The three provinces and regions of present-day Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and eastern Inner Mongolia (Eastern Mongolia originated from Northeast China) are located in the northeast of the motherland. Since ancient times, they have been generally called "Northeast", and after the Ming Dynasty, they were also commonly known as "Guandong". It is still popular among people to this day. The administrative divisions of Northeast China have been divided differently in the past dynasties, with various names. However, the formation of a distinctive regional culture has gone through thousands of years of changes, and finally joined the Chinese national culture and became an inseparable part of it.
History is the most reliable witness. Let’s start from the source of history.
Northeast China as a region has been recorded in classics since the beginning of writing. The earliest record of Northeast China being included in classics is "Shang Shu Yu Gong", which divided ancient China into "Jiuzhou", among which "Jizhou" covers the western part of Liaoning Province today; "Qingzhou" covers southern Liaoning, mainly the Liaodong Peninsula. within the jurisdiction of the state. According to legend, "Jiuzhou" was established by Yu after he controlled the floods, and Shun analyzed "Jiuzhou" into "Twelve States", among which Jizhou was divided into "Northeast" and "Youzhou", that is, the area west of Beizhen, Liaoning was called Liaoxi; Qingzhou was divided into "Northeast". Yingzhou, the area east of today's Beizhen is called Liaodong. The division between western and eastern Liaoning is roughly divided by the present-day Liaohe River. In addition to "Yu Gong", there are also books such as "Erya·Shidi", "Zhouli·Zhifang" and "Lu Shi Chunqiu·Youshi Lan", all of which have similar records. In fact, the so-called "Nine States" and "Twelve States" were just the idealization of ancient times by intellectuals during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period or later, and reflected the geographical concepts of people at that time. Because the three generations of Yao, Shun, and Yu did not yet have the conditions to form a country, naturally there would be no administrative divisions and establishment of "states." Despite this, at least during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in people's geographical concepts, today's Liaoning Province has been summarized within the jurisdiction of Jizhou, Qingzhou, Youzhou, and Yingzhou respectively. The establishment of these four states does not include the present-day Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces. It only refers to the present-day Liaoning Province by its orientation "Northeast".
According to Kao’s history, before the Spring and Autumn Period, no system was established in the Northeast, and the political affiliation of the land and residents with the Central Plains dynasty was only confirmed by tribute from border ethnic groups. According to "Historical Records of the Five Emperors": As early as the time of Shun, the tribes that paid tribute in the north included "Shanrong, Beifa, and Xishen". Xishen means Sushen. He lived among the white mountains and black waters during the Yao and Shun eras. Therefore, the Zhou Dynasty inherited the legacy of Yao and Shun, saying: "Li Shen, Yan, and Hao are my northern lands." During the Zhou Dynasty, Su Shen continued to pay tribute. Confucius had seen his tribute with his own eyes, the Zhu Ya stone tablet, and appraised it for Chen Guohui Gong. "The Classic of Mountains and Seas: The Northern Classic of Great Wilderness" also contains records about Su Shen: "Beyond the Northeast Sea, in the Great Wilderness, there is a mountain named Buxian, and there is the country of the Su Shen family." "Buxian is now the Changbai Mountain, and it has been confirmed that the Sushen people lived in the Changbai Mountain area.
The above evidence goes beyond the geographical concept of Jizhou and other four states, and extends it to Baishan and Heishui, which is equivalent to the current two provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. At this time, because there was no clear administrative division, the region was still referred to as the direction "Northeast". At the same time, the ethnic group was also used as the representative name of the region.
Northeast China officially got the name of this region. It was during the Warring States Period that it was associated with the Yan State setting up a county here. Yan State is located in the north and is often invaded by the powerful enemy Donghu. During the reign of King Zhao, the Great Wall began to be built, which almost encompassed the entire territory of Liaoning Province today, and counties were set up to govern the area. According to the "Historical Records·Biography of the Xiongnu", it is very clear: "From Zaoyang to Xiangping, Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong counties were placed to resist the Hu. "The two counties of western Liaoning and eastern Liaoning and parts of Youbeiping County are all in today's Liaoning Province. Xiangping is now Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province, and was the capital of Liaodong County at that time. This is the first time in history that a county has been established in Liaoning and also in the Northeast region. Since then, Liao has become the name of today's Liaoning area, and it has remained unchanged through the ages. Sometimes Liao is generally referred to as the Northeast region, but its true meaning is limited to the Liaoning region.
