Location characteristics of ancient tombs

Because the buildings in China are mainly made of wood, it is difficult to preserve the ancient rural scene on the ground, but underground is another world. Around the middle of the 2nd century BC, stone tombs began to appear in China. In fact, the construction of wooden palaces and stone tombs are two parallel clues in the history of ancient architecture in China. Perhaps the deepest impression left by the Western Han Dynasty to people today is the countless ancient tombs and the same amount of regret. On the north bank of Weihe River in Shaanxi Province, there are nine tombs of Western Han emperors and more than 500 tombs of other nobles, many of which have been visited by grave robbers. Looking at these tombs today, it seems a bit desolate. In fact, there were many buildings in the cemetery in those days, including sleeping halls, toilets and temples for sacrifice, and houses where thousands of guards lived. Dormitories are generally built directly on enclosed soil. Wang Baoping, deputy director of the Hanyang Mausoleum Museum, said: At that time, it was clearly recorded in the history books that in order to repair the Mausoleum, he moved the eastern strongmen, dignitaries and some bureaucratic nobles in the south to live in the Mausoleum, which was also a measure to stabilize the country at that time. For example, there are about 250,000 people in Changling, about 280,000 people in Maoling, and more than 10,000 people in Yangling, so it is a small and medium-sized city. However, the good times did not last long. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, peasant rebels occupied Chang 'an, the capital, and openly robbed the imperial tomb. In this war-torn years, Liu Xiu, the founding emperor at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, saw this sad scene. After he acceded to the throne, he ordered the abolition of the mausoleum system, advocated thin burial, and abolished cumbersome sacrificial activities. The luxurious sleeping hall originally built on the land was moved down, and a house was specially built in the cemetery for daily sacrifice. However, this is not the mainstream of China's tomb history. -After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century A.D., the construction of the emperor's mausoleum began to be magnificent again. Tombs in the Tang Dynasty are generally built on the mountain, which creates a royal majesty by relying on the natural form of the mountain. Ganling is the best preserved mausoleum in the Tang Dynasty. The owners of Ganling are Li Zhi, the son of Emperor Taizong, and his wife Wu Zetian. Different from other tombs in China, the status of the two owners of this tomb is completely reversed-the wife's reputation far exceeds that of her husband, and Ganling is always said to be the tomb of Wu Zetian, not the tomb of Li Zhizhi in Tang Gaozong. It is this talented woman who perfected China's mausoleum system with her own mausoleum. Ganling is located on Liangshan Mountain, with the mountain as the mausoleum, with an altitude of 1.049 meters, which is grand in scale and imposing. The two peaks on the south side are low, like natural portals, which set off the majesty of the mausoleum. Shinto runs from two peaks to the tomb door of the underground palace, about 4 kilometers long, with stone statues on both sides, symbolizing civil and military officials. Ganling Cemetery covers an area of 2.4 million square meters. There were 378 palaces and castles, but they were all destroyed after the war. Today, the underground palace of Ganling is still sleeping. The commentator of Ganling Museum said: After investigation, we found that the entrance to the tomb was very tightly sealed, all with rectangular stone strips, with more than 400 stone strips on the first floor and 39 stone strips on the first floor. If you want to enter the tomb door, you must remove thousands of stone bars to see the door. No one knows how many doors there are before you can enter the grave. However, it is difficult to remove these thousands of stone strips, because the stone strips are arranged horizontally, and the left and right sides of the stone strips are fixed. The left and right sides of the stone strips are blocked by a thin waist bolt plate in a mortise-and-tenon manner, and then holes are made in the upper and lower centers, and then the three are connected together by iron bars, thus fixing thousands of stone strips, and the remaining gaps between each layer of stone strips are rearranged. After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, China fell into a state of division. A military attache named Wen Tao led his soldiers to dig more than a dozen royal tombs of the Tang Dynasty and made a windfall. Then he drove tens of thousands of people to dig Ganling in broad daylight. But this time, something strange happened. It is said that when Tao Wen came to dig Ganling, he was caught in lightning and heavy rain. He thinks that this is God's punishment, a deterrent and a warning, and that Ganling has not been stolen. Whether the legend is true or not, Ganling was fortunately preserved. The emperors of the Central Plains Dynasty and the Song Dynasty were not so lucky. Most of their tombs were destroyed. Only in the northwest of China, people can still see the king's mausoleum of a local government in the Song Dynasty, which is called the "Oriental Pyramid". From 1 10 century to 13 century, the northwest of China was occupied by a kingdom called Xixia. The capital of this kingdom is in Yinchuan today. At the foot of Helan Mountain on the outskirts of Yinchuan, there is a tomb area of Xixia, but the scene