According to historical records, Qin Shihuang began to build a cemetery when he ascended the throne at the age of 13, with Prime Minister Lisi in charge of planning and design and General Zhang Han in charge of supervision. The construction time is as long as 38 years. Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, located at Lingdong 1500m. The burial pits of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang sit west to east, and the three pits are arranged in a zigzag pattern. The first pit of Terracotta Warriors was rectangular, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 62m from north to south and a depth of 5m, with a total area of14260m2. There are inclined doorways on all sides, and there are two terracotta warriors and horses pits on the left and right, which are now called pits No.2 and No.3. The terracotta warriors and horses pits have reasonable layout and strange structure. At the bottom of the pit about 5 meters deep, an east-west load-bearing wall is erected every 3 meters, and the terracotta warriors and horses stalls pass through the hole. 1in March, 974, villagers in xiyang village, Lingdong, found a large pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum between Lisanxiahe Village and Wula Village in the east. After excavation by archaeologists, the treasure of Qin terracotta warriors and horses buried more than 2000 years ago was unearthed. 1975, the state decided to build a museum on the original site of the figurine pit. 1 97910 June1day, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang began to show to tourists at home and abroad. terracotta warriors and horses of qin shihuang mausoleum
On the afternoon of June 13, 2009, the No.1 pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang Mausoleum was excavated again. Later, in the middle of the northern part of the No.1 pit, another burial pit of painted terracotta warriors and horses was unearthed, which is the largest underground military museum in the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are one of the greatest discoveries in the world archaeological history. 1978 former French prime minister Jacques Chirac said after the visit: "There are seven wonders in the world, and the discovery of terracotta warriors and horses can be said to be eight wonders. If you don't look at the Qin Terracotta Warriors, it's not China. " Since then, the Terracotta Warriors have been hailed as "the eighth wonder of the world"
Edit this Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum.
geographical position
World Longitude 109.2733 Latitude 34.3853 China Shaanxi xi 'an Lintong Xi 'andong 35km.
brief introduction
Terracotta warriors and horses are usually made by molding and firing. First, make the first tire with ceramic mold, and then cover it with a layer of fine mud for processing, carving and coloring. Some fry first, some fry first. In fact, all the terracotta warriors and horses in those days had bright and harmonious paintings. During the excavation, we found that some pottery figurines were still bright in color when they were first unearthed, but they were oxidized by oxygen after being unearthed, and the color disappeared in less than ten seconds and turned into white ash. All you can see now are traces of painting. The chariots, infantry and cavalry of the Terracotta Warriors are arranged in various positions. The overall style is vigorous, bodybuilding and washing. Look carefully, there are differences in face, hairstyle, posture and verve: Ma Tao pricked up his ears, screamed with his mouth open, and stood still with his mouth closed. All these terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang are full of infectious artistic charm.
