From the aspects of historical origin, typical representatives, cultural significance and present inheritance, based on facts, this paper proves the objective existence of the five schools of architecture as an architectural culture, architectural genre and architectural style.
"Huizhou architecture" began to become famous all over the world, while "Wu architecture" was little known. Five schools of architecture refer to luxury buildings in Dongyang, Yiwu, Pujiang, Pan 'an, Yongkang, Wuyi, Lanxi, Wucheng and Jin Dong, excluding three or five ordinary houses.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, Jinhua was a metropolis. Due to the southern crossing of the Song Dynasty, many royal families and aristocratic families were given residence in Jinhua by the imperial court. Jinhua is not far from the provincial capital Lin 'an (Hangzhou), with distinct seasons, pleasant climate, beautiful mountains and rivers and rich products.
At that time, Jinhua's economy, society and culture were developed and its thoughts were avant-garde. Because Jinhua is the center of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty, it is the hometown of Dali scientists and educators, such as Tang Dynasty and Tang Dynasty. At that time, Lize College was the base camp for giving lectures, gathering and cultivating students. According to the general history of China, Jinhua is one of the four major shipbuilding bases in China. And according to the general history of China, Jinhua is one of the four printing centers in China.
As a metropolis in Song Dynasty, Jinhua enjoys excellent land and water transportation conditions. Dongyang River, Wuyi River and Wujiang River meet in Jinhua city center, which can directly reach Lanjiang River, Qujiang River, Fuchun River and Qiantang River, and directly reach the capital Bianjing. This is a huge rapid transportation system in ancient times.
Five-school architecture is not only different from Huizhou architecture, but also unique compared with traditional houses all over the country. Compared with Huizhou architecture, Wupai architecture has five characteristics, mainly including architectural appearance, courtyard size, hall size, apartment size and decoration style.
1. Architectural form
Roughly speaking, Wuzhou and Huizhou are very similar to each other-both are painted external walls, and the sloping roof is covered with small blue tiles. But in fact, the shapes are quite different. The gables of ancient houses (including ancestral halls) in Jinhua area are generally made into walls with five steps rising above the roof, which are like horses' heads raised and the top guns flying, so they are commonly called "five-flowered horse's head walls", which have the functions of fire prevention and modeling.
The gables of ancient dwellings (including ancestral halls) in Huizhou area are often treated with asymmetric steps. Depending on the depth of the building, the top floor will be drawn longer, or the bottom floor in front will be drawn longer, as if the screen unfolded on one side is loose, so it is commonly called "shadow wall".
2. Yard size
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, most of the residential buildings left in Jinhua were three-way courtyards or quadrangles, in which the inner courtyard occupied about 1.20 square meters, and the square was very spacious and bright, which was commonly known as "hall" and "hall" and also called "weather" in Feng Shui, and it was a place for lighting, ventilation, heating and cooling of the whole house. The yard is also a fire-fighting operation area-when a fire breaks out, a "hose" is placed here for dozens of people to participate in the rescue. Very scientific and reasonable, it can spray water in three directions to put out the fire.
Huizhou folk houses also have courtyards, commonly known as "Tang Ming", with an area of 10 square meters. They are the openings for lighting and ventilation of the whole house, from which rainwater (financial water) flows out, so there is also a saying that "four waters return to the hall". However, the small patio area is too small, heating and sunbathing are not good, and fire rescue is too cramped.
3. Basic unit
The most standardized, fashionable and popular plane form of the five schools of architecture in Ming and Qing Dynasties is composed of thirteen houses, namely, three on the courtyard, three on both sides of the courtyard, and two houses in the corner formed by the handover of houses and rooms are commonly known as "Dongtou House", and single-family houses are commonly known as "thirteen rooms", which is theoretically called "basic unit" and covers an area of 600 rooms. There is not only a hall for offering sacrifices, meeting guests and feasting, but also a bedroom for grandparents, parents, sons and daughters, as well as four "caves" for kitchen, toilet, pigsty and stacking farm tools. Therefore, the internal use function is complete, and it can be combined and separated, so that three generations can live in the same kitchen. People call it a "big family".
As the "basic unit" of Huizhou folk houses, there are only three smaller ones, such as the Guantian House with a thousand mouths in the Ming Dynasty, in which the first half of the Ming Dynasty is a hall, the left and right rooms are bedrooms, the left corridor is set with stairs, and the right corridor is symmetrically set, covering an area of about 100 square meter, and the two-story building area is less than14 of the "five-faction building". Larger basic units, such as Jinguixiong House in Yanchun, Wuyuan (originally six counties and one county in Huizhou), have three rooms and two lanes (also known as five rooms in folk), and left and right wing rooms, with an area of 160 square meters and a two-story building area of about 300 square meters, which is only 6,500 basic units of "five schools of architecture".
Step 4 practice in the hall
Houses in both places generally have halls for deliberation, sacrifice, celebration and reception. This difference is manifested in spatial scale and spatial form.
Among the "thirteen rooms" of the five schools of architecture, some combine two floors and three rooms into a "big open hall", and some combine two floors and three rooms on the ground floor into a downstairs hall. The width of the three rooms is 10 meter, the depth is 89 meters, and the construction area is about 100 square meter. They are very spacious, bright and magnificent, and are commonly known as "halls" among the people.
In Huizhou architecture (except ancestral hall), there is no "big hall" with three rooms and two floors, and there is no "big hall" with three rooms on the ground floor. The open hall of Huizhou folk houses is located in the first half of the Ming Dynasty, with an area of only about 20 square meters. If a large-scale sacrificial ceremony is to be held, some wealthy households use the second floor of three houses as a large space, commonly known as the "upstairs hall", and lay clay square bricks on the wooden floor as a fire prevention layer, which is rare in the five schools of architecture.
5. Indoor and outdoor decoration
The woodcarvings of "Five Schools of Architecture" survive in clear water, while those of "Huizhou Schools of Architecture" are mostly painted. Most of the brick carvings in Huizhou residential buildings are door covers, and the scale is small; The brick carving facade of Wupai dwellings is arched and magnificent; The brick carving of Wupai folk houses is clay blank carving, while Huizhou folk houses are carved from a burnt brick blank, commonly known as "lapis lazuli", which is a mature embryo carving. There are exquisite wood carvings on the roofs of the five schools of architecture, as well as murals, sculptures and hall lights, which are incomparable to Huizhou schools of architecture.
Wu Pai architecture is the crystallization of centuries-old wisdom of Jinhua people in Zhejiang, including the Wu culture area, the cultural achievement handed down from generation to generation by local people, and a spiritual home worthy of inheritance and persistence.
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