but
(1) used as a conjunction.
1. indicates a coordinate relationship. Generally, it is not translated, and sometimes it can be translated as "you".
Such as: "sensitive and eager to learn, not ashamed to ask questions." Equivalent to "and" and ".
2. Represents a progressive relationship. It can be translated as "and" or "and".
Such as: "always learn."
3. Express commitment. It can be translated into "Jiu" and "Then" or not.
For example, review the past and learn the new.
4. It represents a turning point. It can be translated into "but" and "indeed".
For example, green is taken from blue, and green is blue ("encouraging learning")
5. Represents a hypothetical relationship. It can be translated into "if" and "if".
For example, Young China said: "Let all the teenagers in the country become teenagers" [translation]: "If the teenagers in the country really become promising teenagers".
6. Represents a modifying relationship, that is, a connecting adverbial. There is no translation.
(1) I tasted it and looked forward to it. It's better to go up and have a look ("encourage learning")
7. Express causality:
(1) I also regret that it won't be the fun of traveling ("A Journey to Baochan Mountain")
(2) the table evil it can without also ("Battle of Red Cliffs").
8. Express the purpose relationship:
(1) stand far-sighted, hope how lucky ("Epang Palace Fu")
(2) Officials, Treasury and General ("Hongmen Banquet")
(2) Tong "er" as a pronoun is translated into "yours" by the second person; Occasionally, it is also used as the subject and translated into "you".
(1) and wenggui, since with your ears ("promote weaving")
(2) Every time I say Yu Yue: "Somewhere, but your mother is here" ("Ling Zhi") (3) Pass the word "Ru": as if, as if.
(1) The army was surprised and bad. ("Check in")
It's just a modal particle at the end of the sentence, which means limitation, and it's equivalent to "JIU"
Teaching has priority, skill has specialization, and that's all (Shi Shuo)
Then, just now. I will do my best until I die.
The situation is "what else", that is, to go further with a rhetorical question.
Today, the clock is put in the water, although the wind and waves can't make sound. And the situation is stone!
Soon after, for a while.
Then please ask the court to punish five people for rebellion of Wu people ("Tomb Monument of Five People")
about
1. Used as a pronoun:
(a) can represent people, things and things. Dai is the third person. Translated into "he" (they) and "it" (they). Be an object or part-time language, not a subject.
For example: ① Write Shi Shuo to make it. ("Shi Shuo" acts as an object. )
People are not born to know. ("Shi Shuo", on behalf of things, for things. )
(2) demonstrative pronouns, indicating near reference. It can be translated into "this" and is usually used as a plural attribute. Such as: the second policy. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
2. Used as an auxiliary word, there are also several situations:
(A) structural auxiliary words, attributive markers. Used between the attributive and the head word (noun), it can be translated into "de", and some cannot be translated. For example, if we can compete with China with the masses in wuyue. ("Battle of Red Cliffs") What is the Tao, what is the teacher ("Teacher's Theory").
(B) structural auxiliary words, signs of complement. Used between the head (verb, adjective) and the complement, it can be translated as "de". For example, the ancients' views on heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, vegetation and birds and beasts often gained something and sought the depth of thinking without exception. (You Baochan) 3 Structural auxiliary words, the symbol of prepositional objects. Used after the advanced object and before the verb predicate or preposition, it should be omitted in translation. What crime did Song commit? ("Lost", that is, "What Crime of Song Dynasty")
(4) Structural auxiliary words. When the subject-predicate phrase is used as the subject, object or clause in a sentence, the word "zhi" is used between the subject and predicate, which cancels the independence of the sentence and eliminates the need for translation. Translation can also be omitted. Such as: the teacher's way has not been passed down for a long time! It's hard to be confused! ("Shi Shuo")
(5) Syllable auxiliary words. When used at the end of adjectives, adverbs or some verbs, or between three words, it becomes four words, which only plays the role of adjusting syllables and is meaningless, and should be omitted in translation. For example, in an instant, smoke burns for a long time. (Battle of Red Cliffs) Teacher Mao's eloquent tongue is better than a million teachers. ("self-recommendation")
3. Used as a verb, it can be translated as "to", "to" and "to". Liu Jun and I have always been very good.
that
1. can be used as a pronoun in several ways:
(1) the third person pronoun. Things to people can be translated into "his" and "its". For example, if I followed his plan, the king was lucky enough to forgive me. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
(2) the third person pronoun. Generally speaking, the "belt" used as a small subject before verbs or adjectives in subject-predicate phrases should be translated as "he", "it" and "can't be added".
