a flash of lightning
Judging from the different fates of the four great inventions in Europe and China, the Manchu rulers' prevention and control strategies against the Han Dynasty were bad.
What is the social existence that produced the Renaissance? Mr. Dai Yi simply thinks that it is the accumulation of wealth and economic prosperity. This is not true. Marx said: "gunpowder, compass and printing-these are the three great inventions that predict the arrival of bourgeois society." Gunpowder blew chivalry to pieces, compass opened the world market and established colonies, while printing became a tool of Protestantism, a means of scientific rejuvenation in general, and the most powerful lever to create the necessary premise of spiritual development. "It can be seen that the key factors are productivity and new technology rather than the accumulation of wealth.
Carter, an American scholar, said: "The introduction of the four great inventions in the early European Renaissance played an important role in the formation of the modern world. The invention of gunpowder destroyed the feudal system and established the national military system. The invention of the compass led to the discovery of America. Papermaking and printing have opened up new roads for religious reform and made it possible to popularize education. "
Printing: Parchment was used in Europe, and books were copied. Books are very scarce and expensive. The appearance of printing, especially the mass printing of ancient Greek documents, facilitated cultural exchange, which was the most basic material condition of the Renaissance. Look at the invention of printing in China and its spread to the West. And Manchu? Kang Yong's "literary inquisition" of three generations made the revival of China impossible.
Gunpowder: Engels said: "It changed the whole method of war. The adoption of firearms not only changed the method of war itself, but also changed the relationship between governance and politics. To get gunpowder, you need industry and money, both of which are owned by citizens. Therefore, firearms were weapons given to feudal nobles by cities and emerging monarchies relying on cities from the beginning. The stone walls of aristocratic castles that were impregnable before could not stand the cannon of the citizens; The citizen's gun went through the knight's armor. The rule of the nobility is mutually assured destruction with the aristocratic cavalry in armor. " (anti-Turin theory)
The use of firearms makes war a civilian occupation, and gunpowder makes capitalism win on the European continent. In China, gunpowder has only become an exorcism weapon and a toy for Chinese New Year. It can be seen that the prohibition of firearms in the Qing Dynasty was well thought out.
Compass: Compass has brought the progress of navigation, great geographical discovery, the world distribution of colonies and plantations, the great circulation of world markets and commodities, and the worldwide cultural spread to help the European bourgeoisie go global. However, in the Qing Dynasty, the compass only became Mr. Feng Shui's compass, which shows the harm of the Qing Dynasty's maritime ban.
Comparing the four great inventions in Europe and China, we should understand why the capitalist revolution in China is difficult to produce.
It was the Manchu rulers who blocked the introduction of advanced culture and technology in order to prevent the Han Dynasty and stifled the application and development of science and technology. As a result, capitalism is difficult to produce and develop, and Mr. Dai Yi doesn't understand Marxism at all.
The great role played by the four great inventions in the west just shows that the relations of production and superstructure in the Qing Dynasty have greatly hindered the development of productive forces, and the relations of production are no longer suitable for the development of productive forces. It is absurd to talk about "prosperous times" at this time.
The literary inquisition and closed-door policy of the Manchu Dynasty completely ended the process of China's transformation from a feudal society to a capitalist society. The fundamental reason for the introduction of these two evil policies lies in the psychology of Manchu to prevent Han from ruling Han.
Everyone knows how important overseas trade is for China to move towards a commodity society and integrate into the world's advanced culture and mainstream. But what was the purpose of the maritime ban after the Qing Dynasty recovered Taiwan Province Province?
The real purpose of the South Sea Ban is to prohibit China businessmen from going to Luzon occupied by the west, and to prevent the Han people from gathering and uniting with westerners to overthrow the rule of the Manchu dynasty. "The intention of setting up a ban is especially for fear that our people will betray their faith and get a glimpse of China" (Daoguang's "Re-emphasizing Fujian Tongzhi"). Kangxi said: "Overseas is like a western country. After thousands of years, China is afraid of it. This is what I expected. I have been in the imperial palace for many years, and every time I take the Han people as a difficult disease, because I can't concentrate on it, the country will last for a long time, and I must not forget the danger. " He has realized that the powerful rival of the west is coming, but he passively defends Korea.
