Someone wants to ask, why are the sixteen emperors of the Ming Dynasty called the Ming Tombs? This is to trace the history of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, made Nanjing his capital and was buried in Zhongshan, Nanjing after his death, known as the "Ming Mausoleum" in history. The second emperor Zhu Yunwen (his uncle Judy) sent troops to Nanjing in the name of "Jingnan" (to relieve the danger for the emperor), and his whereabouts are unknown. Some people say it is a monk, but his whereabouts are unknown (this is an unsolved case in the history of the Ming Dynasty), so there is no mausoleum. The seventh emperor, Zhu Qiyu, was captured by his younger brother, Emperor Valla, and was awarded the throne at the request of the Queen Mother and ministers. Later, Yingzong was put back, and under the planning of his cronies, a "change of seizing the door" was staged, and Yingzong was restored and became emperor again. After Zhu Qiyu was killed, Yingzong refused to recognize him as the emperor and destroyed the mausoleum built in Tianshou Mountain area. He was buried as a "king" in Yuquan Mountain in the western suburbs of Beijing. In this way, two of the sixteen emperors of the Ming Dynasty were buried elsewhere, one was unaccounted for, and the other thirteen were buried in Tianshou Mountain, so they were called the "Ming Tombs".
The Ming Tombs is a natural mountainous area with specifications. Its mountain range belongs to Taihang Remnant Vein, which connects Juyongguan in the west, huanghua town in the north and Changping in the south. It is not only the barrier of the mausoleum, but also the north screen of the capital. Taihang Mountain starts from Zezhou and winds thousands of miles north to Juyongguan. Feng Wan leans back to Panqu and rises to the east as Tianshou Mountain (formerly known as Huang Tu Mountain). The mountain is towering and straight, majestic and broad, and the main force is strong. Gu, a famous scholar in the late Ming Dynasty, once wrote a poem describing the superior situation here: "The mountains are coming from the south, and the momentum is like a dragon, and the dragon leaps and leaps;" East toe in Lulong, west ridge in Taihang; Sitting on the yellow flower in the back (referring to huanghua town), facing the Shenjing; There is an old house named Kangjiazhuang (1); It can accommodate millions of people and suddenly open. This beautiful natural landscape was regarded as a treasure trove of geomantic omen by feudal rulers.
The Ming Tombs are both a unified whole and an independent unit with similar specifications. Each mausoleum is built in front of a mountain. The distance between the two tombs is at least half a kilometer and at most eight kilometers. Except for Siling, which is located in the southwest corner, the others are fan-shaped and located around Changling (see figure). The layout of this mausoleum built on the mountain has also been appreciated by foreign experts. For example, Joseph Needham, a famous British historian, said: The Mausoleum is a great achievement in China's architectural form, and its overall pattern may be the greatest example of the combination of the whole building and landscape art. He rated the Ming Tombs as "the greatest masterpiece". His experience is that "you can enjoy the scenery of the whole valley from the gatehouse and meditate on its solemn scene on an organic plane, in which all the buildings are integrated with the scenery, and a person's wisdom is well expressed through the skills of architects and builders." British urban planner Edmund Bacon also spoke highly of the artistic achievements of the Ming Tombs. He believes that "the most magnificent' moving' example in architecture is Ming Taizu Mausoleum." He pointed out that the layout of the mausoleum building built on the mountain was "so magnificent that the whole valley volume was used to commemorate the dead king." They vividly describe the organic combination of the architecture of the Ming Tombs and the natural landscape. Therefore, we highly appreciate the intelligence of the ancient working people in China.
It has been 400-500 years since the Ming Tombs were built, and it is one of the best preserved imperial tombs. Moreover, the building is magnificent, the system is complete, the history is long, and it has high historical relics value. After the founding of New China, in order to protect this cultural relic and historic site, the Party and the government began to carry out maintenance from the early days of liberation, and the Ming Tombs were protected as national key cultural relics. 1957, the Beijing municipal government announced the Ming Tombs as the first batch of key ancient cultural relics protection units in Beijing. 196 1 year, the Ming Tombs were announced as national key cultural relics protection units. 1982, the State Council announced Badaling-Ming Tombs Scenic Area as one of the 44 key scenic spots in China. 199 1 year, the Ming Tombs were identified by the National Tourism Administration as one of the "Forty Best Tourist Attractions in China". 1992, the Ming Tombs were rated as "the world's most well-preserved tombs with the largest number of buried emperors" by the Beijing Tourism World's Most Selected Committee.
