[Interpretation] Context: Where is the faucet. People who used to watch feng shui compared the mountain to a dragon; Think about it from beginning to end, it is as coherent as blood; You can see where it comes from; Where to go. Metaphor is a clue to the cause and effect of things.
[Language] Wu Ming Rachel's "Cloud Notes on the Cow's Face": "There are thousands of hills here; Context; A mountain facing the ridge; Various qualifications; This is a rich land. "
[Pronunciation] Pulse; It can't be pronounced as "yǒnɡ" or "mò".
[shape recognition] dragon; Can't write "ridge"
Start and finish, cause and effect come down in one continuous line.
[Antisense] There is a beginning without an end, and there is a head without a tail.
[Usage] It is often used to describe events. Generally used as subject and object.
[Structure] Combined type.
Discrimination ~ and "cause and effect" both have the meaning of "cause and effect" but ~ is an image metaphor; Pay attention to the origin of people or things and the clues of things; "Causality"; Declarative only; Refers to the whole process of things.
You must make things clear within three days. Report to me.
Cause and effect
2. Writing Guidance Narrative Six Elements Analysis Writing Guidance Narrative Six Elements Analysis A narrative, no matter who wrote it, notes, objects, or scenery, cannot be separated from a certain time and place, and there must be cause and effect of things. In this way, there is the saying of "six elements of narrative".
These six elements are: time, place, people, the cause, process and result of things. Only when the six elements are clearly explained can the article be complete and specific.
The article One Side, the first volume of junior middle school Chinese, describes the accidental meeting between the author and Mr. Lu Xun, and shows Lu Xun's care and love for the progressive youth. The six elements of the article are: time:1noon in the autumn of 932.
Venue: Neishan Bookstore. Person: "I"-conductor of Shanghai Yingshang Automobile Company.
Cause: I went to the bookstore to take shelter from the rain when I took over. What happened: I met and talked with Mr. Lu Xun, and I bought books.
Results: I accepted the book presented by Mr. Lu Xun and remembered the spirit of Lu Xun forever. The six elements of this article are clearly expounded, which not only makes the structure of the article clear and complete, but also enables readers to see at a glance the time when the story happened, the identity of the characters, the process and result of the event, accurately grasp the content of the article and understand the author's thoughts and feelings.
Among the six elements, the cause and effect of time, place, people and things should be explained concisely, while the description of what happened should be as detailed, concrete and vivid as possible. On the one hand, due to the author's different state of mind and observation conditions, he wrote about Mr. Lu Xun three times. These three descriptions are different and have their own characteristics, depicting the image and character of Mr. Lu Xun.
When "I" wanted to buy books, but I didn't have enough money, I wrote a series of actions, language and mood, vividly depicting the complicated psychological change process of "I" such as urgency, embarrassment, shame and gratitude. Above, we talked about the necessity of explaining six elements when writing a narrative. So, should any article explain the six elements one by one? It depends on the specific situation of the article.
My Teacher, the second volume of junior middle school, describes the trivial things of Cai Pingfan, a female teacher in the author's memory, and vividly shapes a gentle, enthusiastic, just and caring young female teacher image. The article does not describe a complete event, but expresses the author's thoughts and feelings through many small things or fragments of things.
This kind of article does not need to explain the time, place, cause, process, etc. Every little thing, so as not to make the content of the article complicated. First, detail, in our daily life, often refers to trivial things, while in literary works, it refers to the smallest constituent unit that can describe people, stories, social environment and natural scenery in detail.
Writer Han Yingshan compares details to "the waves of life". His words can help us further understand the concept of details: the whole childhood life is rich and full of fighting colors. Therefore, when I conceived, the scene of my childhood life appeared in front of me like a living movie.
So I broke the original story frame and let my childhood friends walk into the "green reeds" with the soil of life, the moisture of the whole body, the sorghum flowers overhead and the words of life in my hometown. In the book, we began to fight for water, send messages, catch wild ducks, release osprey, go to the market and touch fish ... waves of life rolled in, just like fish are familiar with water and birds are familiar with reed ponds. I was very excited when I wrote, and I didn't feel laborious. Many details were unexpected at first.
(Details in the work-from "Green Grass Room". See the quotations from "water bucket" to "fishing" in "Writers on Creation". The author calls them "a series of waves in life", but actually refers to the details in literary works.
Some writers are more meticulous, thinking that every grass and tree, flower and stone in nature, every move and smile of people can be regarded as details, and the rest can be analogized. In people's social life, in the vast nature, details can be seen everywhere.