Marx pointed out that the main reason for pushing this dynasty to implement this policy (closed door) was the fear of foreigners' support/kloc-the dissatisfaction of many China people in the first half of the 7th century, that is, after China was conquered by the Tatars. Therefore, foreign talents are forbidden to have any contact with China people. (Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 9, p. 1 15)
The Manchu literary inquisition is to guard against the psychology of the Han nationality and to carry out crazy cultural cleansing on a nation, which is often a matter of property confiscation and genocide. Ancestors, descendants, the living, the dead and many innocent people suffer together. This is to deter terror. The shocking effect is unprecedented.
According to statistics, during the 268 years of the Qing Dynasty, the literary inquisition 160 times, almost once a year and a half, mainly occurred in the Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong Dynasties, reaching its peak. In the sixty-three years of Qianlong, there were more than 30 literary prisons 130, more than twice a year; The scope of its conviction greatly exceeded that of Shunzhi, Kangxi and Yongzheng, and the target of attack expanded from the literati class to the common people, which almost became a disaster for the whole people. Many celebrities have suffered as a result. Among them, there are Lv Liuliang, Qu Dajun, Wang Xihou, Jinbao and Dai Mingshi. Are victims of the literary inquisition. Some of them were not only beheaded, but their descendants were also guilty, and even their families were destroyed. Some even pursue the late author, dig graves and kill bodies, and punish future generations. The literary inquisition is overwhelming and frightening, and the whole country is trembling here.
During the Qianlong period, there was also a unique phenomenon of madman conviction, accounting for 25% of the literary inquisition. Madmen are often delayed by mausoleums, and their painful cries before dying declare that the Renaissance is impossible in China.
Like the dark European Middle Ages, the literary inquisition under the rule of the Manchu Dynasty exercised strong control in the ideological field, and not only political and cultural books were banned, but also science and technology were spared. A large number of scientific and technological achievements of the Ming Dynasty, such as The Elements of Geometry and Heavenly Creations, have been destroyed or abandoned, so long as they are not unified with official Neo-Confucianism, they will be banned. The ideological emancipation movement has been completely interrupted since the end of the Ming Dynasty.
Emperor Kangxi studied science and technology to show off. Out of deterrence and vigilance against the Han people, the Manchu restricted the introduction and development of firearms, neglected western science and technology, and lost a good opportunity.
Some people praised Emperor Kangxi for learning western science and technology, but don't forget the limitations of Kangxi's learning western science. This kind of study is limited to the imperial palace, and the introduction of western science is limited. What are his motives and purposes? Kangxi himself said, "When I was a child, Qin Tian supervised Chinese officials and westerners ... without thinking about how to judge right from wrong? Therefore, I learned it in anger. " He tried to strengthen the imperial power. Learning western science and technology is not a national policy, nor has it formed a social atmosphere, so as soon as the emperor's attitude changed, the atmosphere changed. The second is to show off. Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest said: "Through this, he can boast his knowledge and pride in front of outstanding people around him!" . He also took pleasure in torturing China officials with astronomical knowledge. According to Li Guangdi's records, Kangxi said, "You Han people don't know the algorithm at all, but there is a May in the south of the Yangtze River who knows something. He is MengMeng. " This essentially reflects the unique psychology of a backward minority ruler. Engels pointed out: "Every conquest carried out by a relatively savage nation undoubtedly hindered economic development and destroyed a large number of productive forces. But in the long-term conquest, the more savage conquerors, in most cases, had to adapt to the relatively high economic situation after the conquest; They were assimilated by the conquerors, and most people even had to adopt the language of the conquered. " He asked Manchu aristocrats not to forget their ancestral teachings, to learn riding and shooting diligently, to shock the Han people with martial arts, to learn from western learning, and to deal with the cultural superiority of the Han people with new scientific and technological knowledge.
