Forgive the wind from the geography bar geography formula
Nine planets
Water, metal, earth, fire, wood, earth and sky, Neptune and Pluto orbit outside;
Only living things on earth appear because of the reason for warm air and liquid water①.
① Warm, suitable temperature. Qi, the atmosphere suitable for living things to breathe.
Features of the Earth
The equator is slightly bulging and the poles are slightly flat.
As you turn from west to east, time begins to change.
North and south are latitude lines, forming equal circles relative to each other.
The east and west are longitudes, forming separate parallel circles;
The equator is the longest, and the two poles become points.
The division of the east, west, south and north hemispheres
Twenty degrees west longitude, one hundred six east longitude,
Cut it with one knife, and there are two hemispheres, east and west.
Divided into northern and southern hemispheres, the equator is at zero latitude.
The four seasons are temperate, with the north and south opposite.
The alternation of day and night and the change of seasons
The earth rotates and day and night change.
As it orbits the sun, the four seasons appear.
One day of rotation and one year of revolution.
From west to east, the direction remains unchanged.
The five zones of the earth
The earth has five zones, all divided by four lines;
The tropical tropics and the polar circles are divided into cold temperatures;
There are two cold and warm zones each, and five zones with uneven temperature①.
①Wen refers to temperature.
To identify the direction on the map
To identify the direction of the map, place it straight in front of your eyes;
Up, north and down are south, left, west, right and east.
The plot is easy to distinguish, but the latitude and longitude network is more difficult;
The latitude line refers to the north and the east and west meridian lines.
The polar projection map has a special orientation:
For the northern hemisphere, the center is north and the surrounding directions are south;
The northern latitude circle is east-west, and the rotation is reversed.
For the southern hemisphere, the center is north and south;
The south latitude circle is east and west, and the rotation is clockwise.
Continents and Oceans
The earth’s surface area, the total is ***500 million;
As for the percentage of land and water, oceans account for 71%.
Six major land masses, including islands, are divided into seven continents;
Asia, Africa, South and North America, the Antarctic Ocean and Europe.
Among the four oceans, the Pacific Ocean is the deepest and widest;
The Atlantic Ocean is like an "S", and the Indian Arctic Ocean is the deepest and widest.
Plate tectonics, six blocks are put together;
The blocks are relatively stable, and there are many earthquakes at the junctions.
The location of oceans and continents
Oceans are bounded by continents, and continents are divided by oceans.
The Pacific Ocean is the first of the four oceans, located between Asia and Australia and the United States.
The Atlantic Ocean is southwest of North America, and the east coast is the borderline between Europe and Africa.
The Indian Ocean borders Asia, Africa and Australia, and the three oceans in the south are connected by water.
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest, surrounded by Asia, Europe and North America.
The boundaries and locations of the seven continents
Three of the ten continents are land, Asia, Europe, Africa, and the ocean, and two are the United States and South ①.
Asia and Europe are one, and Uruguay divides both sides②;
Asia and Africa were originally connected, but the Sui Canal cut them off③;
Asia and North America Looking across the water, the Bering Strait is in the middle;
China and the United States connect the north and the south, and the Pana Canal is blocked ④;
Oceania is small in area and seems to be cut off below Asia.
In the eastern hemisphere of Asia, Europe and the African Ocean, North and South America occupies the western half.
Only Antarctica is independent and is covered with ice and is called a plateau.
①Ocean, Oceania. Two Americas, South America and North America. South, Antarctica.
②Ula, Ural Mountains and Ural River.
Caucasus, Caucasus Mountains.
③Suez Canal, Suez Canal.
④Pana Canal, Panama Canal.
The terrain of the seven continents
Asia
The terrain of Asia is complex, with high and low areas on all sides.
The alluvial plains are wide and the mountainous plateaus are large.
The rivers radiate water and the water resources can be boasted.
Europe
There are many seas on the edge of the peninsula, and the shape is segmented;
Mountains are located in the north and south, and the central plain is low;
The terrain is mainly plain, The altitude ranks first.
North America
The eastern plateau is connected to the mountains, and the western mountains are connected to the plateau.
The east and west are separated by high continents, and the world is called lakes and seas in between.
South America
The Andes Mountains dominate the west and the plains and plateaus in the east.
Most of the terrain is the world’s most diverse, with plateaus and plains ranking first.
The western mountains are the longest and the Amazon River basin is wide.
The tropical rainforest ranks first in the world, and the grassland is the Pampas.
Africa
With an average altitude of 600 meters, it is known as the continental plateau continent.
The plateau in the east is connected with the desert plain in the west.
