There are many sayings:
Some people think that the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was designed in essence according to the ancient etiquette requirements of "death is like life". Because after Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, most of his energy and time were spent on the war to unify the whole country. At that time, he led thousands of troops to fight in the north, thus annexing six countries and unifying the world. In order to show his achievements before his death, it seems inevitable to be buried with him in the form of an army.
Most scholars believe that the toilet in Qin Bing is a part of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, which reflects the military situation of Qin Shihuang before his death, but there are differences on specific issues.
One view is that the large-scale group sculptures of Qin Jun unearthed in Qintong pit are the symbol of Qin Shihuang's creation and strengthening of centralization; The large number of soldiers and toilets in Qintongkeng is an image record of the powerful military strength under the rule of Qin Shihuang. In a sense, it can also be said to be the symbol of Qin Shihuang's eastern patrol escort.
One view is that the toilet pit in Qin Jun symbolizes the troops stationed outside the capital, and it can be called the guards. Take the No.1 soldier toilet army array alternating with chariots and infantry as the right army; The toilet pit of the No.2 soldier is mainly composed of chariots and cavalry, which is Zuo Jun; The unfinished abandoned pit should be No.4 pit, which is the proposed Zhong Jun; The toilet pit of the No.3 soldier is the right, left and middle armed forces commanded by the shogunate. The pit itself symbolizes the barrier of the garrison. Defending the capital by the three armed forces is the embodiment of Qin Shihuang's desire to strengthen centralization and safeguard national unity.
One view is that there is no pit 4, and the terracotta army array is composed of regular soldiers, strange soldiers and the headquarters, thus denying the theory of the three armies.
One view is that the toilet array of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is an unfinished project, and all of them should have 50 thousand toilet pits. This huge army array is equipped with troops in front, back, left, right and middle, which is actually the most basic array method practiced in the Qin Dynasty. One of the characteristics of square formation is "thin in the middle and thick in the square". China's army, Serenade, received more soldiers from four peripheral teams. The military array of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is configured according to the square matrix method of "thin with medium and thick with square".
One view is that the three pits of terracotta warriors and horses are not symbols of the left, middle and right armed forces, but reflect the three components of the Central Army in the Qin Dynasty. The third pit is by no means what people usually call the headquarters, but should be the palace guard Lang Wei who symbolizes the command of the doctor. Pit No.1 is a reflection of the Miyagi Guards under the jurisdiction of Wei Wei, or the Confederate Army. The second pit reflects the capital garrison commanded by the lieutenant, which can be called the North Army.
Why build terracotta warriors and horses?
Why did Qin Shihuang build Terracotta Warriors in history?
For the funeral, of course.
According to Records of the Historian, Qin Shihuang began to build a cemetery when he ascended the throne at the age of 13. Prime Minister Li Si was responsible for the planning and design, and General Zhang Han supervised the work. It took 58 years to build.
Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, located at Lingdong 1500m.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor not only set up a mausoleum city in the history of China Mausoleum, but also built a sleeping hall and a toilet hall, which also pioneered the large-scale construction of grave pits.
Before the Qin dynasty, there was no sacrifice to the late king in the cemetery, and Qin Shihuang built a sleeping hall in the cemetery for the first time. There are two city walls in mausoleum of the first qin emperor, and the plane is zigzag. Lingshan is located in the south-central part of the inner city wall. There is a sleeping hall 50 meters northwest of the mausoleum. The base site we can see now is nearly square, covering an area of 3,500 square meters, and there are other architectural sites nearby. In the sleeping hall, there is a statue of Qin Shihuang, which is used for sacrifice and ancestor worship. This mausoleum system had a far-reaching influence on later generations, and was imitated by later emperors' tombs until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This is also a development of ancient funeral culture in China.
Why should we develop and build Terracotta Warriors and Horses now?
As one of the most important archaeological sites, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses have attracted worldwide attention for their archaeological progress. From the discovery of the Terracotta Warriors to the present, the Terracotta Warriors have experienced several large-scale excavations, and in the eyes of the world, their appearance is becoming more and more complete.
The Terracotta Warriors Museum is the largest ancient military museum in China. 198 1 year, the people of China and the State Council designated the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor as a national key cultural relics protection unit. The first comprehensive archaeological investigation of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum began in 1920. 1982, archaeologists drew the first plane layout of the cemetery. After testing, the cemetery covers an area of 56.25 square kilometers, equivalent to nearly 78 Forbidden City, which caused a sensation in the archaeological community. 1987, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit were approved by UNESCO to be included in the World Heritage List, and were praised as "the eighth wonder of the world". The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Qin Dynasty made all the people in China proud and amazed the people all over the world!