According to their own writing needs, writers choose those vivid and wonderful details to write colorful articles. For example, the following article is like this: I miss flowing down from the back of my hometown, flowing through the clear stream next to the banyan tree, the colored pebbles in the stream, the girl washing clothes and pumping water by the stream, and chasing the laughing ducks on the water; Miss the white stone bridge under the banyan tree, miss the carved stone tablet standing at the bridge head, and miss the little stone lion stroking and smoothing on the bridge railing.
The gurgling stream has swept away my childhood, and the ancient stone bridge has engraved my deep memory, with as many stories as the leaves of banyan trees.
Writing a composition needs an unforgettable story, such as a sugar-coated poison, which looks gorgeous like pearls, but the taste in your mouth makes you fall into hell instantly when you are in heaven.
But what about the lies that are sometimes forced to tell for others? Socrates once said: "A liar will be forced to make up more than twenty lies to cover himself up." One lie must be foreshadowed by another, even a white lie. In the end, who can know whether it is for others or for yourself? Even if you want to continue the vicious circle, you should continue to lie. Is it really for others? For me, no.
In the third grade of primary school, the man sitting in front of me was a little boy who liked painting. At that time, the whole class didn't like him very much, because we were young, and we were limited to boys' fun things. My thoughts were the same as everyone else's, and I didn't like to associate with this little boy very much. However, at that time, the boy's clever words and deeds were deeply loved by teachers, which made us hate interacting with him even more, so that he didn't have any friends in the class. When the class teacher on duty noticed this, he came to me, hoping that I could be friends with him, which made me want to be loved by the teachers at that time and immediately agreed.
However, my decision made him feel extremely painful in the future. I promised my teacher's request and often walked around him. Although I really didn't like his paintings at first, I kept praising him, but gradually, I got to know him better and better. When I see a painting I don't like and praise him constantly, I feel uneasy and irritable. At that time, I could only use "I lied for him, not to make him sad." I have never seen his sincere eyes, and I don't know how to speak in an instant, only to see him say, "Tell the truth!" " "My brain is completely blank, but my mouth is involuntarily lifted:" Ugly. "
When the truth comes out, all the lies I have told can't be hidden. I blurted out all the truth one by one and saw his injured eyes. Although I feel very sorry, I feel that all the uneasiness has evaporated like water vapor these days. Recalling this past, I only feel more grateful than sorry. Why? Because thanks to this little boy, I know that even a white lie is not as good as the painful truth for others.
Knowing how to make sentences, he tried to express his meaning clearly.
The disadvantage of this composition is that the organization is not clear enough.
This matter has not been investigated clearly, so it cannot be made public for the time being.
This matter is very complicated and cannot be explained clearly in a few words.
The letter could not be delivered because the address was not clearly written.
Things haven't been investigated clearly, so we can't jump to conclusions.
In order to make everyone see clearly, the teacher demonstrated it again.
The teacher praised me for my clear composition level and fluent language.
As an insider, you should be well aware of this matter.
10 Whether a person does something out of good intentions or evil intentions, everyone can see clearly, and there is no need to declare it himself.
1 1 Remember one thing, and make clear the cause, process and result of this matter.
12 You should explain clearly to the teacher why you are absent from class, otherwise the teacher will think that you are absent for no reason.
The problem of 13 involves a wide range, and it is unclear in a few words.
14 tell a story clearly.
15 when writing a chronicle article, you should make it clear what happened.
16 this article is well written, with clear layers and echoes.
Teacher 17, check the tuition and miscellaneous fees clearly and submit them to the finance office.
18 tell one thing, make it clear.
18 sentence-making network (online sentence-making dictionary)-encyclopedia of sentence-making, tens of thousands of words of sentences for your reference!
19 explain the situation clearly and everyone will understand you.
Teacher Wang's lecture is very loud, so we can hear it clearly.
2 1 He had a rough time and couldn't speak clearly in a few words.
Xiaogang's composition has clear paragraphs and fluent language.
When teachers criticize students, they should be allowed to argue and tell the truth clearly.
I still clearly remember many interesting stories of my childhood.
Don't get angry until the investigation is clear.
The teacher's lecture is so loud that he can hear it clearly even in the corridor.
This matter is too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words.
He embellished his speech, that is, he couldn't make it clear, so that others couldn't understand him after listening for a long time.
The clouds in the mountains are blurred and can't be seen clearly.