Qin ended the long-term disputes during the Warring States Period and achieved great unification for the first time. In order to defend against the Xiongnu, the great walls of Yan and Zhao were combined into one, and all sections of the Great Wall were connected into one. For example, "Historical Records·Mengtian Biography" says: "Due to the terrain, dangers were used to control the fortress, starting from Lintao and ending in Liaodong, stretching more than ten thousand miles." "The Liaodong section of the Great Wall basically follows the direction of the Yan Great Wall, and still puts most of Liaoning within the boundaries of the Great Wall. The three counties of Liaodong, Liaoxi, and Youbeiping are the inheritance and further improvement of the Yan system.
In the Han Dynasty, the system of Yan and Qin was inherited. In addition to the three counties of Liaoxi, Liaodong, and Youbeiping, in the former Han Dynasty, Canghai County, Xuantu County, Lelang County, Lintun County, and Zhen County were added. Fanjun,.
These counties were all established during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (140 BC - 87 BC). Among them, Canghai County was abolished after only two years. In the fifth year of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty (82 BC), Zhenfan and Lin The two counties of Tun were merged into Xuantu County and Lelang County respectively. These counties have placed the current Songhua River Basin and Tumen River Basin, equivalent to today's Jilin Province and the area close to Heilongjiang Province, within their jurisdiction. In particular, today's Korea has also been divided into four counties, which were unified by the Han Dynasty. under jurisdiction. This shows that the administrative jurisdiction over the Northeast was further expanded during the Han Dynasty. Later, successive dynasties continued to expand their jurisdiction, and more and more counties, counties and state roads were established. With the consolidation and improvement of the county system, it naturally promoted the final formation of the Northeast region.
As far as regional names are concerned, since the Qin and Han Dynasties until the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there was no general name that could cover the three provinces today. However, the names of Liaodong and Liaoxi counties have been in use for a long time. It only refers to present-day Liaoning. The aforementioned "Northeast" only has a directional meaning, and after the Yan and Qin Dynasties, prefectures and counties were gradually established in the three provinces today. However, the Han people and the various ethnic minorities have different administrative divisions. In other words, they have not yet been unified, so it is difficult to cover them with one name. All regions. As a region, it is bound to form a rough identity in politics, economy, culture and life customs. This is a long historical process, and the name is just a definition of historical development. We can see that from ancient times, it was generally referred to as "Northeast", and then evolved to specifically refer to eastern Liaoning and western Liaoning. They were actually two parts of one region. Therefore, later generations collectively referred to the east and west of Liaoning as "Liao" in today's Liaoning Province. This is inseparably linked to the administrative division system. That is to say, without administrative divisions, a homogeneous region cannot be formed.
The Yan State established a county in present-day Liaoning, which undoubtedly had pioneering significance for the formation of the Northeast region. The Qin and Han Dynasties expanded on this basis. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the administrative divisions in the Northeast basically followed the settings of the Qin and Han Dynasties, and implemented the system of prefectures and counties. These counties (states) were all located in today's Liaoning Province and parts of North Korea, but not in Jilin and Heilongjiang Provinces. For the Dongyi, Xianbei, Wuhuan and other ethnic groups living in present-day Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces and present-day eastern Inner Mongolia, there were additional jurisdictions including Dongyi Xiaowei, Huxianbei Xiaowei, and Huwuhuanwei. These ethnic groups maintained tributary relations with the Central Plains dynasties and maintained a stable situation.
From the Sui and Tang Dynasties, through the Liao and Jin Dynasties to the Yuan Dynasty, about 700 years ago, it was the formation and development period of the Northeast region. The outstanding manifestation is the administrative division of the Northeast by the Central Plains Dynasty, from the original south to the north, namely Ji The two provinces of Heilongjiang developed and the administrative divisions of the entire region were improved, thus establishing the rule of the Central Plains dynasty over the entire region. In particular, the three dynasties of Liao, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties established by ethnic minorities were of special significance to the development of the entire region.
The Sui Dynasty only existed for more than 30 years, and its contribution to the Northeast was not obvious. It only established Beiping County and Liaoxi County, and its jurisdiction ranged from the northeastern part of Hebei Province to the western part of Liaoning Province. Because Goguryeo was in a state of war and the Sui Dynasty had limited administrative jurisdiction over the Northeast, Goguryeo was not destroyed, but it itself died short-lived. After the Tang Dynasty, its national power grew rapidly, eventually destroying Goguryeo and advancing administrative establishment to the Heilongjiang Basin, ushering in a new era of regional development.