Why did Qin Shihuang engage in so many terracotta warriors and horses?
The northwest of China entered a continuous drought year from March 65438 to March 0974, and the villagers in xiyang village on the east side of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum had to dig wells to get water. At that time, one side of a half-dug abandoned well touched a mysterious underground kingdom. If the position of the well was slightly deviated at that time, the history of more than 2,000 years ago was still in chaos.
This is a kind of god that people have never visited. It has various shapes, as if man is not a god. It has never appeared in that temple in China. From the appearance, it is not so much a statue as a warrior in armor. However, archaeologists are concerned about whether these ceramic statues found at a distance of 0/.5 km from the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang are related to the legendary Tomb of Qin Shihuang.
Soon after, the archaeological team entered Xiyang Village. Who would have thought that this seemingly insignificant archaeological work shocked the world six months later? This is the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, known as the "eighth wonder of the world". They are the overall shaping art presented by individual images. These 8,000 terracotta warriors and horses have different shapes and are by no means identical, which can be called the pinnacle in the history of world modeling 2,000 years ago. However, why did Qin Shihuang spend huge manpower to shape the Terracotta Warriors?
Seeing death as life China has been paying attention to "seeing death as life" since ancient times, thinking that there will be a ghost world after death. If everything before his death is taken underground, his life in the underworld will be the same as before.
So archaeologists speculated that these terracotta warriors and horses were the guardians of Qin Shihuang's underworld. The first emperor did not use live horses as living sacrifices, and his guards were all made by skilled craftsmen. Are these terracotta warriors and horses the last evidence of the Qin Mausoleum?
Archaeological studies show that the manufacturing age of these terracotta warriors and horses began in about 22 1 BC, when Qin unified the whole country, and ended in 209 BC, which lasted about 10 years, requiring the joint efforts of tens of thousands of craftsmen.
If the layout of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Dynasty is modeled after the shape of the political center of the Qin Dynasty and Xianyang, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit symbolizes the army of the underground kingdom of the Qin Mausoleum, that is, a ghost army!
Following the discovery of the first Terracotta Warriors pit in 1974, in the first half of 1975, the second pit and the third pit of terracotta warriors were discovered one after another. The three pits are basically arranged in zigzag, with a total area of over 20,000 square meters. There are more than 7,000 terracotta warriors and horses, and more than 0/00 wooden chariots. The three terracotta warriors and horses pits are all underground tunnel-type civil structures, which are separated from each other, self-contained, closely linked and integrated, and together form a huge and tight underground military camp.
1979, archaeologists discovered a bronze chariot pit 20 meters west of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, which reflected the east-west trend of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses pit and became another major archaeological discovery in China.
The main body of bronze chariots and horses is bronze casting, and some of them are gold and silver ornaments. Each part is cast separately, and then a plurality of parts are assembled into a whole through various mechanical connection processes, such as embedding casting, welding, bonding, riveting, pressing, buckle fastening, pin connection and the like. Full-body painting, the horse is white, and the pigments used for painting are mineral pigments mixed with glue, and the three-dimensional lines are shaped with the concentration of glue.
In addition to the three pits, there is also a No.4 pit that has only been excavated and expanded, and there is no time to lay bricks and shed wood, and it has not been put into the Terracotta Warriors. According to the survey, No.4 pit covers an area of more than 4,000 square meters. Although it is rarely mentioned, it is not dispensable because these four pits constitute a complete military establishment system. Three are short of one, leaving historical defects.
The three pits for burying this ghost army are different: the first pit of Terracotta Warriors seems to be an infantry unit; Pit 2 is a multi-armed special force composed of cavalry, chariots and infantry (including drivers); Pit No.3 seems to be the command organ in charge of Pit No.1 and Pit No.2. ..
There are more than 7000 terracotta warriors and horses, 100 chariots, 400 terracotta warriors and horses and hundreds of thousands of weapons in the three pits. The discovery of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qin Mausoleum is known as "the eighth wonder of the world" internationally. Since 1975, the state has built exhibition halls on three pits for public display, and the second pit was exhibited while excavating. The terracotta warriors and horses in the No.1 pit are arranged in the east-west cross hole of1/kloc-0. The armored warriors with arrows and spears and six chariots are staggered on the east side of the March 8th Road, forming the main force of the main body of the military array. In front of the main force are three rows of horizontal teams, with 70 warriors in each row, each holding a bow and arrow, each commanding and commanding, forming the vanguard of the whole array. On the other three sides, there are a series of samurai statues facing south, north and west, which seem to be flanks and guards to prevent the enemy from attacking from the wings and behind. (Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang)
Qin terracotta warriors and horses are all made by real people. Warrior figurine height1.8m ... >>
Why did Qin Shihuang build the Terracotta Warriors?