Oceania
It is small and divided into two regions,
One continent and two islands.
The continent is high from east to west, with a basin in the middle.
Antarctica
Surrounded by three oceans and covered with ice and snow for many years;
More than 2,000 meters above sea level, it has the highest altitude.
Undersea topography
Shallow sea continental shelf, outer continental slope;
Ocean basin trench ridge, ocean floor unmeasurable.
Terrain changes
Topography changes, internal and external forces increase.
Visible changes, strong internal forces;
Plate movement, stretching and squeezing,
Faults and folds, high depressions;
Volcanoes Earthquakes, plate margins.
External forces should not be taken lightly;
Winds, waves, water and ice will cause erosion and change.
Over time, they will chip away at the heights and fill the valleys.
Weather and climate
Weather: short-term cloudy, sunny, rainy, snowy, hot and cold winds
Climate: multi-year average spring, summer, autumn and winter
Temperature distribution rules
The temperature distribution is different, from low latitudes to high latitudes;
The land and oceans are different, the land temperature is high in summer and the sea temperature is low,
The terrain is high and low Also affected, there is a difference of 6℃ per kilometer.
Dangers of global warming
Atmospheric pollution, global warming;
Glaciers melt and coastal areas are flooded.
Take measures without delay.
The formation of wind
High-temperature air rises and forms under low pressure;
Air comes from high pressure and flows to form wind.
Earth's pressure zone
High pressure zone four, low pressure zone three:
Between five degrees north and south, high temperature air turns upward,
Low pressure at the equator, convenient for precipitation;
30 degrees north and south, downward deflection of air flow,
Subtropical high pressure, little rain and often drought;
Polar pressure Low, close to the two poles;
Sixty degrees north and south, subpolar low pressure.
Earth's wind belts
The pressure belts are separated from each other. There are six wind belts:
The trade winds surround the equator, and the east winds come out of the poles.
North and South westerlies, 40 to 60 degrees
Conditions for precipitation
The air is saturated and the temperature drops;
Condensation nuclei collide;
Weight gain, rain and snow fall.
Precipitation distribution rules
The equator is hot and there is a lot of precipitation:
The two poles are cold and precipitation is difficult.
The Tropic of Cancer, divided into the west;
The west coast of the mainland, the subtropical high zone,
The trade wind blows, and the precipitation is low;
The east coast of the mainland, the monsoon Therefore,
The climate is warm and precipitation is abundant.
Mid-latitude, located in the interior;
Far from the sea, the climate is dry.
Factors that affect climate
The factors that affect climate should be considered in four aspects;
The latitude position is first, and there is a huge gap between the two poles at the equator;
Secondly, we need to look at the sea and land, the open sea is dry and cold in summer;
Topography is also very important, it is cold and windy and rainy is not allowed;
Ocean currents should not be underestimated, as warm currents bring abundant water.
Distribution and characteristics of terrestrial natural zones
The surface climate is unusual, and the vegetation and animals change accordingly.
Talking about the distribution of nine natural zones, each with three thermal types;
The sub-cold tundra ice sheet zone, and the vertical changes of mountains.
On the equator side of the tropical rain forest, it is hot and rainy and the trees are towering into the sky;
Orangutans and apes are often seen, and hippopotamus and elephants are not uncommon.
Tropical grasslands are sandwiched on both sides, the most extensive in Africa and South America;
The dry and wet seasons are reversed from north to south, and savanna animals are happy;
Lion, rhinoceros, zebra, giraffe, Migrate towards aquatic plants in the dry season.
The Tropic of Tropical Desert is the largest in Africa and Australia;
There are few vegetation and many sand dunes, and ostriches and camels are resistant to hunger and drought.
Temperate deserts live on land and can be found in Asia, America, Australia, and Africa;
It is hot in summer and cold in winter, and the vegetation is less able to withstand dryness.
Temperate grasslands have four seasons, many in the middle of the northern hemisphere;
There is less rain and the grass is especially short, and yellow sheep and hares are the most common.
The temperate forest has broad leaves and pandas and sika deer are rare.
In the sub-cold coniferous forests in the north, pine and spruce are cold-resistant;
In most of northern Asia, America and Europe, animals change their feathers in winter and summer.
The tundra climate has long cold winters, the northernmost part of Asia, Europe and America;
The plants are lichens and mosses, and the unique animals are reindeer.
Antarctic ice sheets and icebergs, penguins and seals near the coast;
North Pole and Greenland, white bears and walruses are not afraid of the cold.