Goguryeo was destroyed in the first year of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty (668). In December of that year, the Tang Dynasty established the Andong Protectorate and restored the central government's administrative jurisdiction over the Liaodong hometown. Not only that, but the government was set up in Pyongyang, and the territory of today's northern Korea north of the Han River and east to the Sea of ??Japan was included in China's territory and placed under the jurisdiction of the Andong Protectorate. But this situation could not last long. As the government continued to move inward, its jurisdiction gradually shrank. In the third year of the Shangyuan Dynasty (676), the government moved from Pyongyang to the old city of Liaoyang City, then to the new city (today's Gaoershan Mountain City, Fushun, Liaoning), and then to Youzhou, Pingzhou, Yanjun, until Moved to the old city of Liaoxi, which was also the Liaoxi County of the Sui Dynasty, around the vicinity of Wangmintun in the east of Daling River in Yixian County, Liaoning Province. One of the most significant consequences of the repeated inward moves of the Andong Protectorate was that it gave up the territory that China should possess in what is now northern Korea and returned to the jurisdiction of Liaodong County during the Han and Wei Dynasties, following the legacy of previous dynasties before the Tang Dynasty. jurisdiction of the area.
In today's western region of Liaoning, the Xilamulun River and Laoha River basins in the upper reaches of the Liaohe River are where the Khitan people live. In the Tang Dynasty, the Yingzhou Governor's Office and the Songmo Governor's Office were established here, respectively, with 17 Khitan prefectures under each. Strictly speaking, the establishment of administrative agencies in Khitan settlements actually began in the Tang Dynasty, which shows that the Khitan people, as an ethnic minority, have entered the ranks of the Chinese nation. At the same time, they are also closely linked to the development of the Northeast region.
In the Laoha River Basin where the Xi people lived, the Raole Dudu Mansion was established; in the vast area from the north of the present-day Xilamulun River to the south of the Daxingan Mountains where the Xi people lived, there were Zhenyan Prefecture, He lived in Yanzhou, which is now part of the Wuzhumuqin Banner of Inner Mongolia. The administrative agencies established in the residential areas of Shiwei tribes have penetrated into the hinterland of today's Heilongjiang Province. According to research, the main residential area of ??the Shiwei tribe is in the Nenjiang River Basin. Around the middle and late Tang Dynasty, Governor Wei was established in this area. What is particularly significant is that from the early to the middle of the founding of the Tang Dynasty, jurisdictional agencies were successively set up in the residential areas of the Mohe people in the Heilongjiang River Basin. To cite the important ones, for example, the famous Heishui Dudu's Mansion was located in the area where Heishui Mohe is located in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang River; the Kuhan Prefecture's Dudu's Mansion was located on the southeastern coast of today's Russian coastal area. When the Bohai Kingdom was established, its king was granted the title of Bohai County King by the Tang Dynasty, and became the local political power in Northeast China under the jurisdiction of the Tang Dynasty. With the continuous expansion of its territory, the Communist Party of China established five capitals, fifteen prefectures, and sixty-two prefectures. The land formerly under the jurisdiction of the Heishui Governor's Office and the Liaodong area were all under its jurisdiction.
During the reign of the Tang Dynasty, especially after the fall of Goguryeo, on the basis of the existing institutions, a comprehensive political establishment was carried out in the three northeastern provinces including parts of Inner Mongolia in the west of Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces. It was systematic and complete, far away. It far exceeds the scale and level of the previous dynasties before the Tang Dynasty. Although it was later merged under the rule of Bohai State, it was still an integral part of China in the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty's large-scale political establishment of what is now Northeast China effectively promoted the coordinated development of the region's economy, politics, and culture. Today and tomorrow, a unified name has not yet been formed, that is to say, there is no regional name that can cover the three provinces today.
In this case, when the Liao Dynasty unified the north, people's geographical concepts underwent new changes, that is, the three provinces were regarded as one large region. This was fully reflected from the military and political establishment of the Liao Dynasty. According to the "History of the Liao Dynasty·Bingwei Zhi", it was divided into "Northeast Road Recruiting Department, Northeast Road Army Commanding Department, Northeast Road Women's Direct Military and Horse Department", each of which controlled the military and administration of the various ethnic groups under its jurisdiction. His "Hundred Officials Chronicles" also states that "the divisions on the Changchun Road control the countries in the Northeast." Obviously, in the Liao Dynasty, the geographical location - Northeast, was cited as the name of the establishment, and it was widely used. The Jin Dynasty inherited the customary usage of the Liao Dynasty and still used "Northeast Road" to set up official positions and institutions. In fact, the Liao and Jin dynasties regarded the present-day Northeastern region as an independent administrative region, so its military and political institutions were all named "Northeast". Compared with the Tang Dynasty, which had a complete system but had different names, it was indeed an improvement. This shows that the people of Liao and Jin regarded the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang, which are located in the same geographical location, as a whole. For the first time, the geographical location "Northeast" was introduced as the name of the institution. This is not just a name change, but also reflects a leap in people's geographical concepts.
