Guanzhong Plain is located in the middle of Shaanxi Province, which is the richest place in Shaanxi Province, and it is also the place that China was first called "the land of golden city and abundant land".
"Jincheng is a thousand miles away" means that the Guanzhong Plain is surrounded by mountains and rivers, just like a huge natural castle. There are Qinling Mountains in the south-central, Longshan Mountain in the west, Loess Plateau in the north, and the Yellow River natural moat in the north and northwest. There are natural terrain barriers in the east, so it is easy to defend but difficult to attack. Since the Warring States Period, there has been a saying of "the country with four blockades". Therefore, in the Han Dynasty, Zhang Liang used the advantage of "a thousand miles of golden city" to persuade Liu Bang to make Guanzhong its capital.
People are familiar with the Sichuan Basin, which is customarily called "Land of Abundance". That is to say, it is rich in natural resources, just like the treasury of heaven. Actually, it was Guanzhong that was first called "Tianfu". During the Warring States Period, Su Qin told Qin Huiwang Chen about the plan of "Lian Heng", and praised Guanzhong for its "fertile land, rich people, numerous chariots, vigorous attack on hundreds of trades, fertile fields, and abundant accumulation", and said that "this so-called abundant land is also the dominant country in the world", which was more than half a century earlier than Chengdu Plain was awarded the title of "Land of Abundance". This is because Guanzhong has become a treasure trove of geomantic omen with rich products and emperors' capital since it was repaired in Zheng Guoqu in the Warring States.
the Weihe plain where Chang' an is located is called Guanzhong, because it has Tongguan in the east, Dasanguan in the west, Wuguan in the south and Xiaoguan in the north, so it is called Guanzhong.
[Tongguan]
Tongguan is the first of the four passes, which was built by Qin people during the Warring States Period. It is near the Yellow River in the north, just near the mountains, and it is hundreds of miles from east to west. It opens in the cracks in the broken mountains and rocks. "Cars are not allowed to track, and horses are not allowed to ride together." There is a danger that and while one man guards it and Wan Fu can't cross. Its real name is Hanguguan, and it was renamed Tongguan only after the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Warring States period, the six countries repeatedly joined forces to attack Qin in the west, but they only ended up in the miserable end of repeatedly losing their hatred in the valley of letters.
Next to the towering river with twin peaks, it has been a battlefield since ancient times.
It is this precipitous battleground for military strategists that keeps Chang 'an as stable as Mount Tai, avoiding the fire and war outside the customs.
[Dasanguan]
Dasanguan, also known as Sanjianguan, was the pass of the Zhou Dynasty that scattered the country, hence its name. The mountains here are steep and mountainous. Because of its choke point of north-south traffic, it has been the "throat of Sichuan and Shaanxi" since ancient times and a battleground for military strategists. According to historical records, there have been more than 7 battles in Dasanguan. When Chu and Han contended, Han Xin's "building the plank road in the Ming Dynasty and crossing the Chen Cang in the dark" passed through here; During the Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao's westward expedition and Zhang Lu also passed through this place; According to Chen Shou's "History of the Three Kingdoms", "In the spring (the sixth year of Jianxing), Liang returned to the customs and surrounded Chen Cang, but Cao Zhen refused."
in may 1131, the southern song dynasty established Yan for four years, and Jintianhui for eight years (113). after the defeat of the battle of Fuping in the song dynasty, general Wu of the song dynasty immediately packed up the remnants of the army, moved to the monk's original place, and just set up a stockade, and the nomads had gone to the original place. Someone advised Wu to move to Hanzhong and keep the entrance to Shu. Wu thought, "I will keep this, and the enemy will never dare to go beyond me!" When the wall is strong, he is afraid that I will creep behind, so he will protect Shu. "Indeed as expected defeated the nomads from the attack. In May of the following year, Jin didn't set up a husband and don't convert Ulu, so he invaded in two ways. Fengxiang was not set up, and it was converted into a big clearance from the order, Cheng and Fengzhou. At that time, Wu lacked food, so the soldiers had no fighting spirit. Wu and his brother, Wu Lin, summoned the generals, encouraged them with loyalty and righteousness, and swore with blood, which made the soldiers feel excited. The Ulu troops arrived first, and in the north of the monk's original array, Song Jun fought repeatedly and suffered a crushing defeat. At this time, before Lang Jun was attacking the arrow pass, Wu Xuanbing struck hard, so that the two roads of nomads and soldiers could not meet, and they were defeated. In October, Wan Yan Zongbi (Jin Wushu) moved troops from Xihe River to spy on Shu, led hundreds of thousands of troops, and built a pontoon bridge from Baoji to cross the Weihe River to pounce. Wu Pai Wu Lin, Lei Zhong, etc. used their "stationed arrows" to meet the enemy. And cavalry cut off its route for providing foodstuff, * * * fought for more than 3 times, and Yan Hong Zongbi was defeated by an arrow. Song Jun won the battle.
in order to remember this battle, Lu Fangweng wrote a poem saying: When you are young, you don't know that the world is difficult, and the Central Plains looks like a mountain in the north. It snows overnight in the building, and the autumn wind is scattered in the iron horse. Stuffed on the Great Wall, I made an empty promise, and the temples in the mirror have already faded. When you start your career, you can tell your true name, but you can't compete for a thousand years.