World's natural resources
Land resources
Land resources, living conditions;
Farming, forestry and grassland construction, overcrowding and reclamation,
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Loss and desertification, increasing population and decreasing land,
Take measures to control the situation.
Water resources
There is a lot of water on the earth and large areas of sea water;
Only fresh water resources can be used.
Underground rivers and lakes are unevenly distributed;
It is difficult to meet needs.
Protect resources and prioritize economical use;
Plant trees to prevent and control pollution.
Seawater desalination has a long term horizon.
Forest resources
Forest purposes: provide timber,
contain water sources and increase humidity;
protect fields from wind and conserve soil and water;
Regulate the air, ① "natural dispatch".
Protect resources and synchronize planting and cutting.
① Adjust the composition of the atmosphere. Jing, purification.
Mineral resources
There are many types of minerals, with coal, iron and oil being the most important.
Russia, Pakistan, China, Australia, India, Canada and the United States①, the seven countries have high iron ore reserves;
The coal mines are mainly China, the United States and Russia, and the coal quality in Asia, Europe and North America is good;
The distribution of oil is very concentrated, in the Middle East, Russia, the United States, China, Mexico and Britain.
① Brazil, Brazil. India, India.
World population distribution
The world's population lives in eastern and southern Asia;
North America and eastern Europe are densely populated;
Geographically The coastal plain has a humid and warm climate;
It has a long history of agriculture and the development of industry, transportation and cities.
Population issues
Population develops too fast and environmental resources suffer;
Population urban migration brings many disadvantages:
Housing and transportation Water and electricity, medical education and employment issues.
The problem of race in the world
To distinguish the races of the world, we have to look at our skin, hair, eyes.
The white people live in Europe and North America①, while the yellow people live in East Asia.
The black people are not foreign to the United States, and racial discrimination is slighted.
①Yang, Oceania, followed by the word "Yang" is also the same.
Major languages ??of the world
There are 2,000 nations in the world, most of which have their own languages.
Chinese is the most widely used language in Asia and Southeast China ①;
English is widely used in Britain, Australia, North America, and India;
Russian is relatively concentrated, and Latin American Spanish has invaded ②;
French is known as the most beautiful language in the world, mainly in France;
Arabic is an important international language in Asia and Africa.
The three major religions in the world
The third religion in the world is Buddhism and Islam.
There are one billion Christians, spread across Europe and the United States①;
Buddhism originated in India and converted to Islam.
There are 600 million Muslims, with the most common ones in Asia and Africa.
①European and American Ocean, Europe, America and Oceania.
Questions about world countries
There are 18 countries in the world, the largest among Russia and Canada in area.
Territory, territorial waters, sea, land and air, and national boundaries between the two states.
The political system is divided into social capital and most countries are underdeveloped;
International exchanges must be equal and the Five Principles uphold it.
Division of World Regions
The world is divided into thirteen regions, based on man, land and nature①.
There are five Asian regions: east, west, south, middle and southeast;
The African region is divided into two parts, and Salar divides the north and south lines;
The American region is also divided into two sections, Latin America occupies the south;
Europe is divided from the west to the east and connected to North Asia②, and the Antarctic Ocean is its own.
① People and land, human geographical factors and geographical location.
②The east is connected to North Asia, and eastern Europe and North Asia are united into one region.
Countries in East Asia
There are five countries in East Asia: China, North Korea, South Korea, Japan and Mongolia①.
Mongolia is inland and has a prosperous livestock industry;
North Korea is divided into north and south ②, and the resources are abundant in the north;
South Korea is economically developed and is called the "Little Dragon" with Japan ;
China is more important and will be commented on later.
①North Korea refers to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.
②North Korea refers to the Korean Peninsula.
The terrain of East Asia
The coastline of East Asia is tortuous, and the peninsulas and islands are like stars;
The west is plateau and mountainous, and the east is plain and hilly;
The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, with rivers flowing into the sea in the east.
East Asian monsoon climate
The East Asian monsoon is significant, with the East China Sea and the western continent.
The specific heat of sea and land is different, and the air pressure fluctuates with the seasons.
The summer continent heats up quickly, forming a low pressure zone;
The seawater absorbs heat later, and the low temperature and high pressure remain;
The monsoon flows from the sea to the land, and precipitation occurs near the coast. Rich.
There are two types of climate, the temperate subtropical monsoon
The difference between the coastal and inland areas of East Asia
The coastal areas of East Asia are warm and humid and densely populated;
The plains have vast arable land, where rice, tea and silk are produced;
The coast has Duoliang Port, which is beneficial to economy and trade.