(3) Flexible use of the first person. It can be used as an attribute or a small subject, and the sentence can be translated into "mine" or "I (myself)". For example, today, the Soviet Union welcomed Cao Cao, and Cao Cao should repay the township party with the Soviet Union and enjoy its fame and position without losing his post as Cao Cao. (Battle of Red Cliffs)
(4) demonstrative pronouns, indicating far fingers. It can be translated as "that", "that", "those" and "there" Then I still blame the person who came up with it. ("You Bao Chan")
(5) demonstrative pronoun, meaning "among them", followed by numerals. For example, choose one or two rocks. (The Story of Shi Zhongshan)
2. Used as an adverb. The mood placed at the beginning of a sentence or in a sentence, which indicates measurement, backchat and expectation, is often matched with the mood auxiliary words placed at the end of the sentence, which can be translated as "probably", "really" and "possibly" or omitted. For example, is this all about it? ("Shi Shuo" is measured. )
3. Used as a conjunction. When used as a conjunction, it is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence, or it indicates a hypothesis, which can be translated as "if"; Or table selection, which can be translated as "or". For example, if a person's career is not good, his morality is not good, and his nature is not humble, then his heart will not be dedicated to others, so why should others blame him? ("Introduction to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang" table hypothesis. )
rule
1. is used as a conjunction to express various relationships.
(a) said to undertake the relationship. It can be translated into "just" and "convenient" or "originally" and "already" For example, the wood tied with rope is straight and the gold is sharp, which is beneficial. ("Persuade to Learn")
(2) Represents a hypothetical relationship. Equivalent to "if" and "if"; Some are used in the following clauses to indicate the result of hypothesis or inference, which is equivalent to "then" and "just". For example, if you enter, there will be no legalist school. If you leave, you will be invincible against foreign invasion, and your country will be ruined. ("Born in sorrow and died in happiness")
(3) Represents a coordinate relationship. It can be translated as "JIU" or not. For example, a humble position is a shame, and an official position is a compliment. ("Teacher's Theory") Filial piety comes when you enter, but you are young when you leave. ("The Analects of Confucius") (4) represents the relationship between turning point and concession. Can be translated into "but" and "but"; "although" and "yes" For example, in your body, you will be ashamed of your teacher and confused. ("Shi Shuo")
2. Used as an adverb. Used to emphasize and confirm in judgment sentences, which can be translated as "yes" and "yes". For example, this is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. (The Story of Yueyang Tower) It's either dead or moving. ("The Snake Catcher said")
along with
Used as a preposition.
(1) Tools, methods and others used to express actions and behaviors can be translated as "using", "taking", "relying on", "relying on what identity" as the case may be. For example, "Why do you want to fight?" (Cao Gui Debate)
(2) As a reminder, it can be translated as "Ba". For example, Qin did not give the city to Zhao, and Zhao did not give it to Qin Bi. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
(3) The reason for action and behavior can be translated as "cause" and "cause". For example, when you were fighting the army and starving, too many people died. (Battle of Red Cliffs)
(4) The imported action or behavior occurs at the same time and place as "Yu", which can be translated as "in" and "from". For example, in December of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, I rode a snowstorm from Beijing ... as for Taian. ("Climbing Mount Tai")
(5) The object representing action and behavior has the same usage as "he" and can be translated as "he" and "he"; Sometimes it can be translated as "lead" and "lead". For example, the world has changed, and the king cut Hanzhong and made peace with Chu. ("Warring States Policy Zhou Ce")
2. Used as a conjunction.
The expression of (1) coordinate or progressive relationship can be translated as "and" and "and" and "or omitted. For example, if a foreigner is nearby, there will be many tourists ... ("A trip to Baochan Mountain") ② means to undertake the relationship, which can be translated as "harmony" or omitted. For example, I waited for four people to embrace the fire and enter ... ("You Bao Chan")
(3) It can be translated as "harmony", "coming", "use" and "convenience". For example, write "Shi Shuo" to make it last.
(4) Causality is often used before the clause indicating the reason, which can be translated as "because". For example, the ancients ... looked for the depth of their thoughts, everywhere. ("You Bao Chan")
(5) It indicates the modifying relationship and connects the adverbial and the head language, which can be translated as "er" or omitted. For example, the trees are flourishing and the flowers are blooming in spring. (Tao Yuanming's "Reduced Words")
3. Disyllabic function words "to be" and "to be" are equivalent to "therefore", which leads to the development or inference of things. For example, many people use books to kill time ... (Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Yang)
19 years, the blade is new. ("My Skillful Hands Help Cattle")
Yu "Yu" is a preposition, which is always combined with nouns, pronouns or phrases to form an object-object phrase, modifying verbs and adjectives to express various combinations.