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The Yuan Dynasty inherited the past and ushered in the future, not only confirming Liao Jin people's concept of the Northeast region and further consolidated this concept. For example, "Da Yuan Yi Tong Zhi" says: "Kaiyuan Road, south of the Changbai Mountain, north of the Jingchuan Sea, the homeland of the Three Capitals, the old city of the Five Kingdoms, and a city in the Northeast." The "Northeast" mentioned here refers precisely to the large scope of today's Northeast region. Therefore, the concept of "Northeast" refers to both a direction and a region.
〃The name of "orientation" originally means to distinguish the correct position of the dishes, and it is more accurate for building officials and administering policies. "The meaning of geography lies first in identifying the direction. This has become common sense in people's lives for a long time." It is said that Pao Xi created the Eight Diagrams and placed "Northeast" in one of the eight directions. The "Book of Zhou" quoted earlier has collectively referred to the eastern part of today's Jing Province, which was called Youzhou at that time, and Beizhen and Yiwulu Mountain in the west of today's Liaoning Province, as "Northeast". Later, with the expansion and development of the territory, the coverage of "Northeast" became wider and wider, and finally the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang were included in the scope of "Northeast". As the various dynasty regimes before the Yuan Dynasty inherited the official system from each other here and continuously improved it, it greatly enriched people's understanding of this area. Since the Liao Dynasty, regional divisions and official administration have been used to divide the area into geographical locations. The name generally refers to the name of the region.
Since the Ming Dynasty, the Northeast region has had a new name, which is known to everyone as "Guandong". The meaning of this name refers to the area east of Shanhaiguan, the "First Pass in the World" that stands at the junction of Hebei and Liaoning, including today's Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces, and is generally called Guandong.
And with Shanhaiguan as the boundary, it is also called Guanli (inner) and Guanwai. The formation of the concept of Guandong has gone through thousands of years of historical evolution, and is inseparable from the length of the Great Wall, especially Shanhaiguan.
In order to explain the origin of the name Guandong, we must first review the history of the Great Wall itself.
As early as the Warring States Period, the Yan State in the north began to build the Great Wall to defend against the internal invasion of the "Eastern Hu". At that time, the State of Zhao also built the Great Wall to protect its own security for the same purpose. But what is directly related to the Northeast is the Great Wall of Yan. According to the determination of archaeologists, the Great Wall built by Yan started from present-day Zhangjiakou, went northeast, passed through Duolun and Dushi in Inner Mongolia, passed through Weichang County in Hebei Province in the east, from Chifeng, and entered present-day Liaoning Province. It goes through Jianping, Beipiao, Fuxin, Zhangwu, Faku and Kaiyuan, crosses the Liaohe River, then turns to the southeast, passes through Xinbin and Kuandian, and goes straight east to the bank of the Yalu River, with a length of more than 24,000 miles, almost covering the current Liaoning Province. The entire territory is included within the Great Wall. Qin Shihuang unified the world, gathered the great achievements of Yan, Zhao and other countries, and connected the sections of the Great Wall for more than ten thousand miles. For example, "Historical Records·Mengtian Biography" said: "Due to the terrain, danger was used to control the fortress, and the light was raised to Liaodong, stretching thousands of miles." Yuli. "The Liaodong section of the Great Wall basically follows the direction of the Yan Great Wall. Qin Shihuang's subjective intention of overhauling the Great Wall was the same as that of Yan and Zhao, which was to defend against the continuous internal invasion of the Xiongnu, the powerful enemy in the north. Liaodong is within the Great Wall, and there is no distinction between inside and outside.
Since the Han Dynasty, through the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, to the Northern Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, except for the Tang and Yuan dynasties, which expanded their territory, the Great Wall did not need to be The Great Wall was built; and the Northern Song Dynasty also built the Great Wall unconditionally because the north, mainly the Northeast, was occupied by the Liao and Jin Dynasties successively. The other dynasties used the Great Wall as a guarantee and continued to build it without interruption, but they were based on the Qin Great Wall or repaired it. It may be extended, but the overall pattern remains unchanged. It is worth noting that in the third year of Tianbao in the Northern Qi Dynasty (552) during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Great Wall was built from the Qin garrison in Xihe (northwest of Datong) to the east of the Bohai Sea, where Shanhaiguan is today. This is a new section of the Great Wall, which laid the foundation for the later Ming Dynasty to build Shanhaiguan Pass here. It should be pointed out that this section of the Great Wall built by the Northern Qi Dynasty separated the old land of Liaodong from the mainland for the first time, turning it into a place "beyond the Great Wall", on the same level as today's Jilin and Heilongjiang Province.