Funeral pit
The burial pit of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Qin Dynasty (represented by Chen Jingyuan, another way of saying that it was built for Empress Xuan) is the largest underground military museum in the world. Terracotta warriors and horses pits have reasonable layout and strange structure. At the bottom of the pit about 5 meters deep, an east-west bearing wall is set every 3 meters, and the terracotta warriors and horses are arranged in the holes between the walls. There are three terracotta warriors and horses pits in the Qin Mausoleum, which are arranged in a zigzag pattern. The Terracotta Warriors Cave No.1 of Qin Shihuang is rectangular, with a length of 230 meters from east to west, a width of 62 meters from north to south and a depth of about 5 meters, with a total area of14,260 square meters, and inclined door openings on all sides. Most of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses are in pits, with an average height of about 1.80m, the highest exceeding 1.90m, and Ma Taogao 1.72m, with a length of 2.03m. Chariots are the same size as practical vehicles. However, the terracotta warriors and horses were not restored to their original proportions. According to records, the height of Qin people is about 165cm. Most Qin terracotta warriors and horses hold bronze weapons, including bows, crossbows, arrows, beryllium, spears, bows, swords, machetes and cymbals. Bronze weapons have been buried underground for more than 2000 years, and they are still as bright and sharp as new. They were actual combat weapons at that time, dressed in exquisite armor and knotted with colored threads on their chests. The military attache will wear a long crown, and the number of trials will be more. Terracotta warriors and horses have different faces, fatness, expressions, eyebrows, eyes and ages. After the unification of the six countries, Qin implemented the national conscription system, and soldiers came from all over the country, which is probably the main reason for their differences in face, expression and age. Craftsmen use realistic artistic techniques to express very realistically, and this huge group of Qin figurines contains many obviously different individuals, which makes the whole group more active, real and full of life. Throughout these thousands of soldiers and figures, their artistic achievements in sculpture have reached a perfect height. Whether it is the image of thousands of troops and horses with both form and spirit or the image of horses eager to try, it is not a mechanical imitation, but an effort to show their "inner vitality, motivation, emotional soul, character and spirit." Most of the images of pottery figurines are full of individual characteristics, realistic, natural and full of life breath. The discovery of all kinds of bronze weapons in the pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses greatly enriched the research field of Qin weapons, among which beryllium and gold hook were first discovered in the archaeological history of weapons. The discovery and research of weapon casting standardization technology and weapon surface anti-corrosion treatment technology have filled the gap in the study of ancient science and technology history. In order to reproduce the majestic momentum of "striking a million" 2000 years ago, the designers of Qin figurines not only pursued the tall figure of a single pottery figurine, but also carefully designed a large-scale military array system composed of more than 8,000 tall figurines. On the right is a huge square, on the left is a sparse large array, and on the left is the headquarters. Thousands of warriors armed with weapons and hundreds of war horses pulling cars, row after row, formed a magnificent lineup. Some are dressed in a bun, in battle robes, boots and crossbows, as if they were leading soldiers from the front; Some of them wore helmets, robes, armor, crossbows and cymbals, and looked like witty archers. Some people wear soft hats, robes and armor, shallow shoes and long beryllium, which seems to be close combat.
There are also knights wearing Hu clothes, armor, soft hats and booties, holding a bow in one hand; Wearing a long crown, two arms stretched forward, hands tied in a bun, skilled in imperial hands; A subordinate commander with a long crown, a shirt, a long armor and a hook in his hand; There was a general wearing a crown, colorful scales and a sword in both hands. This vivid image of thousands of troops, especially in expression and personality, is realistic, natural and full of life. For example, the image of a general figurine: burly, dressed in short brown, covered with colorful fish scales, wearing a long crown, with a double curly tail, holding his head high, with an extraordinary expression, dignified and charming. The general warrior's demeanor: some lips are upturned, and their hearts seem to be angry; Some eyebrows are round, and the muscles between them are twisted into knots, which seems to have superhuman courage; Some have thick eyebrows, wide mouths and thick lips, and are honest and honest; Some Shu Mei Xiu Qin Mausoleum Terracotta Warriors and Pottery Chariots.
Eyes, head slightly low, gentle personality; Some eyes are focused and alert; Some people hold their heads high in meditation, while others hold their heads low in meditation. Although everyone should portray the word "thinking", the former gives the impression that it is magnificent and slightly arrogant, while the latter is quiet and elegant because of different expression methods. Terracotta Warriors and Horses show the ancient military theme. They didn't choose the war scene where the two sides fought and the soldiers fought, nor did they choose the scene where the soldiers trimmed their defenses. Instead, it captures the grim scene of soldiers standing in a row, armed to the teeth, waiting for the battle. Although I am in this orderly and static military camp, the artists strive to be "accidental and quiet" on the sculptures of pottery figurines. Make those samurai figures with sharp armor raise their eyebrows, stand straight and have firm and brave expressions. They seem to be ready to go, they seem to be in a state of war. And those who use the characters, arms stretched forward, holding the bun rope, looking ahead and waiting for them; Horse-drawn Taoma, ears erect, eyes wide open, nose screaming, eager to try; Knight figurines, holding a horse in the right hand and a bow in the left hand, are on guard in front of the horse, and once the order is given, they gallop on the battlefield. It is these thousands of pottery figurines full of life and different expressions that constitute the overall static military posture and achieve unexpected artistic effects. "Quiet is extremely vivid, and the quieter it is, the more it moves". Only this kind of static military array can make people feel that the depth of its great deterrent force is unpredictable. Such a magnificent formation and composition have never been seen before.