He has little experience in mining, metallurgy and machinery. After the war, the development of weapons was restricted because of the psychology of preventing the Han people.
Kangxi issued a letter saying: "The mother and son guns are eight banners firearms, which are found in almost all provinces. Absolutely impossible, this matter is not allowed. " Knowing that western ships are powerful, he is not prepared to improve. Kangxi is the biggest judge in the scientific system. We should act according to Kangxi's point of view. For example, someone showed Kangxi the new algebraic method of Algar Bafa, but Kangxi didn't like it and wouldn't let it be promulgated. Ma Guoxian, an Italian missionary, said: "Kangxi only knew a little about mathematics, but he knew nothing about music." .
Bai Jin commented in Emperor Kangxi: "For an emperor of the Chinese empire, it is better to be blamed than to be praised for combining his strong feelings of loving science with his research practice." "There is no good way to revive splendid culture except to set an example for the people and publicize this spirit." Kangxi can't compare with Peter the Great. He does not set up scientific research institutions, does not send people abroad to study, and encourages the subjects to explore scientifically.
Therefore, during Yongzheng and Qianlong, they had no interest in western technology at all, and they only pursued western playthings. The skilled missionary became a royal tool to satisfy his pleasure desire, and the place where the clock was made became a toy workshop. Under his influence, all the princes and ministers pursued western wonders. This western style is nothing more than a luxury style. As a Confucian criticism, the "strange skill and cunning" has only a negative impact on the social development of China, but has no positive effect.
Manchu rulers suppressed the wisdom of the people in order to maintain their tribal rule.
Take Kangxi, who is most concerned about science and technology, as an example. He clearly knows that the West is vigorously developing science and technology, which will inevitably pose a threat to China in the future, but he still advocates the policy of shutting the country out and ignorant people.
He did not support missionaries to introduce western scientific knowledge to China scholars, nor did he encourage China scholars to participate in cultural exchanges between China and the West. Zhang Cheng, a foreign teacher, wrote in his diary: "He warned us not to translate anything about our science in the yamen we went to, but to do it at home." . British envoy Stanton said, "It is said that several monarchs in China have learned a wealth of foreign mathematical knowledge from foreign missionaries. However, the policy of China government has not made this knowledge popular. They are afraid that after the popularization of mathematical knowledge, China people will count the sun and the moon and make calendars, and the prestige of the emperor among the people will be reduced. "
Zhu, who was promoting science at that time, was killed because he was accused of confusing the honor of the Ninth Five-Year Plan with the lowly subjects and spreading science.
When he arrived in Qianlong, he had no interest in natural science. What I care about is western learning, which is gradually declining at this time. The detailed introduction of Heliocentrism's communication began with Michelle benoit. The Complete Map of Bu Kun Yu included Heliocentrism astronomy, but it was locked in the palace by Qianlong. Although the Sikuquanshu has a part of western learning, on the whole, the librarians who compiled the Sikuquanshu in Qing Dynasty took a demeaning and exclusive attitude towards the catalogue works of "western learning".
The librarian of Sikuquanshu also criticized Matteo Ricci, saying that Catholicism violated Confucianism and endangered feudal rule. "If you want people to abandon their parents and regard God as your closest relative, then your monarch will grow up and teach God to master the life of the country, which is against the rules of chaos. How to do it in China? " It must be strictly prohibited. Catholic books must be "rejected from the screen to show that they are absolutely released." Editors and publishers must be criticized for "committing heresy".
The anti-Han mentality of Manchu rulers is the main reason for the gradual decline of western learning in the East. It is also the fundamental reason why capitalism cannot develop.
From the different situations of Matteo Ricci's On Making Friends, we can see the intellectual atmosphere in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the reason why rationalism prevailed was the psychology of preventing Han.
