hedgehogs, bamboo rats, flying squirrels, and squirrels. and one of the richest pheasant populations in the world. With so many herbivores, I believe that no carnivore will have to worry about food here. Therefore, on the basis of the identification of leopards, clouded leopards, jackals, yellow-throated martens, ocelots and other carnivores, zoologists have not given up the hope of finding South China tigers in the Qinling Mountains. This is true for animals, let alone plants. The ancients said: There is no idle grass on Taibai Mountain. The plants in Qinling Mountains are not only diverse but also unique.
What is the reason why the Qinling Mountains are endowed with such unique biological resources? This starts with the unique geographical location and distinctive characteristics of the Qinling Mountains. In the center of China's territory, the Qinling Mountains are the highest mountain range to the east and the only mountain range that runs east-west. In the eyes of geographers, the Qinling Mountains are the dividing line between the south and the north, and the watershed of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers; in the eyes of zoologists, the Qinling Mountains divide the fauna into the Palearctic and Oriental realms, two completely different types of animals. They meet and merge here; in the eyes of climatologists, the Qinling Mountains are the transition zone between the northern subtropical zone and the warm temperate zone; in the eyes of writers, the Qinling Mountains and the Yellow River are both called the father mountain and mother river of the Chinese nation, and the Qinling Mountains are also revered as the "Chinese nation". The dragon vein of civilization...
To the north of the Qinling Mountains is the Wei River, the largest first-level tributary of the Yellow River; to the south is the Han River, the largest first-level tributary of the Yangtze River. The largest first-class tributaries of the two largest and most important rivers in China are surrounded by such a peculiar mountain range. Rather, it is this vast and profound mountain range that nurtures two rivers of extraordinary significance.
Because of the climate barrier and water nourishment of the Qinling Mountains, the 800-mile Qinchuan River has smooth weather and the unparalleled splendor of the Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties. The ancient civilization that the Chinese nation is most proud of benefited from such an unpretentious mountain range composed of huge granite bodies. The beautiful mountain city Shangluo is located in the Qinling Mountains.
Qinling Mountains - North and South Huaihe River Comparison Table
Regional Project Qinling Mountains - North of Huaihe River Qinling Mountains - South of Huaihe River
Latitude position 32°N～34° North of N and 32°N to 34°N to the south
The main terrain is mainly plains and mainly hills
Climate
The average temperature in January is 0℃ Below 0℃ and above
Temperature zone warm temperate zone subtropical
Annual precipitation is between 400mm and 800mm, above 800mm, the rainy season is long and precipitation is high,
The rainy season is short , precipitation is less and concentrated in summer. Seasonal changes in precipitation are small.
Dry and wet conditions, semi-humid areas, humid areas
Rivers
Small flow, large seasonal changes, rich flow, small seasonal changes
Sand content More sand content Less sand content
The flood season is short and the flood season is long
Ice period freezes in winter and does not freeze in winter
Agriculture
The types of cultivated land are mainly dry land and mainly paddy fields
Food crops are mainly wheat and mainly rice
Oil crops are mainly peanuts and rapeseed
Sugar crops are mainly sugar beet and sugar cane
The farming system is three crops in two years to two crops in one year.
Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River Line - my country's north-south dividing line
We should clarify the direction of the Qinling-Huaihe River Line and what are the important conditions for it to serve as our north-south dividing line. Know what geographical things this dividing line is.
First of all, the reason why it has become an important geographical dividing line in our country must be because the landscapes on both sides of this line are different. There are many factors that make the landscape different, such as temperature and precipitation, as well as topography and other factors. Generally speaking, differences in different regions often come from more factors caused by climate, such as more precipitation in the south and less precipitation in the north, more precipitation in the eastern coastal areas, and less precipitation in the inland western areas. Without further ado, we can infer from the above introduction that this line must be the dividing line of climate. From this, we can use climate differences to understand the differences in temperature, precipitation, dry and wet conditions on both sides of the dividing line between the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, as well as the differences in river hydrological characteristics, agricultural conditions, soil vegetation, etc. under this climate difference.
From the relevant geographical atlas, we can know that the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River line run east-west, and are the places where the January 0 degree isotherm and the 800 mm annual precipitation line pass, plus in winter The Qinling Mountains can block the cold wave from going south, and can block the humid sea breeze from entering the northwest region in summer. This leads to differences in climate, rivers, vegetation, soil, agriculture, etc. between the north and south areas of this line, so it has naturally become an important place in eastern my country. The dividing line is reached.
The important dividing lines between the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River play the following roles:
1. The dividing line between the subtropical zone and the warm temperate zone.
Reason: my country’s January 0-degree isotherm passes through the Qinling and Huaihe River areas. The average January temperature north of the January 0-degree isotherm is below 0 degrees, which is a warm temperate zone. South of the January 0 degree isotherm, the average temperature in January is above 0 degrees, which is the subtropical zone.
2. The dividing line between humid areas and semi-humid areas.
Divided according to different precipitation amounts.
3. The dividing line with obvious differences in river conditions
It is determined based on whether the rivers on both sides have ice periods, flood periods, flow size, sediment content, and navigation.
4. The dividing line between different soils and vegetation
According to the differences in plants on both sides, for example, the north is dominated by coniferous forests, deciduous broad-leaved forests, etc., and the south is dominated by evergreen broad-leaved forests. Mainly Lin. It is derived from the characteristics that black soil is dominant in the north and red soil is dominant in the south.
5. The dividing line of differences in agricultural production
Northern agriculture is mainly based on dry land, usually one or two crops a year, and wheat and corn are the main ones; southern agriculture is mainly paddy fields, There are two or three crops a year, mainly rice and wheat, etc.
The Qinling National Botanical Garden is located in Zhouzhi County, Xi'an City, 76Km away from the city center. The total planned area is 458Km2, of which the central area is 262Km2, making it the largest in the world. The total investment estimate for the Qinling National Botanical Garden is 1.38 billion yuan, with an investment of 530 million yuan for the first phase of the project. The main functions are scientific research, popularization of science education, biodiversity protection and eco-tourism.