No.2 figurine pit
The pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses No.2 of Qin Shihuang is in the shape of a curved ruler, which is located in the northeast of pit No.1 and east of pit No.3. It is 96 meters long from east to west and 84 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of about 6,000 square meters. The buildings in the pit are the same as those in the No.1 pit, but the arrangement is more complicated and the arms are more complete. It is the most spectacular military array in the three pits. Is composed of cavalry, chariots, infantry (including crossbowmen) multi-arms special forces. Pit 2 has an exhibition hall of 1.7 million square meters, which is the largest and most well-preserved exhibition hall of modern sites in China. There are more than 300 pieces of pottery figurines 1300, more than 80 chariots and tens of thousands of bronze weapons in the No.2 pit, among which general figurines, pommel horse figurines and kneeling figurines are found for the first time. There are four inclined doors at the east and west ends of the second pit, and two inclined doors at the north. The statue pit is located in the west and the main entrance is in the east. The layout in the pit is divided into four units. The first unit is located at the eastern end of the figurine pit, with 60 vertical crossbow figurines in the surrounding corridor, and the array center is composed of 160 crossbow figurines east of Badao Road. The crossbowman adopts the arrangement of stretching array in the array, and takes turns shooting when standing and kneeling to avoid the danger of slow tension. The second unit, located on the right side of the pit, consists of 64 chariots (chariots are made of wood, leaving only relics). 8 times per column, * * * 8 columns. There are four horse-sized terracotta warriors and horses in front of the car. Behind each car, there are three soldiers and figures. In the middle is the charioteer Lamar, and the other two are standing on the left and right sides of the car, armed with long-handled weapons. The third unit, located in the middle, consists of 19 chariot, 264 infantry figurines and 8 knight figurines, and is divided into three columns. In front of each horse stood a small statue of a knight, holding the reins in one hand and the bow in the other. In addition to the three riders, there are 8~36 infantry figurines after each ride. The fourth unit, located on the left side of the army array, consists of 108 knight figures and 180 pottery pommel horse figures arranged in 1 1 row to form a rectangular cavalry array. Among them, 1 and 3 are listed as 6 chariots. In front of each horse, there stands a knight figurine in Hufu, holding the horse in his right hand and holding a bow in his left hand. 108 cavalry figurines in the pit are a large number of images of ancient cavalry discovered for the first time in the archaeological history of China. In terms of clothing and height, it strictly simulates the wartime image of ancient cavalry. Obviously different from infantry and chariot figures. It wears a small round hat, which is buckled under the jaw, with buttons on both sides, a tight-sleeved coat with collar and right lapel, crotch pants, ankle boots, short and small armor, no shoulders and no hand armor. The clothes are short and light, and the armor is simple and flexible. The special costumes of cavalry figurines are also closely related to the tactical characteristics of cavalry. The discovery of bronze chariots and horses refreshed the world. The complexity of its craft, exquisite workmanship and outstanding skills are amazing. The second copper car in Qinling is a luxury car with a canopy. The car is near a square. It is 78 cm wide and 88 cm deep. Its width is only 4 cm longer than the first car, and its depth is 40 cm longer than the first car. Car number two is covered with a canopy similar to a turtle cover. The canopy not only covers all vehicles, but also covers the "cab" in front of the vehicle, forming a closed vehicle. In this way, the owner and the "driver" can pass the order. No.2 copper car belongs to the car type. The owner can ride or lie down. If you lie in such a spacious, comfortable and luxurious carriage, you can fully enjoy the comfort of "soft sleeper". Even a journey of thousands of miles can eliminate the fatigue of long-distance bumps. The equipment in car No.2 is quite distinctive. A beautifully painted cushion is exposed in the car. Archaeologists once found a large square copper plate at the bottom of Cheyusuo, which was about the size of the bottom of public opinion. Various bright geometric patterns are painted on the surface of the copper plate, and there are eight 3 cm high copper Zhi Ding brackets at the lower four corners and in the middle. This large-scale painted copper plate is undoubtedly the "Wen Yin" of ancient cars, which is similar to a cushioned product. If the carriage is two-lane, it will be more stable and comfortable, and its function is no different from that of modern "soft sleeper". It can be said that the