As a part of the ancient Chinese culture, the Ming Tombs and the natural landscape in the Mausoleum complement each other, forming a tourist attraction with beautiful scenery and profound cultural connotation.
Respondent: Chen Hengzi-Assistant Level 2 4- 15 18:34
Ming Tombs
The Ming Tombs are located in a small basin under Tianshou Mountain in the northeast of Changping County in northwest Beijing, surrounded by mountains on three sides and open to the south. This is the mausoleum group of thirteen emperors of Judy in Ming Dynasty. Mausoleums include Changling, Xianling, Jingling, Tailing, Kangling, Yongling, Zhaoling, Dingling, Qingling, Deling and Siling, collectively known as the Ming Tombs. Covering an area of 40 square kilometers, the Ming Tombs are the largest ancient tombs in Beijing, and the most well-preserved tombs with the largest number of emperors buried in the world.
The Ming Tombs are magnificent in scale. The tombs are distributed in the east, north and west of the basin, and there are Longshan and Hushan guarding the gates of the tombs on both sides of the south. Thirteen mausoleums are arranged in a fan shape, each with a mountain peak as the background, and each mausoleum consists of a group of buildings, forming a magnificent picture in the background of dense trees and natural scenery. In front of the mausoleum stands a crystal clear, elegant and rigorous stone archway. Not far from the archway is the main entrance of the cemetery, called the Grand Palace Gate. There are stone pavilions and China watches nearby. Behind the door is a 7-kilometer-long Shinto. There are stone beasts and stone men on both sides of the road. 24 stone beasts, *** 12 pairs. Among them, there are six kinds of lions, lions, camels, elephants, unicorns and horses, each with four, each with two seats and two stands, and six pairs of stone figures, which are divided into three types: respected ministers, civil servants and military officers, all of which are statues. They are carved from a whole piece of white stone, lifelike and magnificent.
Among the Ming Tombs, the underground palaces of Changling and Dingling are the most famous. Changling is the tomb of Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the main tomb in the Ming Tombs, and the earliest and largest cemetery in the Ming Tombs. Dingling is the mausoleum of Zhu Yijun in Ming Shenzong. The excavated underground palace is like an underground museum. Visitors can see the luxurious mausoleum of the Ming emperor, as well as more than 3,000 buried cultural relics unearthed in the underground palace, such as golden crowns, brocade, ancient clothes, phoenix crowns, gold cans, silverware, jade articles and porcelain. These cultural relics are magnificent and exquisite, and they are peerless treasures.
The Ming Tombs is a famous tourist attraction in the suburbs of Beijing and one of the national key cultural relics protection units.
Ming Tombs
Located at the southern foot of Tianshou Mountain in Changping County, Beijing, 50 kilometers away from Beijing. Lingqu is a small basin with an area of about 40 square kilometers. It is surrounded by mountains in the east, west and north, and Mangshan and Huyu Mountain are juxtaposed in the south. It is surrounded by winding water and beautiful scenery, and it is worthy of being called a "Feng Shui" resort. The tomb is centered on Changling, and there is a public Shinto from the southern end of Lingmen to Changling. On the 7-kilometer-long main road, there are buildings such as stone archway, Grand Palace Gate, Monument Pavilion, Huabiao, Stone Statue and Dragon Wind Gate (these are not only symbols of imperial power, but also used to create an atmosphere of grave sweeping. Among the Ming Tombs, Changling architecture is the most magnificent. Together with Dingling, it is the main object of visit.
Changling
This is the mausoleum building of Judy, the ancestor of the Ming Dynasty. The Temple of Thorne, also known as the Temple of Sacrifice and the Hall of Pleasure, is the main building of Changling and an important place for holding sacrificial ceremonies. Built in 1427, the Zhuang 'en Temple in Changling is magnificent. It stands on a three-story white marble platform, with nine rooms wide and five rooms deep, with a total area of 1956 square meters. There are 32 wooden posts with golden thread in the hall, the maximum diameter is1.17m, and the height is 65438+. Beams, columns, wind, rafters and bucket arches are all nanmu. Although it has lasted for more than 500 years, it is still strong. God, the smell is strong. It is the largest Nanmu Temple in China.