I have read a short story before, saying that Qin Shihuang's Yin and Yang teachers and astrologers chose a treasure trove of geomantic omen, saying that there is a dragon lurking here, and it would be nice to bury it there, but once construction starts, the dragon will fly away, kill the soldiers and suppress the dragon soul with the blood of the soldiers, but this is cruel. It was suggested that a stone man should be used instead, and the whole mountain should be locked with a big lock, so that the dragon could not fly. Of course, I don't know the truth of this story, but there is no doubt that the Terracotta Warriors are either the wishes of soldiers or superstitious ideas. The so-called soldier's last wish is that many generals who lead troops to fight have a complex. It is not surprising that after their death, they have to metabolize armor and bury halberds, and Qin Huang swept across Liuhe Pingyu. But about the Terracotta Warriors, it is said that it is his fake tomb! Qin Shihuang was not buried there. There may be an ending in the future, so let's wait and see!
How did the Terracotta Warriors come into being?
Production of Terracotta Warriors:
Terracotta warriors and horses are mostly made by combined farming. First, make the first tire with ceramic mold, and then cover it with a layer of fine mud for processing, carving and coloring. Some burn first, some burn first. In fact, all the terracotta warriors and horses in those days had bright and harmonious paintings. In the process of excavation, we found that some pottery figurines were brightly colored when they were first unearthed, and their colors gradually fell off after they were unearthed because of the dry air.
Reasons for making Terracotta Warriors and Horses:
It was used as a human sacrifice. In ancient China, the system of human sacrifice was gradually abolished because of inhumanity since the late Western Zhou Dynasty. In the Spring and Autumn Period, only the Qin State practiced human sacrifice, so the Eastern Storage State thought that the Qin State was a barbarian country. Later, Qin also abolished human sacrifice and replaced the living with pottery figurines. This habit continued until the Han Dynasty. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Han Dynasty are also very distinctive.
There are many burial pits in the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, among which the Terracotta Warriors and Horses are one.
As the monarch who unified the six countries, Qin Shihuang thought he had made great contributions, so he wanted to build more tombs than the previous generation.
Qin Shihuang fought in six countries mainly by force, so Qin Shihuang hoped to take his army underground after his death, on the one hand, to protect his mausoleum, on the other hand, to publicize his military strength, and the most important thing was a mausoleum system!
Why did Qin Shihuang build the Terracotta Warriors?
I have read a short story before, saying that Qin Shihuang's Yin and Yang teachers and astrologers chose a treasure trove of geomantic omen, saying that there is a dragon lurking here, just bury it there, but once construction starts, the dragon will fly away, kill the soldiers and suppress the dragon soul with the blood of the soldiers, but this is cruel. It was suggested that a stone man should be used instead, and the whole mountain range should be locked with a big lock, so that the dragon could not fly. Of course, I don't know the truth of this story, but there is no doubt that the Terracotta Warriors are either the wishes of soldiers or superstitious ideas. The so-called soldier's last wish is that many generals who lead troops to fight have a complex. It is not surprising that after their death, they have to metabolize armor and bury halberds, and Qin Huang swept across Liuhe Pingyu. But about the Terracotta Warriors, it is said that it is his fake tomb! Qin Shihuang was not buried there. There may be an ending in the future, so let's wait and see!
Why did Qin Shihuang build the Terracotta Warriors?
Prepare for his death.
The Terracotta Warriors are his underground army. The ancients thought that when people died, they had to move on.
This is why he built terracotta warriors and horses and so on.
Why did the Qin Dynasty build terracotta warriors and horses on such a scale?