Matteo Ricci's first printed work after he entered China was On Making Friends, not religion and technology, and it was a great success. It's not a big thing, but it's enough to make people think.
Matteo Ricci
The theory of making friends says: "We are all brothers, and my friend is not him, that is, half me, but the second me, so treat your friend as yourself." My friend has two bodies, but only one heart. Make friends for yourself is a businessman, not a friend. "
Matteo Ricci advocated that the way to be friends is to rely on each other. The rich and the poor share wealth and enjoy relationships. He quoted Cicero as saying: "Friends are more expensive than relatives. Relatives can lose love, but friends can't. Without love, you can't be a friend, but you can still be a kiss? "
This is the equality of western friends and the embodiment of western values and fraternity.
As we all know, in dealing with interpersonal relationships, there is a distinction between intimacy and intimacy, and the relationship between monarch and minister, father and son, husband and wife and brothers is obviously much more important. The theory of making friends is obviously anti-traditional The theory of making friends caused great repercussions in the late Ming Dynasty. Feng Xijing said, "People have friends" and "Friendship is great.
If the monarch and the minister get injustice, the father and son get close, the husband and wife get close, the husband and wife get divorced, and the young and old get orders, so they don't have to make friends. Feng tried to regard the monarch and his subjects, father and son, couple and brother as a new type of relationship based on equal friendship. Carve a friend's preface.
Matteo Ricci tried to run through the "five permanents" of Confucianism in his theory of friendship. As for righteousness, he stopped. A wise man wants to leave his friends, but if he trusts his enemies, he can do nothing. Virtue and ambition are similar, but friends are old.
Feng Xijing said: "It is also good to believe in the East China Sea and the West Sea." On Making Friends is the product of the initial integration of European Christian humanism and China Confucianism. It conforms to the social trend of thought and the fashion of making friends by association in the late Ming Dynasty.
After the book was published, it was reprinted and welcomed again and again. Matteo Ricci said: "It has been praised by intellectuals all over the country, spread in all provinces, and often quoted by authoritative writers in other works. In a short and surprising period, this book was accepted as a standard reading "(Matteo Ricci China's Notes).
However, with the prevalence of Puritanism in Manchu and Qing Dynasties, this theory of friendship is out of date. The librarian of Sikuquanshu criticized the theory of making friends: "
If you regard your friend as a forest, you will know its virtue; A man's friend is like a morning star, so he knows his virtue. Is to lead the world to promiscuity. Being friends means sharing wealth, making the rich love each other and the poor benefit from each other. How about the golden mean? "They are opposed to the universal significance of the way of making friends and the idea of love without distinction, which is also in line with the national policy of the Manchu government to divide and rule and make China a fragmented place. Kangxi said: "Han people have different minds, such as Manchuria and Mongolia, and hundreds of thousands of people are United. "Every time the Han people are refractory, it is impossible to be single-minded. For many years, it has been difficult to be kind to Han people. Because it can't be single-minded, the country has long been safe, so it must be in danger. "
It can be seen that why Christianity prevailed in the Qing Dynasty is inextricably linked with the unique national oppression in the Qing Dynasty.
As a backward ethnic minority, the rulers of the Manchu Dynasty always had doubts and precautions against the Han people. As the rising tide of the West spread eastward, their fears deepened. Cut off China from the world. Prevent Han people from colluding with overseas countries and endangering their rule. Marked by the prohibition of religion and the sea. Manchu's overseas policy reversed. Take a step back, it's getting more and more closed. Let alone being sent to the world.
Most of the materials in this paper are taken from Kang Yong's Three Emperors and Five Emperors and the Spread of Western Learning to the East and the history of cultural exchanges between China and the West in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
I support this view. Objectively speaking, nomadic people lag behind people in agricultural areas. In addition, in order to prevent the resistance of the Han people, of course, more severe suppression measures were taken, which played a very bad role in hindering the development of the nation. In fact, the reform of the Six Gentlemen was a good opportunity, but the Manchu people didn't realize it. . . Destroy yourself.