The Ming Dynasty overhauled the Great Wall and built Shanhaiguan, which had a profound historical impact on the development of the Northeast region. In particular, the new name given to the Northeast region played a decisive role.
After the Ming Dynasty unified the country, it encountered two powerful enemies, posing a serious threat to it: first, the Mongols in the north, that is, the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty and their descendants. The Yuan Dynasty was expelled from Beijing and moved northward from the Great Wall. They were still scattered in the vast area north of the Great Wall and maintained a state of confrontation with the Ming Dynasty. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, the two sides had been alternating war and peace. This was the reason why the Ming Dynasty's northern territory could not be stable for a long time. main factors. Next are the Jurchens scattered in the Northeast. In the early Ming Dynasty, this place was still stable. The ruling group of the Ming Dynasty regarded Mongolia as its main enemy and implemented the national policy of "using the eastern barbarians to control the northern barbarians", that is, using the Jurchens to deal with the Mongols. But in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchens re-emerged after more than 200 years of silence since the Jin Dynasty. They continued to rebel and invade the borders, triggering a series of disputes and wars of different scales. In the late Ming Dynasty, the Jurchens became more powerful. After the tribes were unified under Nurhaci, they openly rebelled with arms, and the two sides began a long-term confrontation. These two powerful enemies of the Ming Dynasty were mainly concentrated in the eastern and western parts of Liaoning and its western and northwest regions, while a considerable part of Mongolia was active in the provinces north of the Great Wall and in the northwest. In the early Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall was mainly built as a line of defense against Mongolia. When the Liaodong region was invaded by the Jurchens, the Ming Dynasty built and strengthened the Great Wall of Liaodong and built forts and cities for the purpose of preventing the Jurchens.
As mentioned above, the Northern Qi Dynasty waited for the Great Wall to be shipped to the coast of the Bohai Sea. Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty decided to not only rebuild and renovate this section of the Great Wall, but also build a pass here to strengthen the defensive capabilities of the Great Wall. . This was the fourteenth year of Hongwu (1381). Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Wei Guogong Xu Da to preside over it and led his troops to build Guancheng, which is now Shanhaiguan. When Guancheng was completed, Shanhai Guards were specially set up and heavy troops were stationed to guard it. The difference between Shanhaiguan and ordinary city construction is that a city is connected with the Yuri Great Wall, which reflects the concept of a new defense system. Guancheng is backed by the majestic Yanshan Mountains and faces the vast expanse of blue Bohai Sea. It is said that "the sea is connected to the sea and the green mountains are pillowed". The name of Shanhaiguan comes from this meaning.
Once Shanhaiguan was built, it quickly demonstrated its strategic position politically, especially militarily. The location of Shanhaiguan is exactly at the throat of Hexi Corridor.
It is about 400 miles long from Jinzhou, Liaoning, to Shanhaiguan, with Yiwulu Mountain at its back and Bohai Bay in front. There is only a thin line between the mountains and the sea. This narrow strip is located to the west of the Liaohe River, so it is called the Hexi Corridor. Shanhaiguan is like a big lock, firmly locking the land passage from Northeast China into North China. In the third generation when military technology and transportation were underdeveloped, it was indeed an insurmountable barrier. Later facts completely proved that the huge role of this pass is irreplaceable. The Hou Jin Dynasty wandered in western Liaoning for more than 20 years. For two generations, they could not break the defense of this magnificent pass. They could only look at the pass with sighs and hesitate, approaching the pass several times and returning without success. No wonder the ancients said it was announced: "The key to the two capitals is unparalleled, the first pass of the Great Wall." The Ming Dynasty regarded Shanhaiguan as a matter of fate. As some strategists of the Ming Dynasty said: Shanhaiguan "supports the divine capital on the inside and defends the barbarians on the outside. The most critical point" is the divine capital, Beijing. Yi refers to the Jurchens in the northeast, and Lu refers to the Mongols in the north. The Ming Dynasty used Shanhaiguan to resist internal attacks by "barbarians" to protect Beijing's tranquility and maintain its rule. This shows how important Shanhaiguan is in the hearts of Ming people!
The emergence of Shanhaiguan separated North China from Northeast China for the first time, and it has since become the natural dividing line between the two regions. So far, the boundary between Liaoning and Hebei provinces is still roughly based on Guancheng and a section of the Great Wall connecting it. To be precise, Shanhaiguan is included in Hebei Province, and its provincial boundaries extend about 30 miles east of Shanhaiguan. A Guancheng has become the rough dividing line between North China and Northeast China, and Liaoning and Hebei provinces today. This was probably something Zhu Yuanjing and his subordinate Xu Da did not expect!