Dingling
This is the tomb of Ming Shenzong Emperor Zhu Yijun. /kloc-acceded to the throne at the age of 0/0, with the year number Wanli, and was the longest-serving emperor in the Ming Dynasty (48 years). The cemetery regulations are modeled after Changling. The Dingling underground palace was scientifically excavated in 1956- 1958, and now the Dingling underground museum has been built.
The underground palace consists of five tall and wide halls, namely, front, middle, back, left and right, all of which are arch-coupon stone structures. There are seven stone doors between these halls. Shimen design is very scientific, because its center of gravity is concentrated on the vertical shaft. Although it weighs 4 tons, it is very flexible and light to open. The layout of the underground palace basically adopts the system of "facing the front and sleeping behind". The front hall has no decoration, which is equivalent to the square in front of the palace, and the middle hall is equivalent to the former dynasty (that is, the main hall of the palace). There are three "thrones" carved in white marble, which are arranged in zigzag. In front of each seat, there is a yellow glass "five offerings", namely incense, candles, flowers and blue-and-white moire porcelain jars, which contain sesame oil for the ever-burning lamps. There are no funerary objects in the left and right halls. The back hall is equivalent to the sleeping hall, called the "Xuantang", which is the main part of the underground palace and the place where the coffin is placed. The coffins of Emperor Wanli and Empress Xiao Duan and Xiaojing were placed in the center of the coffin bed. There are plum bottles, jade materials and 26 red lacquer wooden boxes filled with gold, silver and jade buried with the coffin, and there are also a large number of funerary objects in each coffin. Among the funerary objects unearthed in Dingling, Guan and Feng Guan are the most striking. The golden crown of Emperor Wanli was made of extremely thin gold thread with two dragons playing with pearls embedded in it. Among the exquisite jewelry, the golden hairpin of Emperor Wanli is a rare treasure, and the opal with the size of the index finger inlaid at the top shines brightly.
World Cultural Heritage-imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties Ming Tombs
The Ming Tombs are the general name of 13 emperors' tombs after the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing. They are located at the southern foot of Tianshou Mountain in Changping District, about 44 kilometers northwest of Beijing, with a mausoleum area of more than 40 square kilometers. From the construction of Changling in 1409 to the construction of Siling in the early years of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, Changling (Chengzu), Xianling (Renzong), Jingling (Xuanzong), Yuling (Yingzong), Maoling (Xianzong), Tailing (Xiaozong), Kangling (Wuzong) and Yongling (Yongzong) were built successively. 13 emperors, 23 empresses,/kloc-0 concubines and dozens of concubines are buried in the mausoleum. The Ming Tombs are the ancient tombs with the largest number of emperors buried in China. They are magnificent in architecture, complete in system, long in history and of high historical and cultural value.
The Ming dynasty advocated the ritual system of "death is like life", believing that after death, the soul still exists and still needs food and daily life. Therefore, the Ming Tombs are comparable to the imperial palace, which shows the respect of the emperor's status and the great momentum of reigning in the world. Under the guidance of China's traditional geomantic theory, from site selection to planning and design, the Ming Tombs attached great importance to the harmonious unity of mausoleum architecture and natural landscape vegetation, and pursued the perfect realm of "heaven and earth" to reflect the philosophical view of "harmony between man and nature".
The setting of ancient imperial tombs in China appeared as early as the mid-Warring States period. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, a relatively centralized and independent royal cemetery community appeared. The Ming Tombs are characterized by their first embodiment of the integrity of the royal tombs in China. Although every emperor's mausoleum has its own hall, Ming building and treasure city, in the mausoleum area, the Shinto of Changling has become the "total Shinto" that runs through all tombs. * * * The stone archways and stone carving groups used, coupled with the orderly arrangement of tombs in various mausoleum areas, make the buildings in the mausoleum areas closely connected and form a whole.