Teachers should not only prepare the teaching content, but also think clearly about the teaching methods and steps.
5. Seeking the brushwork of seeing the big from the small (suitable for middle schools) requires that the brushwork of seeing the big from the small be adopted, which belongs to artistic expression techniques (that is, artistic techniques and expression techniques, including expression techniques (skills)). Common ones are: exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification, suspense, concern, association, imagination, combination inhibition, point-to-face combination, dynamic and static combination, narrative and discussion combination, scene blending, contrast, bedding, supporting objects and symbols, fine description, bedding suspense, positive figurative symbols, satirizing the present from the past, expressing symbols, connecting the preceding with the following, and getting straight to the point.
Expression is common narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation. (In fact, it also belongs to artistic expression).
1, the characteristics of the first-person narrative method Because the content of the article is conveyed to the reader through "I", it means that what is written in the article is what the narrator saw with his own eyes, heard with his own ears, or his own personal experience, so that the reader can get a kind and real feeling. Use the first person, because the narrator is the party, the people and things described can only be those within the scope of "I" activities.
People and things outside the scope of activities cannot be written in. 2. The third-person narrative method is characterized by the use of third-person narrative. The narrator is not limited by space or time, nor by physiology or psychology. He can directly show the people and things in the article to the readers and reflect the social life freely and flexibly.
But the third-person narrative is often not as intimate and natural as the first-person narrative. 3, the characteristics of the chronological method, chronological method is to describe things, in line with the actual situation of the development of things, so it is easy to write articles clearly.
When using chronological order, we should pay attention to proper tailoring and highlight key points. Otherwise, it is easy to list, easy to be straightforward, and like a running account, it is boring to read.
4. flashback method features flashback is not to reverse the whole event, but to advance a certain part, and the others are sequential methods. There are generally three kinds of flashbacks: first, in order to express the central idea of the article, the part that can best express the central idea is mentioned in front and highlighted; The second is to make the structure of the article changeable and avoid straightforward narration; Third, in order to show the effect, the article twists and turns, causing suspense and fascinating.
Explain the starting point clearly when flashback. There should be clear boundaries between flashback and sequence, necessary text transition and natural connection.
Pay special attention not to toss and turn aimlessly, making the article unclear. 5. Interpolation is characterized by expressing the needs of the article center.
Sometimes it is to help readers understand the narrative of the story; Sometimes it is to annotate and explain the plot of the characters that appear. The use of interpolation must obey the need to express the central idea, so as not to rock the boat and steal the host's attention.
When inserting a narrative, we should also pay attention to the transition, care and cohesion of the article, and there should be no traces of fracture. 6. Supplementary narrative method is mainly used to supplement the above narrative, which is generally fragmentary and short, and does not have a complete event. You can also put the explanation or explanation in front and cause the following.
The function of supplementary narrative generally does not develop plots and events, but enriches and supplements the original narrative. 7. Characteristics of Classification The function of classification is to write complicated things clearly and orderly.
You can tell one thing first, then another, or you can cross-talk several things. When using classification, it is necessary to establish narrative clues according to the content of the article and the need to express the central idea, and also to explain clearly the time when each event occurred and developed.
8. Detailed description Features Detailed description is generally used to describe the development and change process of things. When describing details, we should grasp the characteristics of characters or the details of things and describe them in detail.
When writing a composition, the part closely related to the central idea should be described in detail. It has little to do with the central idea, but it has to be explained, so as to highlight the center of the article.
Otherwise, the article will appear non-center or multi-center, which is more complicated. 9. The function of brief description is to explain what is indispensable in the process of the occurrence and development of events, but it is not necessary to describe them in detail.
When it is combined with detailed narrative, the whole narrative is detailed, sparse and dense, forming the ups and downs of narrative. Brief narration is generally used at the beginning and end of the article; The part generally related to the central idea; What people know.
10, the characteristics of direct lyricism can make emotional expression simple, true and shocking. Direct lyric is generally suitable for expressing strong and nervous feelings.
Direct lyric is characterized by strong narrative feelings, fast and tense rhythm, straightforward feelings and easy to grasp. 1 1, the characteristics of indirect lyric method are implicit and indirect, full of charm and strong appeal.
Indirect lyricism can generally be expressed by narration. The author adds his own subjective feelings and narrates according to the flow of feelings, so that readers can feel the author's thoughts and feelings in the process of narration. You can also express your feelings through discussion. In the discussion, the author expressed strong love and hate. The discussion in this narrative is generally carried out through judgment; You can also express your feelings through description, and the author permeates his feelings in the process of description. Using indirect lyric method, we should make the language beautiful and colorful.