No.2 car belongs to the earliest "soft sleeper" model in China. After careful cleaning, archaeologists found that the No.2 bronze chariot was composed of 3,462 castings, including 742 copper castings/kloc-0, 737 gold castings and 983 silver castings. The total weight is 124 1 kg, including more than 3 kg of gold castings and more than 4 kg of silver castings. The number of No.1 bronze chariots and horses castings will not be much different. The two cars add up to no less than 5000 parts. What makes people applaud is that all the parts here are cast. These more than 5000 parts, such as awnings, umbrellas, vehicles, bronze horses, bronze figurines and so on. , 2 square meters or less, or 0.2 square meters or less, are all cast in one step. Taking the casting of canopy and umbrella cover as an example, not only the area is large, but also the thickness is different. The thick part is 0.4 cm, and the thin part is only 0. 1 cm. In addition, both the canopy and the umbrella cover have a certain radian, so that the difficult canopy and umbrella cover can be successfully cast at one time, not to mention the Qin Dynasty 200 years ago, even today with advanced technology and complete equipment. The casting of bronze horse figurines also left our contemporary engineers behind. We found that the casting of eight bronze horses and two officers has reached a vivid level, and the overall shape, expression, personality and temperament can be comparable to the best generals in the Qin terracotta warriors pit. It is rare for bronze horse figurines to be cast with such precision and both form and spirit. For example, the halter of a bronze horse is made up of 82 small gold tubes and 78 small silver tubes, each flat gold and silver tube is only 0.8 cm long, and one gold and silver tube is connected in the form of a female needle, which is as thin as a modern watch chain and flexible. Surprisingly, the tassels hanging under the horse's neck are all copper wires as thin as hair. After repeated observation with a magnifying glass, the experts were surprised to find that the surface of the copper wire had no forging marks and the thickness was uniform, indicating that it was probably made of wire drawing. Especially for the link composed of copper wire, both ends of the copper wire are welded by butt welding, and the butt joint is very close. What method is used to make such a thin copper wire (0.5 mm)? What kind of welding process is used? It is still a mystery. In a word, the casting technology of bronze chariots and horses is a great miracle of ancient bronze smelting and casting. Imagine that there were no lathes and modern smelting and casting equipment. Casting such exquisite gold, silver and copper parts with different sizes and specifications is a great initiative. In a word, the archers, light chariots and cavalry figurines unearthed in the second pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses show us the image data of ancient cavalry, light chariots and archers 2200 years ago for the first time, which is of great significance in the study of ancient military history.
No.3 figurine pit
The third pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang is located on the north side of the western end of the first pit, opposite to the second pit. It is 25m away from No.1 pit in the south and 20m away from No.2 pit/kloc-0 in the east, covering an area of about 520m2. The whole pit is concave and consists of the north and south wings and the carriage house. There is a chariot and four terracotta warriors and horses in the carriage house, and 68 terracotta warriors and horses can be unearthed in pit 3. Judging from the internal layout of pit 3, it should be the headquarters of pit 12. Pit No.3 is the only one of the three pits that has not been burned, so there are many painted remains on the pottery figurines when they are unearthed, and the colors are also bright. In the wars before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the commanding generals often had to take the lead, so they often had to walk in front of the pawn. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the increase of war scale and the change of combat mode, the position of commander-in-chief began to move to the China army. The Qin War separated the headquarters from China's army, which was a great progress in the development of military tactics. The headquarters independently studied and formulated a strict operational plan, and more importantly, the personal safety of the commanding generals was further guaranteed. This is an important symbol of the maturity of ancient military tactics. No.3 Qinkeng is the earliest image data of the military headquarters in the world archaeological history. Architectural structure, arrangement of pottery figurines, weapons and unearthed cultural relics all have certain characteristics. It provides valuable information for studying the shape of ancient headquarters, the rituals of divination and fighting, the system of commanding generals, and the costumes and equipment they rely on.