here looks a little strange: on a barren battlefield, hundreds of loess piles, round or square, miraculously stand, some of which are similar to the pyramids of ancient Egypt, and people call them "Oriental Pyramids". They confuse people. What are these mounds for? After years of archaeological excavation and research, archaeologists have a more accurate understanding. Zhong Kan, former director of Ningxia Museum, said: The interior of the mound is solid, and it is tamped with soil and sand or soil and stone. However, there is a platform on every floor of its appearance, and all the eaves come out. Besides, it's octagonal. In fact, it is a tower, that is, it should be very similar to the tower in appearance, so we call it Lingta. On each floor of the platform, we can still see a little residual eaves at that time, that is, the mysterious "Oriental Pyramid" finally revealed its original appearance. It turns out that it looks like a magnificent stupa. As the tallest building in the mausoleum area, the mausoleum tower looks like a silent guardian, overlooking the whole cemetery. However, these once brilliant mausoleum areas were later destroyed by Mongolian iron hoofs. Countless disasters and wars still cannot stop mankind's ambition for power and wealth. □ Zhu Yuanzhang not only effectively ruled the largest empire in the world at that time, but also made important reforms to the traditional mausoleum system revised by the female emperor Wu Zetian. /kloc-In the 4th century, when Europe was still in the dark Middle Ages, another powerful dynasty in the history of China, the Ming Dynasty, was established. Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was an inferior man who used to be a monk and a tramp, but after he became emperor, he was very courageous. Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, Ming Mausoleum, is still sleeping in the scenic suburb of Nanjing. Later, the descendants of Zhu Yuanzhang moved to Beijing, and 13 emperors were buried in the suburbs of Beijing, so it was called the Ming Tombs, which is also the largest and most well-preserved imperial mausoleum group in the world today. The Ming Tombs inherited Zhu Yuanzhang's mausoleum regulations. There is a "total Shinto" more than 7 kilometers long in the Ming Tombs. A group of stone sculptures composed of 24 stone beasts and 12 stone statues are solemnly arranged on both sides of the road, as if waiting for the emperor's soul to pass by. Although the mausoleum building is still very luxurious, the down-to-earth Zhu Yuanzhang has removed a lot of red tape from the previous generation on the premise of ensuring royal majesty. In the past, the bedroom used for sacrifice has disappeared, and the daily sacrifice that consumes manpower and material resources no longer exists, and the number of people serving it has also decreased a lot. Since then, there has been no change in the cemetery system of the royal family in China. Just like the China society at that time, it has basically entered a stable development track. In the 0/7th century, the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty in China's history, replaced the Ming Dynasty, and the sacrificial activities in the Mausoleum flourished again in the Qing Dynasty. No matter in the political system or cemetery system, the Qing Dynasty basically followed the rules of the Ming Dynasty, and even followed the etiquette system of ancient China more than the Ming Dynasty. Different from the imperial tombs owned by the previous generation, the imperial tombs of the Qing Dynasty are divided into two areas, one is located in zunhua city, Hebei Province, east of Beijing, called Dongling, and the other is located in Yixian County, Hebei Province, west of Beijing, called Xiling, with a distance of more than 300 kilometers. Dongling was the first royal mausoleum chosen by the Qing Dynasty, but Yong Zhengdi, the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, accidentally discovered another treasure trove of geomantic omen as his graveyard, namely Xiling. Yong Zhengdi's practice has aroused many questions from later generations, and there are still different views. But no matter what the emperor really thought, Qingling divided things from now on. After Yong Zhengdi's son Qianlong acceded to the throne, he felt that his father's approach was not quite right, but there was nothing he could do, so he had to add a rule that the father and son should not be buried together, and the tombs should be built alternately. Between the changes of the royal system, the huge Qing empire came to a glorious end step by step. Puyi, the last emperor, was only 3 years old when he ascended the throne, and abdicated at the age of 6, which completely ended the history of the emperor's mausoleum. Today, when people linger to watch ancient tombs, they are often attracted by the rare cultural relics unearthed in the tombs. As early as BC in China, craftsmen specializing in tombs appeared. Among these craftsmen, there are masons, carpenters, painters, kiln workers, painters and craftsmen who specialize in making funerary wares. A large number of decorations, utensils and figurines are used in the tombs of princes and nobles, as well as the tombs, tombs, tombstones and stone carvings on both sides of Shinto, Huabiao and Stone Wang Zhu, all of which are printed with the footprints of human progress. Because of them, the tomb is no longer dark and gloomy, and the light of civilization and wisdom also illuminates the underground world. The history of human civilization shows that the soul does not exist, power and wealth are illusory illusions, and only human creativity will be immortal.