12, the characteristic of first narration and then discussion is first narration and then discussion, so the discussion should play a role of summarizing the above and taking courage as the center. When discussing, we should discuss the main content of the event, or the main people or things of the event.
Only in this way can we achieve the unity of narration and discussion. The method of discussion can be discussed through the language and psychological activities of the characters in the article, or as a third party.
13, the characteristics of the first discussion and then narrative method adopt the method of first discussion and then narrative. First, directly put forward the main points and centers of the narrative, and unify the full text in this way, so that the meaning of the events recorded in the full text becomes clear after discussion. When narrating, you should write around the center of the discussion and grasp the key points.
14, narrative and discussion are characterized by the fact that narrative and discussion run through the * * * line, and the writing is flexible and changeable, so the author can freely express his feelings. Use narrative.
6. What are the writing methods? 1. The first-person narrative method is to convey the content of the article to the reader through "I", indicating that what is written in the article is what the narrator saw with his own eyes, heard with his own ears, or experienced by the narrator himself, so that the reader can get a kind and true feeling.
Use the first person, because the narrator is the party, the people and things described can only be those within the scope of "I" activities. People and things outside the scope of activities cannot be written in.
2. The third-person narrative method uses the third-person narrative. The narrator is not limited by space or time, nor by physiology or psychology. He can directly show the people and things in the article to the readers and reflect the social life freely and flexibly. But the third-person narrative is often not as intimate and natural as the first-person narrative.
3, chronological method is to tell things in chronological order, which is consistent with the actual situation of things, so it is easy to write articles clearly. When using chronological order, we should pay attention to proper tailoring and highlight key points.
Otherwise, it is easy to list, easy to be straightforward, and like a running account, it is boring to read. 4. Flashback Flashback is not to tell the whole event in reverse, but to tell it in sequence except for part in advance.
There are generally three kinds of flashbacks: first, in order to express the central idea of the article, the part that can best express the central idea is mentioned in front and highlighted; The second is to make the structure of the article changeable and avoid straightforward narration; Third, in order to show the effect, the article twists and turns, causing suspense and fascinating. Explain the starting point clearly when flashback.
There should be clear boundaries between flashback and sequence, necessary text transition and natural connection. Pay special attention not to toss and turn aimlessly, making the article unclear.
5. Interpolation is to express the needs of the article center. Sometimes it is to help readers understand the narrative of the story; Sometimes it is to annotate and explain the plot of the characters that appear.
The use of interpolation must obey the need to express the central idea, so as not to rock the boat and steal the host's attention. When inserting a narrative, we should also pay attention to the transition, care and cohesion of the article, and there should be no traces of fracture.
6. Supplementary narrative is mainly used to supplement the above narrative, which is generally fragmentary and short, and does not have a complete event. You can also put the explanation or explanation in front and cause the following. The function of supplementary narrative generally does not develop plots and events, but enriches and supplements the original narrative.
7. The function of classification is to write complicated things clearly and orderly. You can tell one thing first, then another, or you can cross-talk several things.
When using classification, it is necessary to establish narrative clues according to the content of the article and the need to express the central idea, and also to explain clearly the time when each event occurred and developed. 8. Detailed description is generally used to describe the development and change process of things.
When describing details, we should grasp the characteristics of characters or the details of things and describe them in detail. When writing a composition, the part closely related to the central idea should be described in detail.
It has little to do with the central idea, but it has to be explained, so as to highlight the center of the article. Otherwise, the article will appear non-center or multi-center, which is more complicated.
9. The function of sketch is to explain what is indispensable during the occurrence and development of events, but it is not necessary to describe it in detail. When it is combined with detailed narrative, the whole narrative is detailed, sparse and dense, forming the ups and downs of narrative.
Brief narration is generally used at the beginning and end of the article; The part generally related to the central idea; What people know. 10, direct lyricism can make feelings simple, real and shocking.
Direct lyric is generally suitable for expressing strong and nervous feelings. Direct lyric is characterized by strong narrative feelings, fast and tense rhythm, straightforward feelings and easy to grasp.
1 1. Indirect lyric method is characterized by implicit and indirect lyric, full of charm and strong appeal. Indirect lyricism can generally be expressed by narration. The author adds his own subjective feelings and narrates according to the flow of feelings, so that readers can feel the author's thoughts and feelings in the process of narration. You can also express your feelings through discussion. In the discussion, the author expressed strong love and hate. The discussion in this narrative is generally carried out through judgment; You can also express your feelings through description, and the author permeates his feelings in the process of description.