1. Time, place, scope, object, aspect, reason, etc. The introduction of action can be translated as "in", "in", "to", "from", "to" and "to" as appropriate. Jing is a country with a large population and a small population ...)
2. After adjectives, it means comparison, which can be translated as "bi" in general and "better than" in some cases. For example, ice is made of water, but it is cooler than water. ("Persuade to Learn")
3. After the verb, the person who introduces the behavior can be translated as "Bei", and sometimes there are words such as "seeing" and "receiving" before the verb. For example, escape, the distance you can't stand ... (Inscription on the Tomb of Five) I'm afraid of being bullied by the King and losing Zhao ... (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) I can't afford to support the whole kingdom of Wu ... and I'm subject to others ... (Battle of Red Cliffs).
for
Used as a preposition. In addition to the passive voice, it is generally read out.
(a) the object of action and behavior. It can be translated as "Xiang" and "Right". For example, there is a saying in China that "outsiders are not as good as people." (Peach Blossom Garden)
(2) Representing the substitution of actions and behaviors. It can be translated as "substitution" and "giving". For example, when the world was rampant, it was for the Han family to get rid of the residue and filth ... ("Battle of Red Cliffs") was dedicated to me. ("The Hongmen Banquet")
(3) Time indicating actions and behaviors. It can be translated into "when" and "when". For example, in order to come, I asked you to tie a man across the king. ("Yan Zi makes Chu")
(4) indicate the purpose of the action or behavior. It can be translated as "for" and "for". For example, the bustling world is for the benefit; The world is bustling for profit. (Biography of Historical Records and Huo Zhi)
(5) Reasons for actions and behaviors. It can be translated as "because" and "because". For example, I find it difficult, but I dare not quit and have no time to act. ("My Skillful Hands Help Cattle")
(6) indicates a passive relationship. Reading rising tone can be translated as "Bei". "Wei" introduces the initiative of action; Sometimes there may be no initiative; Sometimes it is combined with "suo" to form "Wei suo" or "Wei suo". For example, those who were determined to blaspheme in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties would laugh for Tang Wu. (Five Moths) If you don't, if you belong to all people, you will be captured! (The Hongmen Banquet) If you don't leave soon today, you may be the first to go to bed. (Battle of Red Cliffs)
2. Used as an auxiliary word. The rising tone is placed at the end of the interrogative sentence to indicate cross-examination, and the preceding interrogative pronouns echo it. Can be translated as "what"? For example, now, the human side is a knife ... What's the point? ("The Hongmen Banquet")
Because 1. Used as a preposition. This paper introduces the reasons, basis and ways of action and behavior, which can be translated into "because", "because", "use", "pass" and "pass" respectively. For example, the vibration was so exciting that the waiters noticed it. (Later Han Zhang Hengchuan) Apologize to the guests who came to Lin Xiangru's door ... (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
2. Used as a conjunction. It can be translated as "then" and "then". For example, the prelude case of drawing a sword ... ("Battle of Red Cliffs") is like holding a wall but standing ... ("Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru").
So 1. Used as an auxiliary word It is often placed in front of verbs and combined with verbs to form the structure of "suo". The structure of the word "suo" is a noun phrase, which means "person", "thing" and "emotion". Sitting in a crowd, you shouldn't go too far. Today's son has passed. ("New Stealing Symbol to Save Zhao")
2. In some sentences, "Wei" and "Suo" echo each other, forming the format of "Wei". For example, Zhuang was forced to death by a policeman. I got the news that my father was killed. ("New Stealing Symbol to Save Zhao")
3. Disyllabic function word "so". The combination of "suo" and "yi" is also common in classical Chinese. There are two main uses: one is to express the reason, and the other is to express the means and purpose. The reason is: I am a saint, far away, so prosperous in the early Han Dynasty; You little people, far from being wise ministers, have been so depressed in the Han Dynasty ever since. ("Example") That's what I did. I took the national emergency first, and then I took personal revenge. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) means or rely on: I am prepared for future generations, ... ("Xinlingjun steals symbols to save Zhao") As a teacher, I am taught by a major to solve my doubts. ("Shi Shuo")
human
1, pronoun, translated as "de", "human", "material", "emotional" and so on. Sitting in silence, no one dares to wow.
