The Great Wall of Ming Dynasty is a military defense project built in the northern part of Ming Dynasty, also known as the side wall, which is different from the Great Wall of Wan Li built by Qin Shihuang. National Cultural Heritage Administration and the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping released the data of the Ming Great Wall for the first time on April/0/8, 2009: it starts from Hushan, Liaoning Province on the Yalu River in the east, reaches Jiayuguan, Gansu Province at the foot of Qilian Mountain in the west, and passes through Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and Qinghai 150 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) from east to west. Among them, the length of artificial wall is 6259.6 kilometers; The trench is 359.7 kilometers long; The length of natural insurance is 2232.4 kilometers. The wall of the eastern danger zone is made of stone and blue bricks, which is very strong. From Yalu River in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, it winds for more than 6,000 kilometers, which is magnificent and can be called a miracle of the world.
The Great Wall is an ancient defense project with the longest construction time and the largest engineering quantity in China and even in the world. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, it has been continuously built for more than 2,000 years, and it is distributed on the vast land in northern and central China. Especially since Qin Shihuang, almost all dynasties that ruled the Central Plains had to build the Great Wall. There are more than ten dynasties such as Han, Jin, Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing, all of which have built the Great Wall of different scales. The role and cost of construction and persistence in past dynasties are just as Heshui Zuo said, "Hu Bing bowed its head through the ages, and thousands of troops and horses forged peace."
The Great Wall of Ming Dynasty is a military defense project built in the northern part of Ming Dynasty, also known as the side wall, which is different from the Great Wall of Wan Li built by Qin Shihuang. In the Ming Dynasty, the "inner" Great Wall and the "inner three passes" Great Wall were built outside the "outer" Great Wall. The "interior wall" starts from Pianguan at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi in the west, enters Hebei at Yanmenguan and Xing Ping in the east, then goes to the northeast, passes through Yuanyuan, Fangshan and Changping counties, reaches Juyongguan, and then reaches Huairou No.4 Pass from north to east, and is connected with the "Outer" Great Wall, with Zijingguan as the center, generally showing a north-south trend. The "Neisanguan" Great Wall is parallel to the "Inner" Great Wall in many places. In some places, the two cities are only tens of miles apart. In addition, a large number of "heavy cities" have been built, and there are 24 "heavy cities" around Yanmenguan.
The construction of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty began with Zhu Yuanzhang, and the Gubeikou Great Wall was overhauled. The Laolongtou and Xiaohekou Great Wall were built in the fourteenth year of Hongwu (138 1). In the seventh year of orthodoxy (1442), the Great Wall around Liaoxi Town and Liaohetao was built one after another. In the third year of Chenghua (1467), Han Bin, deputy general of Liaoyang, was responsible for the construction of the Great Wall. In the tenth year of Chenghua (1474), Xu supervised the construction of Hedong Great Wall in Ningxia, which was "Huangshazui to Huamachi 387". . The rammed earth Great Wall is the main part of the Ming Great Wall. The rammed earth wall is made of wooden boards, filled with clay or limestone, and rammed layer by layer with a pestle. The cost per meter is about one or two silver. In November of the 15th year of Chenghua (1479), the city wall along the river in Ningxian County was built. In the year of Zheng Deyuan (1506), another 30-mile Great Wall was built. In the tenth year of Jiajing (153 1 year), Wang Qiong, general manager of Shaanxi Trilateral System, rebuilt a wall inside. Li Xiu built the Great Wall of Liaozhen (Jiumenkou Great Wall). In the twentieth year of Jiajing (154 1 year), Jiayuguan City Wall was built, with a distance of fifteen miles in the south and fifteen miles in the north to Shiguaner, with a distance of * * * thirty miles. In the 23rd year of Jiajing (1544), the governor built the Great Wall to the south of Erbian. In the 30th year of Jiajing (155 1), the Great Wall in the north and east of Beijing was overhauled, and it ended in the 34th year (1555). In the second year of Qin Long (1568), Qi Jiguang took the initiative to build a brick-wrapped Great Wall, thickened the wall and built a hollow enemy platform for storing weapons and gunpowder. 16 years, 10 17 hollow enemy platform was built.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty (1567 ~ 1620), when Qin Long and Wanli were in harmony with Wanli, the Anda Department of Mongolia made peace and trade with the Ming Dynasty, and the northern border was slightly safe, mainly from the Nuzhen nationality (Manchu) in the northeast. In the early years of Wanli, Li, the main soldier of Liaodong Town, built six castles in Kuandian and Gushan, and then rebuilt the Liaodong side wall. "Mianzhou Yidong to Sanchahe, Sanchahe to Old Liaoyang." ("A Record of Ming Shenzong" in the first year of Wanli) Sanchahe refers to six miles northwest of Haicheng City, Liaoning Province. At that time, the Liaohe River and the Hunhe River met here, and the Liaohe River covered the southern end of the Great Wall. The project is mainly to build a hollow wall platform, and the wall is made of masonry. In the forty-seventh year of Wanli (16 19), Xiong Tingbi once again presided over the work of repairing the castle.