The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum attract artists, art historians and the masses today with their grandeur. Its shocking power makes people have to admire the talented art designers and skilled craftsmen and artists in ancient times. The scale of the Terracotta Warriors is unprecedented and amazing. These figurines have been buried underground for more than two thousand years. In the past, they were only the funerary objects and guards of Qin Shihuang. It was not discovered until 1974. Later it was excavated again in 1976. At present, there are pits 1, 2 and 3 excavated. The first pit is the largest, with a depth of 5 meters, a length of 230 meters from east to west and a width of 60 meters from north to south. It is located in the east of Qinhuang Ruling Mausoleum in Lintong, Shaanxi, and extends eastward 1.5 km. 13,000 square meters, the partition wall and the roadway are separated from each other, and the pottery figurines are arranged neatly and orderly into a huge army array facing the east. At the eastern end of the array, there are three rows of horizontal lines. There are 68 warriors in the first column, totaling 204, which seems to be the vanguard of the army. Behind is the infantry of the 38th parallel column, and in the middle is a horse-drawn chariot, which is the main part of the army array. On the left, right and back sides of the main body, there are a row of horizontal lines facing south, north and west respectively, which are the two wings and guards of the army array. There are more than 6000 terracotta figures and horses. The second pit is a mixed formation of crossbowmen, chariots and cavalry. Pit 3 seems to be the military headquarters responsible for pits 1 and 2. Both pits are small in scale, but there are still nearly a thousand clay figurines. The height of the figurines is generally, 1.8 meters, and the maximum is 2 meters, which is equal to or slightly higher than the real person. Judging from their clothes, crowns and postures, they are all warriors, but they are different in age and status and have no civil servants. Most samurai wear short coats, crossed collars, knee-length right slits, shorts, leggings and square shoes. Some warriors wear armor, some wear front and rear breastplates, and some wear shawl armor. There are old officers wearing long crowns and two short coats, and there are also young soldiers wearing armor. These figurines all carry practical weapons, such as swords, crossbows, bows, spears and halberds. , are all made of metal, even the arrows are real. Taoma Tonggao 1.72 meters, 2 meters long, almost like a real horse. Four legs upright, mouth open, head held high, ears straight, eyes wide open. Magnificent. Tao Su's solemn and orderly array of 6,000 soldiers and horses shows Qin Jun's unstoppable momentum of sweeping Liuhe. In the overall harmony and unity of dynamic and static, it contains infinite power, revealing the admiration and reverence of the art designer for Wei Jun, the king of Qin. As an individual sculpture, the concretization of the image, especially the personalized features of the face, has increased the vitality of the military array. Pottery figurines are made by combining molding and hand kneading. Craftsmen and artists use techniques such as sticking plastic, carving and painting in the process of kneading plastic, and give full play to their personal imagination according to long-term observation of different characters. There are various faces and expressions of figurines: some faces are long and wide, some are round and muddy, and their cheekbones are raised; Some are fierce and some are handsome; Some are simple and honest, and some are smart and capable. The style of beard and hair is also unique. Beards have upturned horns, thick moustaches on both cheeks, and some have long beards; Some people only have short moustaches. Hairstyles are also strange and varied: long hair and moustache, which are conical and round, and the position is right. The braids at the back of the head are either crossed, big or forked. With the exception of a few upright and kneeling figures and riders, most of them are upright, with weapons in their right hands and drooping left hands, and their bodies are mostly plastic. The theme of the military array requires the warriors to stand up straight and arrange uniformly, which naturally forms the solemn layout of the whole military array. In the limited free creation, artists have shaped warriors and poured their love into the children of ordinary people. In the harmony of unity and change between the whole and the individual, a great artistic conception has been completed, which not only embodies the military power that the rulers want, but also shows the vitality of ordinary people. At first, pottery figurines were colored, such as armor figurines wearing green or red jackets, with purple or pink-blue flower edges on the neckline and cuffs, dark blue shorts and black shoes. Armor is black and brown, and nails and even nails are carefully painted. You can imagine 6000 terracotta warriors and horses with bright colors. Today, although you can't see the glory of that year, the terracotta warriors and horses with gray and black skin are more historic. In the winter of 980 AD, two bronze chariots and horses were dug up seven meters underground on the west side of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. Both kinds of amusement facilities are single-wheeled vehicles controlled by four horses. Before riding, the car was carrying an umbrella and the rider stood; After riding a circle, the rider knelt down. The casting of the two cars is extremely exquisite, and the whole body is painted and gorgeous. The words "safety car" are engraved on the end of the metal bridle rope of the hood car, which may be designed to imitate the imperial driving of the Qin Dynasty. Chetong ... >>
Why did the Terracotta Warriors find out so late? Why didn't the ancients spread such a big event?
1. At that time, almost all the craftsmen who built the Terracotta Warriors died in the imperial tomb, and no one knew it. Even if there are some survivors, it is impossible to know the whole picture of the ancient tomb project, because it is extremely huge and only knows a part at most.
After Xiang Yu invaded Xianyang, the palace and the imperial tomb were burned, the weapons of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses were taken away, and the bodies were destroyed. At that time, the terracotta warriors and horses were just a piece of pottery ruins, not even as attractive as the Epang Palace ruins.
3. Tai Shigong's history books have recorded the Terracotta Warriors. Just a few strokes. In addition, there are no other precious things in the pit except pottery figurines, which is difficult to attract the interest and attention of historians and grave robbers.
The above points, coincidentally, have preserved the eighth wonder of the world to the present.