1. Political Aspects
1. Cut redundant officials and overlapping agencies;
2. Establish a bachelor’s degree in Beijing to brainstorm ideas;
3. Allow local officials and civilians to submit letters;
4. Change the Shanghai "Current Affairs News" to an official newspaper and establish a capital newspaper;
5. Lift the newspaper ban (allow private newspapers to be established );
6. List annual income and expenditure by monthly categories.
2. Military aspects
1. Switch to Western military training;
2. Disband old, weak and disabled soldiers, reduce military pay requirements, implement team training, eliminate green camps, and organize Militia;
3. Issue regulations for special rewards for building guns;
4. Preparing for the establishment of an armament academy;
5. Suspension of trials of archery and cavalry in the martial arts department Swords, try guns instead;
6. Allow private military factories to manufacture arms.
3. Economic Construction
1. Establish the General Administration of Railways and Mines, the State Administration of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, and set up branches in each province;
2. Extensively open farmers’ associations and publish Agricultural newspaper, purchase agricultural tools, establish procedures for rewarding academic skills and agriculture, compile foreign agricultural books, adopt Qing and Western methods;
3. Activate farming according to law;
4. Issue tools and tools Revitalization of craftsmanship award charter;
5. Establish factories in various places;
6. Establish commerce bureaus and chambers of commerce in various provinces to protect commerce and promote port commercial ports;
7. Lift the ban on doing business in the Eight Banners and order them to learn scholars, farmers, and merchants to make a living on their own;
8. Promote industry and promote production.
4. Educational Reform
1. Organize the Capital University;
2. All academies, ancestral temples, free schools, and social studies will be changed to include both Chinese and Western studies Schools for learning;
3. Set up higher schools in each province, middle schools in prefectural cities, and primary schools in prefectures and counties;
4. Encourage private schools;
5. Establish crash courses in translation, medicine, agriculture, commerce, railways, mining, tea service and sericulture;
6. Send royal family members to travel abroad and select students to study in Japan;
7. Abolish the eight-part essay, rural examinations, and birth and science examinations, and replace them with examinations on history, politics, current affairs, and the Four Books and Five Classics, and hold special economic subjects regularly;
8. Establish a translation bookstore;
9. Issue regulations for awarding awards for books and inventions, and recommend qualified talents.
Extended information:
1. Reasons for failure
1. Fundamental reasons
The fundamental reason for the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 is: bourgeois reform The faction is too weak, which is the weakness of the bourgeoisie; the die-hard faction represented by Cixi has real power and is strong.
2. Direct reasons
(1) The conservative faction was powerful. At that time, the supreme leadership of the country was not in the hands of Emperor Guangxu, but in the hands of princes and ministers headed by the Queen Mother of the West. There were only a few members of the reformists and they had no real power.
The Queen Mother of the West initially instructed that "it is appropriate to focus on Western learning today." However, when she felt that the reform affected her own power and the interests of the Qing princes and nobles, she took steps to contain and suppress it.
(2) The reformers lack correct theoretical guidance. Kang Youwei's "New Learning Apocrypha" accused Liu Xin of forging all the ancient classics of the Western Han Dynasty, and "Confucius' Reform Examination" dressed up Confucius as the founder of "reform legislation".
Both books lack sufficient and convincing evidence. Needless to say, conservatives opposed it, and some enlightened people at the time also did not agree. In addition, some of the radical propaganda of the reformers also increased social resistance.
(3) The reformers lacked strong organizational leadership and were separated from the broad masses of the people. They only placed their hope in the emperor and a very small number of bureaucrats who had no real power, and even had unrealistic illusions about imperialism.
(4) Some aggressive measures taken by the reformers and Emperor Guangxu in implementing reforms. At the beginning of the reform, Emperor Guangxu was dissatisfied with the restraint and opposition of his teacher and military minister Weng Tonghe, so he dismissed him and returned home.
A large number of redundant officials were laid off, only in the capital, involving more than ten idle yamen, and nearly 10,000 people lost their positions, but no way out was arranged. Removing six ministerial officials at once because Wang Zhao was blocked from submitting a letter was too hasty and suffered too much.
(5) The method of reform is single: a simple top-down "peaceful" and "legal" approach.
2. Follow-up of the Reform:
The 1898 Coup of 1898 took place within the ruling group of the Qing government from June to September 21, 1898 (the 24th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty). The conservative forces headed by Emperor Guangxu launched a bloody coup against the reformist forces headed by Emperor Guangxu.
As a result of the coup, the Reform Movement of 1898 that lasted for more than a hundred days failed. The Six Gentlemen of 1898 were killed. Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others fled abroad. Emperor Guangxu lost his personal freedom and was placed under house arrest in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai. , and the conservative forces headed by the Empress Dowager Cixi returned to power.
The 1898 Coup of 18 was the third palace coup launched by Empress Dowager Cixi in her lifetime. The first was the Xinyou Coup launched by Prince Tonggong Yixin in November 1861, and the second was the Yizhi Coup in April 1884. Jiashen Yishu, who dismissed all members of the Military Aircraft Department headed by Prince Gong and replaced him with Prince Chun, all three coups ended in the victory of the Empress Dowager Cixi, and all of them fulfilled her political ambition of listening to the government behind the curtain.
Baidu Encyclopedia-The Reform Movement of 1898
Baidu Encyclopedia-The Reform Movement of 1898