The west has a small population and is mostly plateau and mountainous;
The grassland has a dry climate and is suitable for livestock processing.
Japan
Japan’s four major islands, the main continent is the most important;
The coastline is tortuous and the densely populated areas are small;
Seismic activity is frequent , the ocean monsoon is dominant;
The forest is rich in hydraulic power and has few mineral resources;
The economy is developing rapidly and the level of science and technology is high;
The four major economic zones rely on the import of raw materials. ;
Foreign trade port, Kamiyoko Honshu Island.
Tokyo is the hub, and the railway speed is high;
The cold and warm currents converge, fishing in Hokkaido;
The small land relies on machinery, and the agricultural yield is high;
Cultural both East and West, representative of Sakura Country.
Geographic conditions of Southeast Asia
"Southeast Asia" Southeast Asia, consists of ten countries;
The largest archipelago country, Indonesia.
Europe traveling eastward must pass through Malacca;
The "crossroads" between the Indo-Pacific oceans is stuck.
The mountains and rivers on the peninsula are distributed in vertical rows.
The "V" shaped valley in the upper reaches has rapid flow and rich water power;
The lower reaches are wide and gentle, alluvial into plains;
The soil and fertilizer are easy to irrigate, and agriculture is flourishing due to dense population. .
There are many volcanoes in the archipelago, between the three major plates;
Indonesia is also known as the "Volcanic Country",
Farmers are not afraid of danger and farm in the craters of volcanoes.
Two climate types in Southeast Asia
The tropical rainforest is on the equatorial side of the Malay Peninsula archipelago;
Convective rain is dominant throughout the year, with more than 2,000 rainfalls per year. ;
The rain and heat are sufficient and the plants are luxuriant, so farming is not leisurely in all seasons.
The tropical monsoon is divided into rain and drought, and the northern part of Indochina Peninsula;
The rainy season is from June to October, and the dry season is from November to May;
The annual precipitation is 1,000 5. Sow in the rainy season and reap in the dry season.
Southeast Asian residents and products
Southeast Asia is densely populated and has a large number of products:
Rubber, oil, palm and tin are abundant in Malaya①;
Coconut and abaca, the Philippines can boast;
Rice is the staple food, and Thailand is of good quality;
In Brunei, Indonesia, oil is being developed;
The population is dense Many believe in Buddhism, and the architecture is outstanding;
Angkor Wat in Cambodia, the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon;
The economy is developing, and the Chinese have made great contributions.
①Malaya, Malaysia.
Singapore
Singapore is an island country in the Malay Peninsula, shaped like a lion city;
The island is as small as a star and densely populated, with three-quarters of it being Chinese.
The "Crossroads" Malacca must pass through when sailing from Taiyin to India.
Resource-poor and dependent on imports, it is an independent emerging industrial country.
It has a superior geographical location, a good port, and a lot of foreign trade and shipping;
Opening up attracts investment and attracts technology, and the "little dragon" of industrial development is active.
The garden city has a beautiful environment and the tourism industry earns a lot of foreign exchange.
Indonesia
Indonesia is the largest archipelago country.
The world's largest output, Asterocarpus chinensis ①;
This region also has the largest oil export port;
Tropical rainforest scenery, jade chain necklace;
Bandung has an elegant environment and is good for recuperation and tourism;
The capital, Jakarta, is located on the island of Java.
① Wood, kapok, hu, pepper. Cinchona, cinchona.
South Asia Geography and Climate
The terrain of the South Asian subcontinent is divided into three parts:
The north is mountainous, and the three countries are inland;
South Germany Dry plateau, rich in soil, fertilizer and minerals;
In the middle agricultural area, the plains form an arc.
Three large rivers come out of the alluvial plain;
The Yinhe River is used for irrigation, and the Hengbu River flows downstream①.
The climate is hot monsoon with protected precipitation.
①Heng, Ganges River. Brahmaputra River; this river originates from China and is called Brahmaputra River in China.
India
The largest country in South Asia, its capital is New Delhi;
It has the second largest population in the world and the largest arable land in Asia;
The world’s largest producer of hemp tea, Cotton and cane are economic;
Bangladesh’s two major ports ① are cotton and linen industrial sites.
①Meng, Mumbai. Plus, Kolkata.
Main crops in India
Rice, wheat, cotton, tea, peanuts, sugarcane and jute.
Pakistan
Pakistan, South Asia and West, ranks first in industrial cotton textiles;
Agriculture mainly relies on irrigation, and the drought Ganges solves the crisis;
Islamabad is the capital and Karachi is the largest city port.
Central Asia