Introduction of Buyi nationality, diet, culture and living habits.

Buyi is one of the ethnic minorities in China. 2,545,059 people, including more than 2 million in Guizhou Province, accounting for more than 95% of the Buyi population. They mainly live in two Buyi and Miao autonomous prefectures in southern Guizhou and southwestern Guizhou, and in Duyun, Libo, Dushan, Pingtang and Zhenning counties 10. The rest are scattered in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi and other provinces (regions). Buyi language belongs to Zhuang-Dai branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, and has no mother tongue. Buyi language came into being in 1950s, but it has not been widely popularized. Now there is more commonly used Chinese. Buyi people mainly focus on agriculture and have a long history of planting rice. Enjoy the title of "America". Hongshui River Basin is also one of the most important forest areas in China. The staple food of ethnic diet is mainly rice. People like to steam rice into rice with a special cooker "Naozi". Buyi people generally like to eat glutinous rice, which is often used as a staple food to improve their lives or adjust their tastes. Cold dishes, "moss frozen meat" and "bean jelly" are the favorite foods of Buyi people. Buyi people like to eat hot and sour, pickled cabbage, sour soup and pepper, which are essential for almost every meal, especially for women. There are also blood tofu, sausages, and flavored dishes made of dried fresh bamboo shoots and various insects. Kimchi Most Buyi people are good at making kimchi, bacon and lobster sauce, and the unique kimchi "hydrochloric acid" is well-known at home and abroad. Among the meat dishes, dog meat, dog enema and beef soup pot are the top dishes. Some branches of Buyi people don't eat dog meat because dogs have saved their ancestors. When the Buyi people kill pigs, they are used to putting more salt in the blood basin first, and then mixing with the pig blood to prevent the pig blood from clotting. Add chopped green onion, seasoning and minced meat into water and cook the soup. When the soup is cooled to room temperature, it is diluted with pig blood and stored until it is solidified, so it can be eaten. It is called "blood-generating" or "blood-activating". Buyi people in Guizhou like to cook with scalpers to prevent weddings. Welcome wine plays an important role in the daily life of Buyi people. After the autumn harvest every year, every household will brew a large amount of rice wine (that is, brewed wine) and store it for drinking all year round. Buyi people like to entertain guests with wine. No matter how much you drink, as long as you arrive, you always take the wine first. This is called "welcome wine". When drinking, use bowls instead of cups, guess fists and sing. There are many traditional snacks of Buyi people, especially Buyi people living in Yunnan, who are good at making rice noodles, bait slices, pea powder, rice cakes and so on. Buyi people are generous and hospitable, which is characterized by grand festivals such as February 2nd, March 3rd, April 8th, Dragon Boat Festival, June 6th, July 30th and Mid-Autumn Festival. On April 8, many Buyi people dyed glutinous rice into colorful flowers with various plant branches and leaves such as Liquidambar formosana leaves, yellow rice flowers and dyed flowers. The notable feature of the stone slab houses of ethnic buildings close to mountains and waters is that Buyi people live close to mountains and waters. Most of the residential buildings are dry-column buildings or semi-buildings (buildings in front of the first half and bungalows behind the second half). Buyi areas such as Zhenning and Anshun in Guizhou are rich in high-quality stone, and there are also large flat stone slabs that can be uncovered layer by layer and have a basically uniform thickness. This thin stone comes from water-bearing shale. According to local conditions, the local Buyi people used local materials to build slate houses with national characteristics. Stone slab houses are made of stone strips or stones, and the wall height can reach five or six meters; Covering the roof with slate, paving it into a neat diamond shape or paving it into a scale shape with materials, the stone house is not only impervious to wind and rain, but also simple and beautiful, with a light roof, easy to live and no sense of oppression. In a word, except sandalwood rafters are made of wood, the rest are made of stone, and even tables, stools, stoves, bowls, bowls, grinders, troughs, altars and basins used in daily life are made of stone. Everything is simple and honest. This kind of house is warm in winter and cool in summer, which is moisture-proof and fire-proof, but the lighting is poor. In Chengguan Town, where the county seat of Ningbuyi and Miao Autonomous County is located, most houses are made of stone, and there are dozens of stone buildings with three or four floors. Because the stone is pale gray, it is more crystal clear and clean after processing, so when you look at Zhenning during the day, the silver light flashes; Looking at Zhenning on a moonlit night, the frost covers the snow. For this reason, it has the reputation of "Yinzhenning" and "Yinzhenning" in ancient times. The stone buildings in this town have a long history of more than 600 years, which is both solidified music and immortal epic. Building pressure Buyi people are under great pressure to build houses. First of all, please ask the teacher of Yin and Yang to take a look at the "Feng Shui" and choose a place near the mountains and rivers as the base address of the house, not only facing the Qingshan Mountain, but also facing the Qingfeng Mountain. It is best to rely on mountains such as "lying lion guarding", "green dragon enclosure" and "riding your seat"; When you go to the mountain, you should choose the forms of "Shuanglong grabbing treasure", "Shuanglong playing with pearls", "Wan Ma returning to the trough" and "Shouxing holding high photos". Fortunately, most Buyi areas are limestone mountains, which are not difficult to find. Choose an auspicious day when building a house. A month before an auspicious day, a carpenter was invited to make a framework for a house. The auspicious day for building a house is dedicated to Master Luban. When the house was put up, my father-in-law sent me a girder with big flowers of red silk tied on it, and a band and a lion dance team set off firecrackers. Song and dance ceremonies and banquets will also be held on the beam. Finally, take the ancestral tablet and the kitchen god (charcoal fire) to the