Using indirect lyric method, we should make the language beautiful and colorful. 12, the method of describing first and then discussing is to describe first and then discuss, so the discussion should play a role of summarizing the above and taking courage as the center.
When discussing, we should discuss the main content of the event, or the main people or things of the event. Only in this way can we achieve the unity of narration and discussion.
The method of discussion can be discussed through the language and psychological activities of the characters in the article, or as a third party. 13, the method of discussing first and then describing adopts the method of discussing first and then describing. First, directly put forward the main points and centers of the narrative, and unify the full text in this way, so that the meaning of the events recorded in the full text becomes clear after discussion.
When narrating, you should write around the center of the discussion and grasp the key points. 14, narrative discussion method narrative discussion is characterized by * * * lines, flexible writing, and the author can freely express his ideas.
When using narrative discussion method, we should pay attention to the coherence of narrative and the discussion should be inserted naturally. 15. Taking things as clues, in the narrative process, an object is allowed to appear repeatedly at all stages of the event, and its image is enhanced by various means.
Such objects often play a transitional role or symbolize and point out the central idea. 16, narrating with human clues, we should pay attention to the unity of characters in different times and environments, as well as the unity of their age characteristics, appearance, movements, local and ethnic characteristics, living habits and so on.
Otherwise, it is easy to cause confusion. 17, with the change of thought as the clue, the main line of ideological development should be clear.
All stages of ideological change should be natural and clear. 18. Taking the central event as a clue, the narrative of major events is prominent, the minor events are clearly explained, the primary and secondary collocation is reasonable, and the narrative is orderly.
This way of writing, no matter how complicated the event,
A group of naive ducklings waddled along the streets of Vancouver under the leadership of their mother duck. Some hold their heads high and look at the endless sky "ga, ga", as if singing a happy song; Some are running happily, making a "pattering, pattering" sound, like dancing a cheerful tap dance; Some are tidying their feathers and saying, "Look, how beautiful I am!" " "Like an actor who is about to perform on stage. From time to time, the mother duck turns her head and looks at her baby proudly. One, two, three ... Count how many * * * there are, and whether they are left behind.
Just as the mother duck turned to count her children who accidentally crossed the road again, she found that two ducklings were missing. It turned out that two ducklings slipped and fell into the sewer beside the road. Mao Mao, the duckling, shouted, "Mom, help us." * * * turned pale with fear and screamed, "It's dirty, smelly and choking here. We can't stand it." Mother duck is anxious like an ant on hot bricks-running around.
At this critical moment, Mother Duck calmed down, and suddenly remembered the policeman uncle who gave her life to save people and was in trouble. It rushed to the sentry box where the patrolman was on duty, rushed into the sentry box and shouted "Quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack quack for help. The patrolman drove the mother duck outside the sentry box, but the mother duck was in a hurry. She flapped her wings and made a pleading voice to the policeman. The patrolmen opened their eyes wide and seemed to understand what Mother Duck was going to say. Knowing that Mother Duck had something urgent to ask for help, they followed Mother Duck to the "accident site".
Two ducklings falling into the sewer are struggling. * * * and Mao Mao sank to the bottom for a while, then surfaced, spitting bubbles assiduously. Obviously, they are exhausted. Other ducklings form a circle, constantly encouraging and comforting them: "Don't worry, mom will find a way." "Mom went to the policeman's uncle for help and will come to save you soon. Be sure to hold on. "
The patrolman rushed to the scene of the accident in time, only to see a lot of people around the sewer. They are neither too dirty nor too smelly, trying to save the duckling in various ways. At this time, a fisherman happened to be walking by the road with a fish basket. A policeman looked at the fish basket and had a brainwave to stop the fisherman. He borrowed a fish basket, found a rope, tied it on the fish basket and slowly put it into the sewer. Mother duck seemed to understand something and shouted to the baby duck, "Swim into the fish basket, quick, quick." So two ducklings swam in tandem, and the patrolmen gently lifted the fish basket. Two ducklings sat quietly in the basket and were saved. A patrolman brought a basin of clear warm water, carefully put the ducklings into the water one by one, and gently washed away the stains. After taking a bath in the washbasin, two ducklings joined the brothers. Mother Duck kissed the trouser legs of the patrolman one by one and nodded gratefully to the patrolman.