The natural environment of the Ming Tombs is characterized by green hills, open halls and flowing water, and all the tombs are surrounded by mountains and rivers. Compared with the mausoleum built on the plain, the natural landscape of this mausoleum site is more pleasing to the eye and can better show the solemnity and grandeur of the imperial mausoleum. Luo, a famous expert on ancient architecture, commented: "The Ming Tombs have high architectural value. Nanmu Temple in Changling is the only temple with exquisite stone carvings in China. The Ming Tombs are the substantive history of Ming architecture in terms of architectural form, architectural structure and architectural art. "
German tourists visit Dingling stone carving.
Among the tombs, only Dingling was excavated in 1956, and other tombs were well preserved. The Shinto in front of the tomb, the stone archway of the Lord God's Road, the Dahongmen, the Shen Gong Shengde Monument Pavilion, the stone statue, the Dragon and Phoenix Gate and other major buildings have maintained their original features. In the Ming Dynasty, a large number of pines and cypresses were planted inside and outside the mausoleum palace and on both sides of Shinto, and they are still flourishing. Although the tombs of concubines and eunuchs in the mausoleum area were successively reclaimed as farmland in the late Qing Dynasty, their underground tombs are still well preserved, and there are relics and some stone carvings in the mausoleum building on the ground.
In August 2002, when Li Xianghai, an official of the United Nations Heritage Committee and an expert of the International Council of Monuments and Sites, visited the Ming Tombs, he thought that the Ming Tombs represented a unique artistic achievement, which had a great impact on the development of architectural art in a certain cultural field in the world and could provide a unique witness for a disappearing civilization. As a building complex, it shows an important stage in human history.
The layout and management of the Ming Tombs, while satisfying the function of ritual system, are closely combined with natural environmental factors such as mountains and rivers, reaching a very high artistic level. It also had a far-reaching impact on the organizational system of Qing Dongling and Qing Xiling.
Except the size and complexity of the building, the architectural layout and regulations of each mausoleum are basically the same. The planes are all rectangular, and there is a round (or oval) treasure city behind them. Since Shiqiao, buildings are divided into Lingmen, Monument Pavilion, Fenen Gate, Fenen Hall, Minglou and Baocheng. In the past, every mausoleum had a "prison", which was dedicated to sweeping graves. Now only the prison wall of Deling is left. There are also seven concubines' tombs, a eunuch's tomb and ancillary buildings such as palaces and gardens.
Stone workshops on both sides of Shinto in the Ming Tombs and Changling.
The most famous Ming Tombs are the majestic Changling Mausoleum on the ground and Dingling Mausoleum in the excavated underground palace. The whole mausoleum area was originally surrounded by a mausoleum wall, with the main entrance at the southern end, Mangshan Mountain and Huyu rugged on both sides, like Yi Long guarding the gate in a tiger posture. From the construction of Changling in the seventh year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1409) to the construction of Siling in the first year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1644), it has been classified as a forbidden area for more than 200 years, with a mausoleum. Changling is the mausoleum building of Judy in Ming Taizu, and Heng 'en Hall, also known as Fairy Hall and Fragrant Hall, is the main building of Changling and an important place for ancestor worship. The Gratitude Hall in Changling is the largest wooden hall with handles in China. Dingling is the mausoleum of Zhu Yijun, Ming Shenzong, with the year number Wanli, and the longest reigning emperor of the Ming Dynasty (48 years). The cemetery regulations are modeled after Changling. After scientific excavation, Dingling Underground Palace has been built from 1956 to 1958. Zhaoling ranks ninth among the Ming Tombs, and its architecture is unique. It is the most complete and representative mausoleum building in the Ming Tombs.
In 1957, the Ming Tombs became the first batch of ancient cultural relics protection units in Beijing. In 196 1, they were announced as national key cultural relics protection units, and in 1982, they were listed as one of the 44 national key scenic spots protection areas with Badaling Great Wall. In July, 2003, the 27th session of UNESCO World Heritage Committee officially listed the Ming Tombs and Nanjing Ming Tombs as expansion projects of imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties. Imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties, located in Beijing, Hebei, Liaoning, Anhui, Jiangsu and other places, is the mausoleum complex of the Ming and Qing emperors in China. It was built according to a strict hierarchical system, with a complete system of above-ground and underground buildings, rigorous layout, grand scale, gorgeous architecture and fine craftsmanship, which embodied the highest funeral system in China feudal society. In 2000, UNESCO recognized it as a world cultural heritage standard, and listed the Ming Tombs, Qing Tombs and Qing Tombs as the Ming and Qing emperors' tombs in the World Heritage List.