Qin figurine painting
Painted pottery statue
People who have visited the Terracotta Warriors may still remember a few residual paintings on their faces. In fact, all the terracotta warriors and horses in those days had bright and harmonious paintings. The robes of the terracotta figures are painted with scarlet, orange, white, pink green, green and purple. Pants are painted blue, purple, pink purple, pink green, vermilion and other colors. Most nail plates are dark brown, and most nail plates and bands are scarlet. At the same time, Group A and part of the armor belt were painted purple. The face, hands and feet of the terracotta figures are all pink, showing the texture of muscles. In particular, the face painting is particularly wonderful. The white corners of the eyes, black eyes and even the pupils of the eyes are vividly painted. The bun, beard and eyebrows of pottery figurines are all black. The overall color is gorgeous and harmonious. At the same time, the painting of pottery figurines also pays attention to the contrast of colors. Personally, some wear long green rafts and green shorts. On the whole, for example, a row of pottery figurines behind the expedition's 20 chariots, the first wearing a red robe, the second wearing a green robe, the third wearing a purple robe and the fourth wearing a white robe. Clothes of different colors are in sharp contrast. Further enhanced the artistic appeal. Ma Tao also has bright and harmonious paintings. For example, a batch of pottery horses unearthed in Expedition 20 still retain bright colors in some parts. All four horses look like white-hoofed Bordeaux horses, but there are obvious differences in local colors. For example, the horse's body is purple, the front body cavity and abdomen are green, and the genitals are painted black. The surface of the horse leg is also jujube red, the inside is pink green, and the hoof is white. The two small night eyes on the inside of the horse's front legs are also painted white. The color of the horse's head is carefully drawn. The cheeks and eyes are white, the nose is purple, the nostrils are pink, the lower part of the lips is purple, the tongue is pink, the teeth are painted white, and the mane and ponytail are black. In a word, the colors of Ma Tao are vivid and gorgeous, which makes the static image of Ma Tao more vivid and artistic. terracotta warriors and horses of qin shihuang mausoleum
There are eight main colors in the painting of Qin figurines: red, green, blue, yellow, purple, brown, white and black. If you add different shades of color, such as vermilion, pink, bordeaux, medium yellow, pink purple, pink green and so on. There will be more than a dozen colors. Tests show that these colors are minerals. Red is made of cinnabar, red lead and ochre. Green is malachite, blue is azurite, purple is the synthesis of lead and azurite, brown is limonite, white is lead white and kaolin, and black is amorphous carbon. These minerals are the main pigments in China's traditional paintings. The use of such rich mineral pigments in the Terracotta Warriors shows that the working people in China were able to produce and widely use these pigments more than 2,000 years ago. This is of great significance not only in the history of painting art, but also in the history of world science and technology. The painting techniques of Qin terracotta warriors also have many unique features. Generally, the surface of pottery figurines is treated before painting. Because pottery figurines are plain pottery without glaze, there are many capillary holes, and the surface can't be smooth. But painting requires that the pores should not be too many or too few, and the surface should not be too slippery or too astringent. In order to meet this requirement, it seems that the surface of pottery figurines is evenly coated with very fine mud before firing, and after calendering, the pores are reduced and the smoothness is improved. At the same time, the fired pottery figurines seem to have undergone chemical and physical treatment. From the observation of the cross section of the pottery figurines, it is also proved that the surface of the pottery figurines was coated with fine mud before firing, and some parts were coated more than once. The surface of the pottery figurines is also coated with a thin layer of colloidal substance, which reduces the close adhesion between the pottery figurines and makes the paintings difficult to fall off. Painting techniques adopt different methods according to different parts. Generally, the faces, hands and feet of pottery figurines are painted with a layer of ochre, then with a layer of white, and then with a layer of pink, so that the color tone is as close as possible to people's skin color. Colorful paintings of robes, shorts, shoes, etc. The plane painting of one color is adopted, but different colors are used for comparison between sleeves and cuffs, and between nail plates and nail belts, showing the texture of nail clothes. Some beards and eyebrows are treated with fine black hair. In short, the painting process is complex, the techniques are diverse, and the coloring is exquisite, which fully shows the level and texture of painting, so that sculpture and painting can achieve the artistic effect of complementing each other. Some of these painting techniques were inherited by the Han Dynasty. Painted pottery figurines and horses strictly simulate real objects, but warm colors are the main colors in the mastery of color tones, and cold colors are rarely used. The use of red, blue, green and other colors skillfully shows the power of Qin Jun. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses embody the wisdom of the ancient people in China, and the wisdom of the ancient people in China cannot be underestimated. Terracotta Warriors and Horses are a miracle all over the world, which makes foreigners envy and China people proud!
Edit this Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Chu Tomb
Xuzhou Han Terracotta Warriors Museum is a cultural relic museum in China. Located at the west foot of Lion Mountain in the eastern suburb of Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province. Xuzhou Underwater Terracotta Warriors Exhibition Hall
1984 65438+ February. By chance, a number of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Han Dynasty were discovered at the west foot of Lion Mountain in the eastern suburb of Xuzhou. Archaeologists then conducted a comprehensive excavation and unveiled the mystery of this Chu-Han army that had been sleeping underground for more than 2,000 years. There are not only a large number of terracotta warriors and horses in Lion Mountain, but also a wide variety, showing rich contents: there are more than ten kinds of official figures with rich sleeves, guards wearing weapons, braided figures with long equipment, full-foot combat boots and military figures with crossbows and bows. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Lion Mountain are not only the artistic treasures of the Han Dynasty, but also the historical testimony of Xuzhou as a military center. It is of great value not only to the study of sculpture art in Han Dynasty, but also to the study of social life, funeral system and military system in Han Dynasty. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Han Dynasty were first buried with Liu Wu, the third generation king of Chu in the Western Han Dynasty, more than 265,438+050 years ago, just as the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty were buried with Mount Li, the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. The society of Han Dynasty was a society that regarded death as death. People think that after death, people just go on living in another place. Therefore, all the material and spiritual benefits they can enjoy before they die must be brought to another world by all means. In the tomb of the king of Chu in Xuzhou, there are all kinds of powder warehouses, kitchens, money Ku, dance halls and studios, and even toilets are carefully made and fully equipped. In this context, some heavily armed princes and senior generals naturally hope to continue to command thousands of troops after their death, and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses came into being. However, according to the burial system of the Han Dynasty, unless people with special contributions enjoy being buried with the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, and the emperor's approval is needed, there are only three large-scale Terracotta Warriors and Horses discovered in China at present, Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors and Horses and Yangjiawan Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Xianyang, and in addition, Xuzhou has only discovered this one. exist
The emergence of such a large-scale Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Xuzhou fully illustrates the special position of Xuzhou in politics and military affairs in the Han Dynasty. Xuzhou is a famous cultural city with a long history, especially in the Han Dynasty, because it is the hometown of Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty. Just after the regime was stabilized, Liu Bang appointed his younger brother Jiao Wei Liu, King Chu, to manage this area. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, Jiao Liu had the highest position among kings with the same surname. In addition, most of Gaozu's civil servants and military commanders are from Xuzhou. This special background led Xuzhou to become the political and cultural center after Chang 'an, the capital of Han Dynasty. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Han Dynasty are powerful evidence of the development of Chinese culture in Xuzhou. It tells guests and friends from all directions that "the culture of the Han Dynasty sees Xuzhou" with irreplaceable historical connotation. The unique artistic charm and cultural connotation of patchwork han group, exquisite stone reliefs of the Han Dynasty and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Han Dynasty, like bright pearls, twinkle on the ancient land of Pengcheng, reflecting the brilliant material civilization created by the people of Pengcheng in the Han Dynasty.