2. Mood particles are untranslatable. Such as: Chen Shengsheng, Yangcheng people also.
And 1. Used as a conjunction. Represents progressive relationship and parallel relationship. Ancient saints, ... asked how to learn from teachers ... (Shi Shuo)
2. Used as an adverb. It is equivalent to "meeting", "meeting", "temporary" and "temporary". I thought I ate myself. I was scared. (Donkey in Guizhou)
It is also a modal particle. Often used at the end of a sentence to express various moods.
1. Express the mood of judgment, such as: life and death, day and night. (Preface to the Southern Guide)
2. those who express positive tone, such as the old saying "something must be done." (Preface to the Southern Guide)
3. Express interrogative tone, such as: Is the son afraid of death and evil? Why are you crying? ("New Stealing Symbol to Save Zhao")
4. Expressed sigh tone, such as: Jun is very beautiful, what is the public and Jun! ("Zou Ji satirizes Wang Qi's incompetence")
5. Use it in a sentence to indicate a pause to ease the tone. For example, the teacher's teaching has been handed down for a long time. ("Shi Shuo")
Modal auxiliary words Often used at the end of a sentence, generally not translated. So I have a sigh. (Travel Notes of Baochan) is sometimes used as a rhetorical tone and can be translated as "you". Ten thousand minutes is nothing to me! ("I want what I want")
Used at the end of rhetoric or questions.
Used as a modal particle.
1. The tone of doubt. It can be translated into "what" and "what". How cold is it? Want to eat? (Ji Xiang Xuanzhi) Is there a "xianggong" coming out to see the guests at this time?
2. Measure your mood, which can be translated as "ba". When the king is happy, he is almost equal. ("Bao Zhuang meets Mencius")
3. Used in exclamatory sentences, which can be translated as "ah" and "ya". Oh! Even snakes are familiar with the poison of lotus! ("The Snake Catcher said")
4. Used for pauses in sentences. What does Hu Weiwei care? ("Homecoming")
Used as a preposition is equivalent to "Yu". Born before me ... In addition, it can be used as a suffix. There must be space to be magnificent! ("My Skillful Hands Help Cattle")
And 1. Used as function words.
(1) is interpreted as: harmonious, consistent and identical. For example, you and I fought a close battle, pointing directly at the south of Henan ... ("One Mountain in Gong Yu") The angle between the sun and the children is invincible. ("promoting knitting")
(2) The modal particles at the end of the sentence express doubts or sighs. Write "Yi" later.
As a notional word, it can be interpreted as "giving, giving" and "making friends". The example is abbreviated.
Flexible use of parts of speech
Usage introduction:
(1) Causative usage: divided into a, causative usage of verbs; B. causative usage of nouns; C, the causative usage of adjectives
(2) Verb usage: divided into a, verb usage of adjectives; B, the conative usage of nouns; C, verb usage
(3) Nouns are used flexibly as verbs
(4) Adjectives are used flexibly as verbs.
(5) Verbs and adjectives are used flexibly as nouns.
(6) Nouns are used as adverbials flexibly: they are divided into: a, nouns indicating positions and places are used as adverbials; B. The noun indicating the tool or base is an adverbial; C, nouns expressing attitudes towards people are adverbials; D, the noun expressing metaphor is adverbial; The noun indicating the way of action is an adverbial.
Common sentence patterns of classical Chinese in junior high school
First of all, the verdict
In ancient Chinese judgment sentences, nouns or noun phrases are generally used to judge the subject, and the word "yes" is generally not used.
Its basic forms are "zhe, zhe", "zhe, zhe" and "zhe" The second is to express positive or negative judgments with such judgmental words as "Ze", "Jun", "Nai", "Wei", "namely" and "Fei". In another case, it is not necessary to judge words, but to judge them according to the context.
(1) "Wei" stands for affirmative judgment and can be translated as "Yes". For example, Dongpo represents the middle moth with more beards. (2) "Nai" stands for affirmative judgment and can be translated as "Yes". For example, I heard that there were few sons in the second year, but they stood wrong. It was Fu Su, the son.
(3) "namely" is a positive judgment, which can be translated as "namely".
(4) "Ze" means affirmative judgment, which can be translated as "Yes". This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
(5) "Yes" is used as a verb to express a positive judgment. Example: I am humble, but I am virtuous; You ask what this world is, I don't know there are Han people.
(6) "No" is a negative judgment and can be translated as "No". Unnatural inferiority complex; The soldiers are unyielding and profitable.