Shisanling stone memorial archway
Stone archway: At the southernmost tip of Lu Shen Road in the Ming Tombs. It was built in the 19th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1540). It is made of white marble, with five rooms wide, six columns and eleven floors, with a width of 28.86m and a square height of14m. Kirin, lion, dragon and monster are carved on beryl, and Yun Teng surges, which looks lifelike. The moire carved on the forehead at the top of the door gives a soft and elegant feeling. This glittering and translucent archway is the largest and earliest stone building in China.
Stone Student: On both sides of Lu Shen, from the monument building of the Ming Tombs to the Dragon and Phoenix Gate. There are 24 stone beasts (four lions, four dragons, four camels, four elephants, four unicorns and four horses) and 12 stone men (four military officers, four civil servants and four respected officials), which were carved during the renovation and tomb presentation of Changling in the tenth year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty (1435). They are all made of a whole boulder.
Lingxingmen: commonly known as Longfeng Gate. It's on Shen Dao Road, north of the Stone Statue of the Ming Tombs. This is a white marble arch. The door faces south, the three doors are side by side, the short red wall, the clouds and animals on the stigma constitute the decoration on the door, and the structure is strange. In the middle of the third forehead, there is a stone fireball, so it is also called the flame archway.
Changling ling' en temple
Changling: Under the main peak of Tianshou Mountain. This is the tomb of the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty and his empress Xu (the first person in the Ming Tombs), and it is the earliest and largest one in the Ming Tombs. It was built in the 11th year of Yongle (14 13). The whole cemetery is surrounded by walls and divided into three courtyards, including Lingmen, Shenku, Shenchu, Monument Pavilion, Fenen Gate, Fenen Hall, Lingxingmen, Baocheng and Minglou (some buildings no longer exist). Baocheng brick, round, with a diameter of about 340 meters and a circumference of 1 km, has piles on it and looks like a castle. Inside is a high wall, and below the wall is the location of the underground palace. There is a door in the center of Baocheng South, and you can go up Daming Building along the ramp. The building is square, with coupons on all sides and a cross vault ceiling in the middle. The roof is a yellow tile with a double eaves and a mountain-resting style, and the word "Changling" is below the eaves. There is a monument in the middle of the building, with the word "Daming" engraved on it, and the body of the monument is engraved with "Emperor Wendi's Mausoleum". In addition to the cemetery itself, there are two graves, east and west. The east grave is in the south of Shantou Mountain in Deling, and the west grave is in the northwest of Dingling. Sixteen concubines who died for Judy were buried in graves. Because its tomb looks like a deep well, it is named Dongjing and Xijing. Grace Hall: In the Second Hospital of Changling. That is, the Hall of Enjoyment is the place where sacrificial ceremonies are held when offering sacrifices to the mausoleum. This name was given in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, which means gratitude and blessing. The temple is nine rooms wide and five rooms deep, with yellow tiles and red walls and double eaves. It is located on a three-story stone platform about 3 meters high around the white marble guardrail. The area is 1956 square meters. There are twelve Jin Sinan wooden pearls in the temple, with a maximum diameter of1.17m and a height of14.3m. The beams, columns, purlins, rafters and buckets are also made of nanmu. Although it has gone through more than 500 years, it is still as strong as ever. Such a magnificent nanmu building is unique in China.
Yongling: It is under Yang Cuiling in the southeast of Changling. It is the mausoleum of Ming Shizong and his three empresses. Its scale is not as big as Changling, but its structure is exquisite and meticulous. The mausoleum is a courtyard with three entrances, seven halls for enjoyment and nine halls for two guards. Ming architecture is well preserved, which is the crown of the Ming Tombs. The battlements are made of piebald stones, and the rafters, eaves and foreheads are all made of stones. The openings and passages on both sides of the battlements in Baocheng are also made of stones. Wang Yuan, a beginner in Qing Dynasty, once praised him for "rotten phosphorus, bright ice mirror, leaving no dust, and Changling can't catch it". Enjoy the temple no longer exists, leaving only a stone on the stump, carved with dragons and phoenixes, exquisite and lifelike, which is a masterpiece of court stone carving in the Ming Dynasty.