In fact When Shanhaiguan and the connected Great Wall were built in the early Ming Dynasty, people had a new geographical concept of distinguishing between inside and outside: the area east of Shanhaiguan was called Liaodong, which is now the territory of Liaoning Province, and was collectively called "outside the pass", while the area west of Shanhaiguan was also called Liaodong, which is now Liaoning Province. The inner side of the Great Wall is collectively called "Guannei", and later gradually called "Guanli". There are people from Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, and even people from the Jiangnan area who live outside the Guan. They often do not mention the province name directly, but are generally called "Guanli people" . In the official documents and official books of the Ming Dynasty, such as "Ming Dynasty Records", the areas outside the Pass were also called "Jidong" and "Jingdong", which have the same meaning as "Outside the Pass".
The Ming Dynasty’s administrative establishment in the Northeast region actually divided it into two major administrative regions, north and south. The southern administrative region stretches from Kaiyuan (today's Kaiyuan City, Liaoning Province) in the north to Lushun in the south; from Shanhaiguan in the west to the bank of the Yalu River in the east, which is equivalent to today's Liaoning Province. This area was called Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty. This is a traditional name passed down through history. It is also called "Liaozuo" because it is located on the left side of the capital. It is regarded as the left arm of the people and is indispensable. In order to defend Mongolia in the Ming Dynasty, nine military strongholds were set up along the Great Wall. Liaodong was listed as the first of the "nine-sided" strongholds. The system of guard posts is implemented here, with the big ones serving as guards, and the small ones setting up places to work hard and belonging to the guards. It is under the overall jurisdiction of the highest military and political agency in the region, called the "Liaodong Capital Command and Envoy Division", referred to as the Liaodong Capital Division, and its administrative office is located in Liaoyang. There are 25 guards in the whole area, and various troops are stationed there. Liaodong is an important military town, so its administrative facilities have the nature of military control. Compared with the mainland, it is like a military "special zone".
From the north of Kaiyuan to both sides of the Heilongjiang River, to the sea in the east of the Wusuli River, and to the Waixing'an Mountains in the north, this vast area is under the jurisdiction of Nurgan located in Telin, the lower reaches of Heilongjiang. Dusi, with more than 400 subordinate guards. Different from Liaodong, the imperial court did not send officials. Instead, the chiefs of local ethnic minorities were used as commanders of the guards and other officials to manage the local ethnic groups. They regularly paid tribute to the imperial court and maintained a political affiliation with the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, the official name of the health center in this area is "ji 縻" health center, which is just a connotation. This means that Ming Dynasty implemented the policy of "using barbarians to control barbarians" and ruled indirectly. In this way, in the entire Northeast region, two major capitals governed the north and south, forming the political and military system of the Ming Dynasty governing the Northeast. The division of the two major capitals and their jurisdictions clearly reflects the fundamental divisions between ethnic groups. Liaodong Dusi has jurisdiction over areas inhabited by the Han ethnic group, while north of Kaiyuan is the area inhabited by various ethnic minorities. This division in the Ming Dynasty most clearly reflected the traditional thought of the so-called "Hua-Yi distinction" in the past dynasties. Because the two provinces north of Kaiyuan, today's Jilin and Heilongjiang, were not under the direct jurisdiction of officials sent by the Ming Dynasty, the terms "east of the pass" and "outside the pass" at that time generally referred to the Liaodong area under the jurisdiction of the Liaodong Dusi. It goes without saying that the name "Guandong" as it was commonly called in the middle and late Ming Dynasty is very limited.
From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Ming Dynasty, the administrative divisions in what is now Northeast China have been different, with different institutions and names. This is natural. The Ming Dynasty was even more different from previous dynasties, which was reflected in the strict internal and external restrictions.
It was wary of the Mongolians' high alertness, and also kept vigilance against the Jurchens. It strictly restricted their entry into the Liaodong region, and only set up three Kaiyuan customs as tribute routes for them to pay tribute. These three passes are: Guangshun Pass in the southeast of Kaiyuan, also known as Nanguan; Zhenbeiguan in the north of Kaiyuan, called Beiguan; and Xin'an Pass in the west of Kaiyuan. The first two passes are the way for the Haixi Jurchens to pay tribute, and the latter pass is the way for the Mongolian Uuliangha Three Guards to pay tribute. The imperial edicts issued to them by the Ming Dynasty were each limited in quantity, and only those who held the edicts were allowed to enter the customs and pay tribute. Other Jurchens or Mongols are not allowed to enter Liaodong at will. If you enter Liaodong, you can only enter through the above three passes. In addition to this strict restriction, horse markets, or agricultural and animal husbandry markets, are also opened in places where Liaodong meets them, such as Guangning (Liaoning North Town), Kaiyuan, Fushun, Qingyun (Kaiyuan West), etc., allowing Ethnic minorities came here to trade with the Han people. There are time limits for the opening and closing of the market. When the market is over, they must return to their own and are not allowed to stay in Liaodong.