new house. The whole process of building a new house is filled with the atmosphere of jubilation and mutual assistance in Buyi villages. Culture and Art The culture and art of Buyi people are colorful. Traditional dances include bronze drum dance, weaving dance, lion dance and sugar bag dance. Traditional musical instruments include suona, Qin Yue, flute, konoha and flute. Di Opera and Lantern Opera are the favorite operas of Buyi people. Daqu and Xiaoqu are two kinds of singing forms with multi-voice structure that spread in southern Guizhou. Dish songs ask each other questions and ask questions randomly by singing. Astronomy, geography, mountains and rivers, flowers and plants can all enter the song. Folk oral literature includes myths, legends, stories, fables, proverbs and poems. Cloth woven by farmers themselves has long enjoyed a good reputation. In recent years, enterprises specializing in the production of Buyi brocade, batik cloth and national craft clothing have been established one after another, and their products are exported to Southeast Asia, Japan, Europe and America. Batik technology Buyi people's batik has a long reputation. As early as the Song Dynasty, batik cloth was recorded, which is a specialty of Huishui in Guizhou. The "blue and white cloth" mentioned in the history books of Qing Dynasty is batik cloth. Buyi girls began to learn batik from their mothers at the age of 12 or 13. First, the beeswax is heated and melted into wax juice, then dipped in the wax juice with a triangular copper wax knife, and various beautiful and vivid patterns are carefully drawn on the self-woven white cloth, and then dyed in indigo vats to be blue or light blue. Finally, the cloth is boiled to remove beeswax, fished out, washed repeatedly in the river and dried to form a unique batik handicraft. Many of them are now on display in Beijing Museum. Batik cloth is rich and concise in patterns, lively and bold in painting, and presents unique turtle patterns (also known as small ripples), which has artistic effects that cannot be replaced by machines. Different regions have different styles of batik art: some like to use flowers, birds, insects and fish as batik patterns, which are bold in composition and vivid in image; Some are characterized by rigorous structure and delicate lines; Some of them are made of dragon claw flowers and tribulus terrestris flowers, with rough and bright colors ... Batik art not only beautifies people's lives, but also enriches the costumes of Chinese and foreign women. In the past 20 years, some batik factories have been built in Guizhou, and special art designers have created and drawn new patterns. The images of various figures and animals are richer and the colors tend to be diversified. Batik cloth is mostly used for women's headscarves, dresses, waists and quilts, door curtains and curtains. Some of them have a high level of craftsmanship, and their designs are very novel and exquisite. They are also used as art wall hangings to decorate living rooms and hotels. Buyi women also add embroidery to batik dresses, which is more charming. Besides batik, traditional Buyi folk crafts include tie-dyeing, brocade, embroidery, wood carving, stone carving and bamboo weaving. Buyi Opera has a short history, only about 100 years. There are two types of Buyi opera. One is based on Buyi folk stories, reflecting the social life of Buyi people. The actors wore Buyi costumes and sang in Buyi. The main repertoires are: March 3rd, June 6th, Poor Uncle, Money and Empty Man, Love of Golden Bamboo, Luo Xixing, Hong, etc. The contents are very rich, reflecting the resistance struggle, customs and habits of Buyi people and the love between men and women. Among them, "A Journey to Luoxi" won the 1984 National Minority Drama Excellence Award. The other is based on the story or rap of the Han nationality. The costumes and props are basically the same as those of the Han opera, and China Daobai and Buyi singing methods are used. The main repertoires are Hang the Red Lantern High, Python, Lily, Cinnabar, Ying Ge, Cash Tree, Yutangchun, Qin Xianglian and Zhu Yingtai. ? Buyi marriage is monogamous. Marriage of the same clan or surname is prohibited. It also maintains the custom of "cousins get married" and the transmission system of brothers and sisters. Young men and women are free to fall in love before marriage. Unmarried young men and women everywhere like to talk or express their feelings through chatting and singing, and freely combining three to five to seven or eight people. A man has a crush on a girl. Traditionally, he must find a third party as a partner, and the others are introduced by his sister-in-law. If the woman wants to, she can meet alone in a quiet place, further sing folk songs and express her feelings until the two sides give each other tokens, indicating that they have pledged their lives. When engaged, the man's parents entrusted the matchmaker to the woman's house to send some gifts such as wine and meat rakes. If the other party agrees, the second matchmaker will make the eight characters of both men and women "effective", and as long as the eight characters match, you can choose the wedding date. The amount of bride price in this area pays special attention to the number of "six" or "double", which is said to be a homonym for taking "six" as land to show that both of them are blessed after marriage. When getting married, the groom doesn't say hello to the bride, but only asks young men and women of several good friends to say hello. Brides usually walk to the man's house with umbrellas, and some ride horses in sedan chairs. On the wedding day, the newlyweds split up and went back to their parents' house the next day. Buyi people in residential areas still have the custom of "living at home" or "sitting at home". Some people have to live in their husband's family for two or three years or even five or six years. Buyi people in mixed areas have largely abolished this custom. Etiquette and custom Buyi people are hospitable, generous and sincere. Anyone who comes to the cottage, relatives and friends of old friends and strangers, will treat each other with wine. Buyi people are very polite and don't welcome abusive and rude guests. Buyi families live separately. However, despite the separation of brothers, when distributing property, parents should be left to support the old-age fields, and brothers should take turns farming. After the death of parents, the old-age field became a graveyard for tomb sweeping. So that future generations will always remember the trust and kindness of their elders.