Dingling: the foot of Dayu Mountain in the southwest of Changling. This is the tomb of Zhu Yijun, the 13th emperor of Ming Dynasty, and his two empresses (Xiao Duan and Xiao Jing). In the 11th year of Wanli (1583), taking advantage of the opportunity of offering sacrifices to the mausoleum, he led officials of civil and military affairs, warlocks, Qin and others to personally select the mausoleum site in Tianshou Mountain and determine the regulations for establishing the mausoleum. Construction started the following year, which lasted for six years and involved more than 30,000 military craftsmen and craftsmen. The main buildings are Mausoleum Gate, Fenen Gate, Fenen Hall, Ming Lou Bao Cheng, Baoding and Underground Palace. Except Ming Lou and Baoding, other buildings have been damaged repeatedly. There were seven halls in the original area, which were destroyed after the Qing soldiers entered the customs. Qianlong was renovated in fifty years (1785) and changed to five rooms. In the early years of the Republic of China, it was burned down again, leaving only ruins. Ming Lou rests on the top of the mountain, with yellow glazed tiles and double eaves, and the word "Dingling" is engraved on the eaves. Corners and steps are made of huge stones, rafters and buckets are also made of stone carvings and decorated with colorful paintings, which are solid and beautiful. Ming Lou stone tablet is engraved with the word "Daming", and the body of the tablet is engraved with "the tomb of the God Emperor". Baocheng on both sides is a circular wall, about 750 meters long and made of bricks. The mouth of the crib is made of mottled stones, which was destroyed in the Qing Dynasty. Inside and outside the mausoleum, there are a sacrificial pavilion, a god library, a god chef, a court, a god stable and a god palace supervisor. The underground palace is located at the back of the Ming building and is the main part of the mausoleum. The excavation was carried out in May 1956, and a large number of precious cultural relics were unearthed, which revealed the mystery of the underground palace and provided valuable physical materials for studying the history of the Ming Dynasty. Underground Palace: Dingling Underground Palace is the only underground palace excavated in the Ming Tombs (Gundam 1997). At the back of Dingling Ming Building, 27 meters away from the top of the tomb. Total area 1 195 square meters, all of which are arched stone structures, consisting of five tall and spacious halls: front, middle, back, left and right. The front middle hall is a rectangular corridor, and the back hall spans the top. There is a stone coupon door between the front, middle and back halls. Its eaves, rafters, ridges and kissing animals are all carved out of white marble, and there is a blank stone table under the eaves. Under the ticket gate are two white marble doors, which are 3.3 meters high, 1.8 meters wide and weigh about 4 tons. The doors are all rectangular beams made of bronze (called pipe fans), which are 84 cm wide and 30 cm thick and weigh about 10 ton. Shimen is made neatly and meticulously, and the design is scientific and reasonable. There is a top door "natural stone" in the door, which is 1.6 meters high, and lotus petals are carved at both ends. The Qianzhong Temple is 58 meters long, 6 meters wide and 7.2 meters high, all of which are paved with "bricks" (generous bricks). The nave is a hall where sacrificial vessels are displayed. There are three white marble thrones of the emperor and queen, five blue-and-white Yunlong porcelain pots and yellow glaze for lighting the ever-burning lamps. The left and right annex halls are stone arch buildings without beams, which are 26 meters long, 6 meters wide and 7. 1 meter high. There is a coffin bed made of white marble, paved with bricks, with a rectangular hole in the middle, which is filled with loess and called the "golden well". The back hall is the largest hall in the underground palace, with a length of 30. 1 m, a width of 9. 1 m and a height of 9.5 m. The ground is mottled with polished stones (stones+people), and the coffins of Zhu Yijun, Xiao Duan and Xiao Jing are placed in the center of the coffin bed. There are jade materials, plum bottles and burial utensils around the three coffins.