The reconstruction project of the side wall between Shanhaiguan and Jiayuguan is mainly to build a large number of hollow watchtowers on the Great Wall to facilitate the use of masonry, strengthen the defense project, and reroute some sections.
Zhen Ji Great Wall
Under the auspices of Tan Lun, "Governor of Hebei and Liao", and Qi Jiguang, the chief company commander, 3,000 brick hollow enemy platforms were built, and the Shanhaiguan stone wall was added at the south entrance (now the old faucet). The renovation project is not only the inner Great Wall of the sanitation capital, but also the Sanguan Great Wall of Taihang Mountain at the junction of Shanxi and Hebei.
Fu Xuan Town Great Wall
In the second year (1568), the governor took the opportunity to build the outer side of Longmen Station on the north road, starting from the dock of Longmen Station (now east of Chicheng County, Hebei Province) and ending at the gate of Fort (now southeast of Chongli, Hebei Province), and enclosing Kaiping Weibao within the Great Wall. After Wanli, all the bricks were wrapped.
Datong town great wall
In the early years of Wanli (15744 1379), the Ministry of Housing paid more than 260,000 yuan to build 257 bunkers in Datong Town, including 28 enemy stations 1 028, which were covered with bricks.
Shanxi town
In the 23rd year of Wanli (1595), Governor Li Jing rebuilt the side wall of Yanmenguan, which was 15 Li Long. Plus Piantouguan, Ning Wuguan Guancheng and all the Guancheng and hollow watchtowers along Taihang [Lingnan Lower Great Wall] are crocks and bricks.
Yulin town
After the company commanders and the governor moved from Suide Prefecture to Chenghua Yulin Acropolis, Yanshui Town was also called Yulin Town. During the reign of Qin Long, Governor Wang Gang rebuilt most of the Great Wall. It starts from the west bank of Yuxi River in the east and reaches Baoningbao in the west (now more than 30 miles southwest of Yulin City); In five years (157 1), Gaoguang first supervised and repaired two sections of the Great Wall from Hongshixia of Yuxi River to Changle Fort in the east (more than forty miles northeast of Yulin City) and from southwest of Baoning Fort to the north bank of Wuding River in Dachuankou of Boluobao; At the beginning of Wanli, Zhang Shouzhong built hundreds of miles of Great Wall from Huangfuchuan to Jian 'an Fort (now south of Lijiamao Village in Yulin City), southwest of Polo Fort to Zhen Jing Fort in Tanli. There are many rivers and gravel everywhere in this area, and the old walls have already been washed away. This building has more than 500 secret doors, water outlets and waterways, which solves the problem of crossing the river with city walls. At the same time, it is planned to repair the pier, "because the side is a pier, it is built because of the pier, and the pier is changed, moved and reconfigured because of the land." In the thirty-fifth year of Wanli (1607), the Great Wall of Yulin carried out the project of removing accumulated sand and building brick terraces, and established Zhenbeitai in Hongshankou, north of Yulin 15, which was the largest city terrace along the Great Wall of Wan Li in Ming Dynasty.
Ningxia town
In A.D. 156 1 year, a major earthquake occurred in Ningxia and the Great Wall completely collapsed. During the reign of Qin Long, the Great Wall collapsed on the east bank of the Yellow River was rebuilt for the first time. In the early years of Wanli, we began to repair or rebuild the closed city wall of Helan Mountain gully, and built more piers and castles.