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The Manchu Qing Dynasty took control of the Central Plains In the previous 28 years (1616-1644), the Ming Dynasty fought fiercely for the Northeast. In 1644, they took advantage of the opportunity of Li Zicheng's peasant army to overthrow the Ming Dynasty regime, marched into the Central Plains, and occupied Beijing. After several years of heroic resistance, the Nanming regime finally Failure, the Ming Empire fell.
The Qing Dynasty was a feudal dynasty founded by the Manchu nobles. It established a political system with Manchu cultural characteristics throughout the country according to its own wishes. The Northeast is its hometown and was revered by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty as the "Land of Longxing". Therefore, it received special attention, and an official system was quickly established and gradually improved. After the Qing Dynasty established the capital in Beijing, Shengjing (Shenyang) was used as the remaining capital, and the ministers of civil and military affairs were stationed there. From the east of Shanhaiguan, the area where the remaining capital was located was governed by the three generals of Shengjing, Jilin, and Heilongjiang. "This was the beginning of the Qing Dynasty's entry into the Guan Dynasty, and Yiliu was in charge of all military and political affairs in the three provinces. In the third year of Shunzhi (1646), it was changed to Fengtian Angbang Zhangjing, which gave him full power over the three provinces. Afterwards, the three provinces were divided into separate administrations, each with independent administrative agencies. Today's Jilin Province was first established in the 10th year of Shunzhi (1653), and was called Ningguta Angbang Zhangjing. It also administered Heilongjiang, that is, the two provinces were under the jurisdiction of one institution, and the administrative office was located in Ningguta (Ning'an, Heilongjiang). In the fifteenth year of Kangxi (1676), the administrative office was moved to Wula City in Jilin (today's Jilin City). In the 22nd year of Qianlong (1757), the name was changed to "General who guards Jilin and other places", or Jilin general for short. Today's Liaoning Province was renamed "General Guarding Shengjing and Other Places" in the twelfth year of Qianlong (1747), referred to as General Shengjing. The establishment of Heilongjiang Province was officially established before the counterattack against Tsarist Russia in the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683). The name was "General Guarding Heilongjiang and Other Places", or Heilongjiang General for short. The administrative office was first established in Aihui City (i.e. the old Aihui). In the 29th year of Kangxi's reign (1690), it moved to Mergen (today's Nenjiang County). In the 38th year of Kangxi's reign, it moved to Qiqihar, which became the long-term administrative seat of Jiangjun Yamen.
This is the origin of the three generals of the Northeast in the Qing Dynasty. Although "Three Generals" is not the name of a province, it is actually three provinces. The establishment is different from the governors and governors established in the mainland, and it has the nature of military jurisdiction. The Qing Dynasty only established the general yamen system in the "Three Norths" areas of the northeast, north and northwest, highlighting the important military status of border areas. It must also be pointed out that the areas and names under the jurisdiction of the three generals are consistent with today's Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Liaoning, but the scope, territory, and size of their respective jurisdictions are indeed very different. For example, the territory of Jilin in the Qing Dynasty was long from north to south and narrow from east to west. It reached the Sea of ??Japan in the east, Sakhalin Island in the northeast, Changbai Mountain in the south, Weiyuan Fort in the west, and Ying'emen in the southwest. The province's territory was much larger than Jilin today. Despite this, the three provinces were formally established with complete systems, establishing the contemporary map of the three provinces.
The Qing Dynasty was in power and opposed the "Hua-Yi distinction". It claimed that "Chinese and foreigners are one family" and "Manchu and Han are one". In fact, the Han people were in a state of slavery. Under the unified governance of a political power, there was no internal or external control. Therefore, after the Qing Dynasty entered the Pass, they no longer built the Great Wall. Marked by the edict not to repair the Great Wall issued in the 39th year of Kangxi (1700), this artificial defense project with a length of more than 10,000 miles, which has been relied upon by all dynasties since Qin Shihuang began to build it, has been maintained for 2000 years and has been officially abolished. .
The Qing Dynasty abolished the Great Wall, but did not abolish Shanhaiguan. This majestic pass is still of great significance to the Qing Dynasty.
