Spectrum: "The ancestors made clay pottery for a living, and there were three kinds of clay pottery: red, gray and black". According to textual research, the firing method of Rizhao pottery is water-moistening and stuffy kiln method, which is the main method of firing practical black pottery. /kloc-before 0/959, in Rizhao local chronicles, such as Rizhao City Chronicle, Wulian County Chronicle, Juxian County Chronicle and Anton Wei Zhi, Rizhao pottery industry was called "Rizhao earthenware industry". From 1959 to 1990, it was called "earthenware industry", "ceramics industry" and "brick and tile industry", and was renamed "Rizhao black pottery industry" after 1990. This shows that with the change of the times, the name of black pottery also changes with its shape and function. Before 1990, black pottery was called Rizhao earthenware, which was used as practical living utensils, including black bowls, black pots, blue bricks and blue tiles. According to official records, there were thousands of employees and the output value was millions. Pottery handicrafts, such as mud whistle and clay sculpture, are also recorded. After 1990, the official title of Rizhao earthenware is Rizhao black pottery, which functions as high-grade handicrafts, such as vases and figure sculptures, and is recorded in Rizhao official newspapers, yearbooks and local chronicles. There are 30 officially registered black pottery handicraft enterprises with 500 registered employees, with an annual output value of tens of millions. Practical utensils in black pottery, such as black bowls, black pots, blue bricks and tiles, have faded out of the market.
Taking 1990 as the watershed, the function of Rizhao black pottery has changed, from gray-black practical earthenware in people's lives to high-grade black pottery handicrafts. Functions range from practical to decorative. The shape of black pottery has also changed, from flowerpots to vases, from blue bricks and tiles to plane reliefs, from pottery jars to large handicrafts, from mud whistle to various molded handicrafts and clay sculptures. The craft has developed from simple carving to nearly 80 techniques such as hollowing out, picking points, removing mud, flat carving and embossing.
In the chronicle of Rizhao City, there are 26 villages named after kilns. There are as many as 65,438+000 villages making pottery. Because the earliest local chronicles of Rizhao are Ju County Records, which were compiled during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, the inheritance history of Rizhao black pottery can be traced back to the Ming Dynasty. 1920, Rizhao county set up a persuasion office to manage the county's handicrafts. In July, 65,438+0955, the county people's government established the handicraft management department.
County ceramic factory was established after 1959, and city black ceramic factory was established after 1990. However, there are too many factions to distinguish, which we collectively call Rizhao black pottery handicraft traditional craft.
The official title of "Rizhao Black Pottery" first appeared in the major events of Rizhao Economic Development Zone. On July 29th, 1990, the Administrative Committee of the Export Processing Zone and the Cultural Bureau of Rizhao City reached an agreement on changing the affiliation of Rizhao Black Pottery Crafts Factory, and the Cultural Bureau transferred the Black Pottery Crafts Factory to the Administrative Committee of the Export Processing Zone free of charge. Before that, it was called "earthenware" in Ju County Records (198 1), Rizhao City Records (1989) and Wulian County Records (199 1). Rizhao earthenware clearly includes black bowls, blue bricks, crocks, pots and pans in official local chronicles. According to official records, there were more than 0/000 craftsmen/kloc-in the 1980s, and there were more than 0/00 earthen kilns for firing, which passed down hundreds of schools. The most famous is Zhao Qi black pottery.