Guyuan town
In the fifth year of Qin Long (157 1), the newly-built side wall of Peijiachuan Great Wall "from Laobaokou in Zhamuxia, Ningxia to Baicao [Yangdun] in Sitaerwan, Wu Fang" started from the western border of Zhongwei County in Ningxia in the north, extended along the south bank of the Yellow River, and ended at the other side of Wufosi Township in Jingtai County, Gansu Province, adjacent to the old border of Guyuan. In the 26th year of Wanli (1598), after the war between Songshan Mountain and Songshan Mountain, Gan Town expanded its new frontier, starting from the cable bridge on the west bank of the Yellow River south of the Five Buddhist temples and connecting with the Peijiachuan Great Wall in Guyuan Town, and the military status of the old border town declined. Guyuan Town Defence Center moved northward to Peijiachuan Great Wall Line on the south bank of the Yellow River. Dozens of castles and piers were built along the line, and the wells were opened to each other, which became the "Xiji" of Mongolian ministries west of Helan Mountain.
Gansu town
In the late Ming Dynasty, the large-scale reconstruction and rerouting of the Great Wall mainly took place in the Zhenfang area of Gansu. In the fifth year of Qin Long (157 1), Liao Fengjie presided over several reconstruction projects. First, it starts from Weibanqiaobao in Ganzhou (now Banqiao in Linze County) in the west and ends at Zimingshabao in the east (now 60 miles northwest of Zhangye). Second, Banqiaobao in the east, Yishuo in Xida Town (now Tiancheng Village in the northwest of Gaotai County) and the east bank of Heihe River (now Zhengyixia). The third is Jiayuguan in the west and the west bank of Heihe in the east; Fourthly, from Shandan Wei Jiaochang (now southeast of Shandan County 100 Li) to the east, it is connected with the boundary pillar of the ancient city cave. The focus of the reconstruction project is to repair the city wall, dig trenches again and repair the drainage ditch. After two years of Wanli (1574), it was wrapped in blue bricks one after another, which completely changed. In the 26th year of Wanli (1598), Li Wenji, the governor of Trilateral Division, Seventh Road, divided his troops in different directions and entered the Tatar Akatu and other departments entrenched in the Songshan Mountain (now Shoulu Mountain and Changlin Mountain in Jingtai County, Gansu Province). After the battle, the "new side" of Songshan was built. "Hedong from Yongan cable bridge to Xiaosongshan double pier boundary, * * * one hundred and eighty miles; Hexi from Surabaya), Tumen to Xiaosongshan Shuangdun boundary, * * * 220 miles. " (A Brief Introduction to the Qin Border) Hedong refers to Guyuan Town east of the Yellow River, and Hexi refers to Gansu Town. Yongan Cable Bridge is located on the west bank of the Yellow River in the southeast of Jingtai County. Shuangdun refers to the Zhang Jialiang of Changlin Mountain in the northwest of Jingtai County, which is the dividing line between the two towns; Surabaya Fort and Tumen Fort are now Surabaya and Tumen Township in the north of Gulang County. This new Great Wall is adjacent to Peijiachuan Great Wall in Guyuan Town on the east bank of the Yellow River in the east, and shares the title with the old side of Gulangsuo in Gansu Town and Zhuanglangwei (now Yongdeng in Gansu Province) in the west. It is built between the northern foot of Songshan Mountain and halogen moraine beach, with a total length of more than 400 miles. New castles such as Tumen, Dajing, Peijiaying, Hongshui River, Sanyanjing and Lutangying are built in the wall.
Funing county great wall
On May 5th, 20 14, Banchangyu Scenic Area, Cao Ying Town, Funing County, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province: A clay chess piece restoring the Ming Great Wall appeared under the Great Wall.
The 233-meter Ming Great Wall between the enemy building 159 and the enemy building 160 in Banchangyu Scenic Area, Funing County, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province is being restored in an orderly manner. When cleaning up the foundation of the Great Wall under the enemy building 159, soldiers guarding the Great Wall were found playing chess made of clay. There are two kinds of chess, one is black and the other is khaki. More than forty pieces unearthed were cleared out and divided into two types, one is black and the other is khaki, which looks like imitation of the Song Dynasty from the font.