It retains Shanhaiguan, firstly, to inspect business travel and collect taxes. It is beneficial to the country to protect its "Longxing Land". Mainland people are strictly prohibited from entering the Northeast through Shanhaiguan, so as not to damage its Feng Shui "Dragon Vein". The ban has been implemented since the Kangxi period, and for the sake of later generations, the ban was strictly enforced for about 200 years. Shanhaiguan became an insurmountable pass for the Qing Dynasty to block the Northeast. Obviously, although the people of the Great Wall play no role, only Shanhaiguan and a section of the Great Wall adjacent to it play a unique role in the new era. In other words, Shanhaiguan is still a landmark between the inside and outside of the separation. Shengjing, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces were strictly protected as political and economic "special zones" of the Qing Dynasty.
As mentioned earlier, the regional concept of "Guandong" formed in the Ming Dynasty mainly refers to the Liaodong area directly under its jurisdiction. By the Qing Dynasty, the name of Guandong had been expanded, that is to say, it had gone far beyond the scope of Guandong, that is, Shengjing, to include Jilin and Heilongjiang.
Early in the process of Nurhachi's rebellion, he first annexed Jianzhou Jurchen. Secondly, it includes Haixi Jurchen and Donghai Jurchen. Before and after the establishment of the Jin regime, most of the Jurchens scattered outside the Liaodong region had been annexed. When they entered the Liaodong region, the vast number of Han people who had lived here also became the coats of the Later Jin aristocracy. After his son Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne, he repeatedly attacked the Hurha and Sauron people in the middle and upper reaches of Heilongjiang (actually also different tribes of the Jurchens. These tribes later developed into tribes such as the Ewenki, Daur, and Oroqen). As of 1635, Huang Taiji announced that the clan title of Zhu Shen would be abolished and renamed "Manchu", marking the final formation of a new national unity, the Manchu nationality.
The Manchus stepped onto the stage of history and entered the ranks of the Chinese nation, completely changing the scattered state of the Jianzhou Jurchens, Haixi Jurchens, and Savage Jurchens in the Ming Dynasty, which were not affiliated with each other, and formed a whole nation. The major changes in regional relations caused by this were the complete abolition of the Liaodong Border Wall and the Kaiyuan Three Passes built in the Ming Dynasty. There was no longer any distinction between inside and outside, and the entire Northeast region was connected as a whole politically and ethnically. In the minds of the Manchu people, Shengjing, Jilin, and Heilongjiang are all regarded as her birthplace. Because their ancestors indeed originated from the Heilongjiang River Basin, they later moved south from their homeland, passed through Jilin, and entered northern North Korea. Finally, they moved back to Liaoning Province and settled in Hetuala, Xinbin (now known as Yongling Township). When Huang Jiji and his father were compiling the "Records of Emperor Taizu Wu of the Qing Dynasty", he made it clear that Changbai Mountain, a famous mountain in the Northeast, was designated as the birthplace of his ancestors. Therefore, Changbai Mountain is as important as Hetuala where Nurhaci started his business. This means that in the Qing Dynasty's regional concept, the vast Northeast was regarded as a complete region without distinction. As mentioned earlier, at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty's entry into the Guan Dynasty, Minister Shengjing was in charge of the entire region, which was a concrete manifestation of this regional concept. Later, because the vast territory of Northeast China was inconvenient to manage, the entire region was divided into "Three Generals". But overall, the Qing Dynasty listed the three provinces as "forbidden" areas and received special protection. This puts the Northeast region in a special position among water management stations across the country. It is a political and economic "special zone" of the Qing Dynasty.
Japan’s Kanto
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Usually refers to the Kanto region of Honshu centered on Tokyo and Yokohama.
■Regional division
Saitama Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, Kanagawa Prefecture, Tokyo
Gunma Prefecture, Tochigi Prefecture, Ibaraki Prefecture
Located The center of the Japanese archipelago is the political, economic and cultural center.
●Location and History
The Kanto region is roughly located in the center of Japan and developed with Tokyo as the center. Compared with the Kansai and Kyushu regions, its development history is shorter. It was not until the Kamakura shogunate was established at the end of the 12th century and it became a political center that real development began. By the Edo period, it became more developed as a large city. After the Meiji period, Edo was renamed Tokyo and became the capital of Japan. With the development of modern industry, the entire Kanto region has developed rapidly.
●Topographic features
The Guandong Plain accounts for most of the area, and industry, culture, transportation, etc. are all extremely developed.
●Climate characteristics
It is generally a Pacific coast climate, and can be divided into three climate regions.
●Characteristics of a city
Tokyo is the capital of Japan. As a cosmopolitan city, it has close relations with other countries around the world.
●Characteristics of the industry
There is the Keihin Industrial Zone, the largest industrial zone in Japan, and the industrial zone has expanded to the surrounding coastal areas.