Edit this passage from Qin Shihuang's mausoleum
brief introduction
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located in Lintong District, Xi City, 5.37 kilometers away from downtown Xi, with Lishan Mountain in the south and Weishui in the north. Why did you choose the seat here? Some people think that this is inseparable from the ancient superstition of geomantic omen. In recent years, according to the pictures taken by satellite, geologists can see that it seems like a dragon from Jiao Shan to Huashan, and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Dynasty is at the leading eye. As we all know, there has been a saying that "make the finishing point" since ancient times. It is unclear whether the ancients had the ability to "foresee" or whether today's people are too attached to meetings. The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is approximately square, with a flat top and a slightly stepped waist. It is 76 meters high, 345 meters long from east to west and 350 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of 120750 square meters. According to preliminary investigation, the cemetery is divided into two parts: the inner city and the outer city. The inner city is square with a circumference of about 3000 meters. There are two doors on the north wall, and 1 doors on the east, west and south walls respectively. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of more than 6200 meters, and each corner has a house address. There are horse burial pits, rare birds and animals pits and clay figurines pits between the inner city and the outer city. Outside the mausoleum, there are more than 400 stables, martyrdom pits, torture pits and tombs of grave repairers, covering an area of 25-56 square kilometers. The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed. Starting from 1974, three pits for burying Terracotta Warriors and Horses were found at 1.5 km east of the cemetery. The finished products were arranged in a zigzag pattern, covering an area of more than 20,000 square meters, and 8,000 pottery barrels, 100 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons were unearthed. Among them, there are about 6000 pottery figurines and horses as big as real people buried in pit 1; There are 1300 pieces of pottery figurines and horses and 89 chariots in the No.2 pit. There are 68 warrior figures in the third pit, 1 chariot and 4 pottery horses. 1980, large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. Gao Che and Che An, the painted bronze chariots and horses, are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses discovered in China so far, and are known as the "crown of bronze". In addition to the tomb pit, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor also found a website of a stone processing factory. Architectural relics include door anvil, column foundation, tile, ridge, tile, stone waterway, ceramic waterway and so on. The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum can be seen, but does Qin Shihuang's mausoleum have a blueprint? According to historical records, "the water phase ordered the world's criminal slaves to build 720,000 tombs and chisel the articles of association". The construction of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was by no means arbitrary, and it must be built in a planned way according to the design drawings. Throughout the history of the construction of emperors' tombs, it is not difficult to imagine the connection. The specific design blueprint is still under further study. Who presided over the construction of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang? It is speculated that Shaofu is responsible for the construction and the National Mausoleum should be managed by it. Of course, the highest management level is true, but true nature is busy, and it is handled by Shaofu. However, there is still a problem here, that is, there is an office in Shaofu named after the reunification of Qin Dynasty. It is impossible to verify whether this office existed before reunification, but whether it exists or not, there must be an institution specializing in civil engineering of the imperial court. As for the name of this institution, further research is needed. How deep is the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang? The Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor says that it "wears three springs". The description of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum in the old books of Han Dynasty is "extremely deep" and "extremely deep". Some people think that the underground palace of Qin Mausoleum is neither shallow nor deep, and the "three springs" mentioned in the book are nothing more than what people often say "under the nine springs". According to Lu Chunqiu, "Shallow is the rise of the fox, deep is the spring", that is, the deepest is the spring. In ancient times, due to technical limitations, it was not easy to construct under springs. Moreover, if the underground palace is located below the groundwater level, long-term infiltration of groundwater will definitely cause the underground palace to be "soaked". Qin Shihuang and the designers of his mausoleum could not have failed to take this into account. Of course, these are just speculations, and the specific situation is unknown.