Xinhuanet Beijing, July 4 (Reporter Li Jinghua Sun Xiaosheng) The eyes of the Ming emperors did not cross the Great Wall, but after they were buried at the southern foot of Tianshou Mountain in the suburbs of Beijing for hundreds of years, these long-gone shadows attracted the attention of the whole world.
The 27th UNESCO World Heritage Conference held in Paris has made a decision, and the Ming Tombs in Beijing and Nanjing are officially listed on the World Heritage List as the expansion projects of imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties.
The Ming Tombs, located at the foot of Tianshou Mountain in Changping, Beijing, are the general name of 13 imperial tombs after the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing. From the construction of Changling in 1409 to the construction of Siling in the early years of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, Changling (Chengzu), Xianling (Renzong), Jingling (Xuanzong), Yuling (Yingzong), Maoling (Xianzong), Tailing (Xiaozong), Kangling (Wuzong) and Yongling (Yongzong) were built successively. 13 emperors, 23 empresses,/kloc-0 concubines and dozens of concubines are buried in the mausoleum.
Under the guidance of China's traditional geomantic theory, from site selection to planning and design, the Ming Tombs attached great importance to the harmonious unity of mausoleum architecture and natural landscape vegetation, and pursued the perfect realm of "heaven and earth" to reflect the philosophical view of "harmony between man and nature".
The setting of ancient imperial tombs in China appeared as early as the mid-Warring States period. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, a relatively centralized and independent royal cemetery community appeared. The Ming Tombs are characterized by their first embodiment of the integrity of the royal tombs in China. Although every emperor's mausoleum has its own hall, Ming building and treasure city, in the mausoleum area, the Shinto of Changling has become the "total Shinto" that runs through all tombs. * * * The stone archways and stone carving groups used, coupled with the orderly arrangement of tombs in various mausoleum areas, make the buildings in the mausoleum areas closely connected and form a whole.
The natural environment of the Ming Tombs is characterized by green hills, open halls and flowing water, and all the tombs are surrounded by mountains and rivers. Compared with the mausoleum built on the plain, the natural landscape of this mausoleum site is more pleasing to the eye and can better show the solemnity and grandeur of the imperial mausoleum.
Luo, a famous expert on ancient buildings in China, said: "The Ming Tombs have high architectural value, and Nanmu Temple in Changling is the only one with exquisite stone carvings in China, which is the physical history of Ming architecture."
In order to preserve the unique landscape of the Ming Tombs, in recent years, Beijing has spent 654.38+0.7 billion yuan to demolish and repair the tombs on a large scale. According to Nie Youyi, deputy director of the Ming Tombs Special Zone Office, it is estimated that the restoration of seven broken tombs will cost 400 million yuan before 2008.
The success of this application mainly lies in the good preservation of the Ming Tombs. Among the tombs, only Dingling was excavated in 1956, and other tombs were well preserved. The Shinto in front of the tomb, the stone archway of the Lord God's Road, the Dahongmen, the Shen Gong Shengde Monument Pavilion, the stone statue, the Dragon and Phoenix Gate and other major buildings have maintained their original features. In the Ming Dynasty, a large number of pines and cypresses were planted inside and outside the mausoleum palace and on both sides of Shinto, and they are still flourishing. Although the tombs of concubines and eunuchs in the mausoleum area were successively reclaimed as farmland in the late Qing Dynasty, their underground tombs are still well preserved, and there are relics and some stone carvings in the mausoleum building on the ground.
In August 2002, when Li Xianghai, an official of the United Nations Heritage Committee and an expert of the International Council of Monuments and Sites, visited the Ming Tombs, he thought that the Ming Tombs represented a unique artistic achievement, which had a great impact on the development of architectural art in a certain cultural field in the world and could provide a unique witness for a disappearing civilization. As a building complex, it shows an important stage in human history.
The layout and management of the Ming Tombs, while satisfying the function of ritual system, are closely combined with natural environmental factors such as mountains and rivers, reaching a very high artistic level. It also had a far-reaching impact on the establishment of the Qing Dongling and Qing Xiling, which have been included in the world cultural heritage list. (End) (Source: Xinhuanet)
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