[Wuguan]
Wuguan has a long history. It was built as far back as the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was called Shaoxi Pass, which was changed to Wuguan in the Warring States Period. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Qin built this pass, Han and Tang Dynasties, which was the Xiongguan fortress in the south of Chang 'an, Kyoto. Guancheng was built on a high ground between narrow valleys, with Shaoxi Mountain in the north and Wuguan River in the south, which was majestic and dangerous. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Lao Tzu rode a green ox and crossed Wuguan, which is where he left a five-thousand-word moral classics, which have been passed down through the ages.
The Complete Poetry of Tang Dynasty contains several poems written by Li She, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, about Wuguan, a poem about staying in Wuguan again, and a poem about history, all of which are quatrains in seven words. The full text of "Stay in Wuguan again" is as follows: Farewell to Wan Li, Qin Cheng, and enter Shangzhou through chaotic mountains. When the door is closed, the cold stream is not locked, and the guests are sent away all night. Du Mu also wrote "The Title of Wuguan": "Bixi left me to go to Guandong, and I smiled and became poor. The beautiful and charming of Zheng xiu's favour is as if drunk, and the exile of qu yuan is like a chaos. The gables are still there, and the weak spit and the strong swallow are all empty. Today, the holy family is everywhere, and the flag is long in the sunset.
[Xiao Guan]
Xiao Guan is a famous pass in the northwest of ancient times. The emperors of Qin and Han dynasties went on patrol, and the literati of Han and Tang dynasties went out to the fortress, all of which were predestined friends with Xiao Guan. Where Xiao Guan is located is controversial, but it is not controversial in the southeast of Guyuan County, Ningxia.
Xiao Guan is not an independent pass, but it is closely related to Qin Changcheng's strategic position. Qin Changcheng and the towns and villages built along the Great Wall in Huanxian County form a complete defense system. In addition, the three major towers around the county town, namely Guoer Mountain, Yuhuang Mountain and Chengdong Plateau, and the city barriers of Chengzigang, Shenjiatai and Chengdong Goukou, surround the county town in the center, forming a solid artificial barrier. The three towers are built on the commanding heights of Xiaoguan, which can not only echo each other from a distance, but also overlook all the areas where the three rivers meet, such as Huanjiang River, Chengxichuan River and Chengdong Valley. The valleys, mountains, roads and cottages with a distance of 5 square kilometers inside and outside the Pass have a panoramic view, forming a three-dimensional defense system. Its elaborate design and ingenious layout have amazed the world.
The Xiao Pass in Qin and Han Dynasties should refer to the dangerous zone from Sanguankou to Wating Gorge. Although it is not a precipice, it is steep and magnificent. Wating Pavilion, located in this defensive zone, is located at the edge of the eastern foot of Liupanshan Mountain, which is essentially an important barrier for Xiao Guan. Here, there are not only male peaks and arches, deep valleys and obstacles, but also unique geographical advantages, and there are three passes from Jingshui to the south to play the Zheng Gorge, which is a natural defense system formed by Xiao Guan from south to north.
The Tang Dynasty followed Xiao Guan in Qin and Han Dynasties, aiming at reviving the glory of Xiao Guan in Qin and Han Dynasties. Its general orientation should be in Shixiakou, Haiyuan County, Ningxia. Song and Xiao Guan sites have roughly the same orientation. One said that in today's Gaoya area in the northeast of Haiyuan County, Ningxia; One said that in Nanhong Ancient City, Tongmin County. In fact, Shixiakou Pass and the ancient site of Honggu Town are both military facilities in the defense system of Xiao Guan in Song Dynasty, which should include Honggu Town and Shixiakou and be the ruins of Xiao Guan in Song Dynasty.
The old road of Xiaoguan is also a part of the Silk Road, which has played an extremely important role for the people of Longyou to live and work in peace and contentment, develop economy, exchange culture, prosper commerce and facilitate transportation. If the Great Wall is an extremely important cultural belt in the history of Chinese culture, then Xiao Guan is also a brilliant link in this cultural belt. Wang Wei once wrote "Make it to the fortress": If a bicycle wants to ask about the border, it is a country that has lived for a long time. Sign the tent and sweat, and return the geese to Hu Tian. The vast desert is solitary smoke, the sunset on the yellow river is round. Xiao Guan rides every time, and all of them are protected in Yanran.