(7) "Lotus is the flower of a gentleman.
(8) "..., ... also". Chen Shengsheng is also from Yangcheng.
(9) "……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
( 10) "……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
( 1 1) "………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Second, ellipsis
Omitting a word or a component in a sentence is very common in classical Chinese. Mainly includes:
(1), omitting the subject
Achengqian province: fishermen are very different ... (fishermen) leave the ship and enter from the mouth.
Hou Meng Province
C dialogue province: for example, loyalty belongs to this province. ("The Debate of Cao Gui") (This, instead of the previous article "The size of the prison, although not inspected, there must be love")
(2) omit the predicate or verb
Choose the good and follow it, change the bad. (Ten Analects of Confucius)
One bite, then (drum) and decline, three bites (drum) and exhausted. (Cao Gui Debate)
(3) Omit the object
Throw (it) with a bone. (wolf)
You and (it) came together. ("Longzhong Dui")
(4) Omitting prepositions
The forest is short of water. (Peach Blossom Garden)
The arrow is fast. (A letter with Zhu)
(5) Omitting quantifiers: Quantifiers are often omitted after numerals in classical Chinese.
A desk, a chair, a fan and a ruler. Third, there are four main types of inverted sentences:
(1) verb inversion. In exclamatory sentences or interrogative sentences, in order to emphasize the predicate, put it at the beginning of the sentence and strengthen the sigh or interrogative tone. Exodus: Sorry, but you don't like it. The whole sentence is "you don't benefit much." The preposition of the predicate means emphasis and can be translated as "you are too clever"
(2) Preposition object. Contemporary words are used as objects in negative sentences, interrogative pronouns as objects of verbs or prepositions, and when "zhi" or "Shi" is used as object reference markers, the object usually comes first. Example: "What's the matter" is the inversion of "What's the matter". It can be translated into "what's so simple", "he", interrogative pronouns, "zhi" and auxiliary words, which have no practical significance and are the symbols of preposition objects here.
(3) attributive postposition. In ancient Chinese, in order to highlight modifiers, attributes were sometimes added after the head word.
For example: 1. If the chrysanthemum is called, the flowers are quiet. "The flower of the hermit" is the inversion of "the flower of the hermit". It can be translated as "a flower with a reclusive temperament"
2. Taste the remaining Nuclear Ship No.1.. "Nuclear Ship One" is the inversion of "a nuclear ship", and the attribute "one" can be translated as "a nuclear ship".
(4) Postposition of object-object structure
A, the preposition "Yu" is mostly postpositioned in classical Chinese. When translated into modern Chinese, most prepositional phrases are moved to the front of verbs as adverbials, except for a few that are translated into complements. Example: What's good for me? The whole sentence is an inverted sentence of "what's it to me", and the object-object structure is placed after "what's it to me". How am I different?
B, the preposition "one" is postpositioned, and today it is usually translated as an adverbial. Example: slaughter fear and throw bones at it. The whole sentence is the inversion of "throw it with a bone", and the object-object structure is placed behind "bone" and the bone is thrown to it; "Trusting the minister to restore the thief" is the inversion of "Trusting the minister to restore the thief", followed by the intermediary object structure of "restoring the thief".
Passive sentence: There are two main situations.
One is to use "Yu", "Wei", "Wei ……" and "Jian" to express passive sentences.
Second, there are no passive verbs, and the meaning is implicit, which should be inferred according to the context and semantics. (1) No signature, passive thinking: The emperor felt his sincerity and ordered Kwao's second son to take the second mountain.
(2) Marking text:
A "power" means passive: the son of heaven is moving.
B "For ............................................"
C "Yu" means passive: Guan Yiwu was promoted to a scholar, and "Yu …" means "In …" and was recommended.
5. Fixed format. The fixed structures in junior middle school classical Chinese are: "Isn't it true ..." "What are those?" ...........................................................................................................................................
(1) "Don't worry" is equivalent to "Don't worry": Isn't it pleasant to study from time to time? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? It's not easy to be a gentleman without knowing.
(2) "If" is equivalent to "What should I do" and "What should I do": Example: ... If ... is like the palace of Taihang? That is, "What about the two mountains of the King of Wu in Taihang?" What are things like dirt and stones? That is, "what can be done with mud and stones?"
(3) "about ... about ... about ... about ... about ... about ...
(4) "Why ..." is equivalent to "Why ..." and "Why ..." For example, why is this not a blessing, or "Why won't it become a blessing?"
(5) why. Example: Why fight?